中国特有属藤山柳属(猕猴桃科)植物的叶表皮形态及其分类学意义

由于形态特征变异和地理分布区域存在重叠,中国特有属藤山柳属(猕猴桃科)的物种划分问题长期以来存在争议,曾被分为20种或修订为含1种4个亚种的单型属。该研究选取了在形态和地理分布上有代表性的29个居群的184份标本,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了叶表皮形态和微形态特征,以探讨它们的分类学意义。结果表明:(1)藤山柳属植物叶表皮毛被的形态和微形态特征有3类,即光滑-短柱状毛、刚毛-长柱状毛/长刺毛、绒毛-单列多细胞毛,且这些特征在居群间差异明显,并各具明显的地理分布格局,支持把藤山柳属分为3类,即光滑类、刚毛类和绒毛类。(2)3类藤山柳植物在个别居群表现出部分同域分布现象,在峨眉山不同海拔高度的3个居群存在垂直地带性分布特点。(3)藤山柳属植物叶表皮的其他形态特征,如不规则型表皮细胞、6类气孔器、叶表皮初级蜡质纹饰以网状隆起为主,伴随着2～4类次级纹饰,在居群间变化多样等均没有明显的分类学意义。(4)由于具有相同的叶表皮形态特征和地理分布,建议把繁花藤山柳合并到绒毛藤山柳,故支持藤山柳属是1个正处于分化进程中的单型属,包括1个种3个亚种。     

中国特有属藤山柳属(猕猴桃科)的花药和胚珠发育及其分类学意义

首次报道了刚毛藤山柳（Clematoclethra scandens subsp.scandens）的花药和早期胚珠发育的胚胎学特征：花药4室;发育完整的花药壁6层,为基本型花药壁,由外至内分别为表皮、药室内壁、两层中层和两层绒毡层;腺质型绒毡层为2核或3核,纤维性加厚发生于药室内壁;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型胞质分裂,小孢子四分体多为四面体型;成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型,3孔沟或稀4孔沟。早期胚珠为近倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,珠孔由单珠被构成。比较胚胎学研究认为藤山柳属和猕猴桃科的其它两个属都具有单珠被胚珠及其他相似的花药发育特征,这些特征和形态分类系统范畴的第伦桃科和山茶科有明显区别。因此,本文支持花粉形态学、细胞学和分子系统学的观点,认为藤山柳属与水东哥属和猕猴桃属构成一个较好的单系,一并放在猕猴桃科。     

国产省藤属植物的花粉形态学

对国产棕榈科省藤属(Calamius L.)15种植物的花粉进行了光学和扫描电镜观察,其中12种为首次报道。省藤属的花粉均为两沟型花粉,外壁覆盖层多为网状纹饰(大喙省藤C．macrorrhynchus)或具穿孔(华南省藤C.rhabdocladus)。首次发现省藤属花粉的外壁纹饰存在穿孔和外壁疣状突起的类型(阔叶鸡藤C.pulchellus)以及皱波状突起的类型(长鞭省藤C.flagellum)。花粉的大小、形状、外壁纹饰、外壁是否有突起,外壁厚度和网状纹饰网眼的大小,对于省藤属的种级分类有较大的意义。     

广义飞蛾藤属(旋花科)花粉形态

对广义飞蛾藤属Porana s.l.18个分类群的花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。除前人报道过的7种1变种外,其余均为首次报道。根据花粉粒的大小、形状、外壁纹饰、沟膜特征,该属花粉可细分为4个类型。研究结果不支持Staples(1993)把该属分为4个独立属的观点,而认为在属内划分为4个亚属较为合理。除毛果飞蛾藤外,花粉形态支持Staples对其它种、变种的归并。从花粉萌发孔类型上看,广义飞蛾藤属在旋花科内应处于较为原始的位置。     

猕猴桃科的花粉形态及其系统位置的探讨

本文作者用光学显微镜和扫描电镜(少数种类用透射电镜)对猕猴桃科Actinidia- ceae(按照Cronquist 1981和Dahlgren 1983的概念)的猕猴桃属Actinidia(15种)、藤山柳 属Clematoclethra(5种)和水东哥属Saurauia(3种)植物的花粉形态进行了观察,并与山茶科 Theaceae(7属9种)和山柳科Clethraceae(1属1种)的花粉进行了对比分析。根据花粉的 资料,并综合分析有关的外部形态、胚胎和化学方面的特征,讨论了猕猴桃科的范围,以及这个 科的系统位置。     

12种鹅绒藤属（萝藦科）植物花粉器形态学研究

用光学显微镜对萝藦科（Asclepiadaceae）鹅绒藤属（Cynanchum）12种植物花粉器形态进行了观察。结果表明：花粉块的形态有3种类型：球形、长球形和超长球形。着粉腺的形态有6种类型：长圆形、方形、近方形、三角形、正三角形和近三角形。花粉器形态学结果对青羊参（Cynanchum otophyllum）在鹅绒藤属中的分类具有较大意义;支持《中国植物志》第63卷中对催吐白前组（Sect. Vincetoxicum）的分组处理;结合鹅绒藤属花粉块下垂,娃儿藤属（Tylophora）花粉块平展的特点,支持将娃儿藤属作为一个独特类群的观点。     

娃儿藤属(萝藦科)植物花粉器形态

用光镜对我国萝藦科(Asclepiadaceae)娃儿藤属(Tylophora)17种植物的花粉器形态进行了观察。结果表明,着粉腺的形态有4种类型:长圆形、近方形、三角形和倒立三角形。花粉块的形态有3种类型:球形、长球形和超长球形。花粉块柄的长度、着粉腺和花粉块的形态和大小在种间存在较显著的差异,可作为区分种的辅助特征,对娃儿藤属植物的分类有较大意义。     

国产广义飞蛾藤属(旋花科)植物种子表面微形态及其分类学意义

首次报道用扫描电镜观察的国产广义飞蛾藤局10种1变种植物的种子表面微形态特征。该属种子表面微形态特征可分为两大类型,其中I类型又可细分为3个亚型。除模式种Porana volubilis Burm.f.外,广义飞蛾藤属的种子表面微形态特征较为一致。因此,种子表面微形态特征不支持将广义飞蛾藤属拆分为4属或5属。研究结果显示,种子表面微形态在作为属内种的分类鉴别特征具有一定价值,如种子表面微形态支持保留毛果飞蛾藤的变种等级。将种子表面微形态与该广义属的花粉形态,以及宏观形态学特征进行对比分析,结果表明,广义飞蛾藤属种子表面微形态在属下等级的划分上没有很大价值。此外,鉴于P.volubilis Burm.I.具特殊的种子表面微形态特征,该种与广义飞蛾藤属属内其余种的关系值得进一步深入研究。     

国产爵床科鳞花草族1属、穿心莲族2属和爵床族8属植物的花粉形态

报道了中国爵床科Acanthaceae爵床亚科Ruellioideae鳞花草族Lepidagathideae 1属、穿心莲族Andrographideae 2属和爵床族Justicieae 8属共14种植物的花粉形态。根据花粉萌发孔类型和外壁纹饰特征,可将这些植物的花粉归为4个类型: (1)具3孔沟,外壁具网状纹饰。该类型见于色萼花属Chroesthes (采自广西样品)和穿心莲属Andrographis植物。(2)具3孔沟及假沟(肋条带型)类型,外壁具网状纹饰,网眼纵向排列成行,网眼内有细网纹。该类型见于色萼花属(采自云南样品)和鳔冠花属Cystacanthus。(3)具3孔沟,沟两侧各有1条假沟,外壁具网状纹饰。该类型见于瑞丽山壳骨Pseuderanthemum shweliense、狗肝菜属Dicliptera和驳骨草属Gendarussa植物。(4)具2孔沟,沟两侧具斑块。该类型见于山壳骨属Pseuderanthemum 1种、纤穗爵床属Leptostachya、鳄嘴花属Clinacanthus、鸭嘴花属Adhatoda、杜根藤属Calophanoides和野靛棵属Mananthes植物。     

牛奶菜族7属11种植物的花粉器形态

在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下观察了萝藦科（Asclepiadaceae R.Br.）牛奶菜族（MarsdenieaeBenth.）7属11种植物花粉器的形态特征。该族植物花粉块直立或平展,通常呈椭圆形、长圆形、肾形或球形;花粉块膜表面平滑、波浪状、脊状或粒状;娃儿藤属（TylophoraR.Br.）的花粉块膜具独特的表面纹饰,与其它属植物差异较大;匙羹藤属和娃儿藤属的花粉块柄不发达,眼树莲属（Dischidia）和纤冠藤属（Gongronema）的花粉块柄发达。     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. （Parnassiaceae） and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type I, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type II, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type III, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassiafaberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

Pollen morphology in the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae) and its taxonomic significance

The pollen morphology of 38 representative species and varieties within the genus Coffea L. is described. Eight pollen types, placed in two major groups, have been identified on the basis of the number of colpi, colpus characteristics, exine morphology and pollen size. Differences in pollen structures of the species studied do not correspond to present taxonomic groupings, but support a current proposal to place some of the species in the genus Paracoffea Leroy. Among the four sections in the genus, the section Eucoffea contains a high degree of pollen polymorphism.     

五列木科和肋果茶科花粉外壁超微结构及其与山茶科的系统学关系

借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对五列木科Ｐｅｎｔａｐｈｙｌａｃａｃｅａｅ和肋果茶科Ｓｌａｄｅｎｉａｃｅａｅ花粉进行了观察,并与山茶科Ｔｈｅａｃｅａｅ若干属的花粉进行了详细的比较,同时参考了猕猴桃科Ａｃｔｉｎｉｄｉａｃｅａｅ的花粉特征。研究表明,肋果茶科的花粉与山茶科的花粉具有较多的相似性,如其形状和大小与山茶科中厚皮香亚科的几乎一致;而花粉的表面纹饰（粗糙至模糊的皱波状纹饰）则与山茶属,Ｆｒｅｚｉｅｒａ属和厚皮香亚科部分属的花粉纹饰相类似。从花粉外壁的结构看,肋果茶的花粉与石笔木属和山茶属的更接近,表现为：花粉外壁层次分化明显,复盖层和柱状层均较厚,外壁内层薄。而五列木科花粉除了形状和萌发孔类型与山茶科的相似外,其纹饰特征和外壁结构均与山茶科的差异较大,如五列木科花粉表面近光滑,外壁覆盖层较簿,柱状层很不发达,外壁内层相对较厚等。孢粉学上认为,肋果茶科与山茶科具有更为密切的关系,五列木科则与山茶科较疏远。支持把肋果茶科作为一个属置于山茶科内或作为山茶科的一个亚科     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. (Parnassiaceae) and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type Ⅰ, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type Ⅱ, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type Ⅲ, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassia faberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

Pollen Morphology of Neottianthe (Orchidaceae) and Its Taxonomic Significance

The genus Neottianthe (Orchidaceae) consists of about 12 species in the world, of which all are found in China and nine are endemic to China. The pollen morphology of this genus is very specific in shape and composition. All pollen grains in Neottianthe are of a compound pollen grain, called massula, in which of many monad pollen grains adhere togeth er. A massula is usually long and narrow trigonous cone in shape. Pollen grains can be divid ed into five types according to ornamentation, of exine surface: (A) pollen surface almost smooth, or very obscurely fossete, (B)perforate, (C) fossulate or foveolate, (D) reticuloid, and (E)typically reticulate. Neottianthe. calcicola, N. monophylla, N.pseudo-diphylax and N. cucullata have been merged into one species, N. cucullata, by some taxonomists. This treatment is not supported by the pollen morphological data, because pollen morphological characteristics of above-mentioned four species are different from each other. Therefore, pollen morphology shows that they are all independent at the specific level. Finally, it must be stressed that N. camptoceras is uniquite in the genus Neottianthe for its pollen shape,size and surface ornamentation of pollen exine.     

中国兜被兰属植物的花粉形态及其分类意义

兜被兰属Neottianthe全世界共约12种,中国均有分布,其中9种为我国所特有。本属花粉形态 和组成都很特殊,它是由许多单粒花粉粘结在一起形成复合花粉——花粉小块,其形状一般为狭长的三 棱锥体形。外壁表面具5种纹饰类型:(A)近光滑,或具十分微弱的小凹陷;(B)外壁具穿孔状纹饰; (c)外壁具沟渠状纹饰;(D)外壁具拟网状纹饰;(E)具典型的网状纹饰。奉属有些种类,例如:N．cal- cicola,N．monophylla,N．pseudo-diphylax和N．cucullata等4种在分类上还存在许多问题,有些分类 学家把N.calcicola,N.monophylla,N.pseudo-diphylax 3种均归并于N．cucullata。孢粉学资料表 明上述4个种花粉特征完全不同,因此,上述4种仍应各自独立为种。最后,强调指出N．camptoceras的花粉形状和外壁纹饰等特征在本属为特殊类型。     

Pollen of African Spermacoce species (Rubiaceae) Morphology and evolutionary aspects

Pollen morphology of 43 African species of the genus Spermacoce has been investigated by scanning electron and light microscopy. The genus is eurypalynous, which is reflected in the remarkable variation of almost all pollen characters. The average equatorial diameter (E) ranges from 15.8 w m to 115.5 w m. Grains are colporate or pororate. The number of apertures varies from 3 up to more than 25. The majority of species has apertures situated only at the equator (being zonoaperturate), but a few species have pantoaperturate grains. The endoaperture is generally an endocingulum, often with a secondary lolongate or lalongate thinning at the ectocolpus; endocolpi and endopores are also observed. The sexine is usually perforate, but eutectate, foveolate, and (micro)reticulate tecta were also found. Supratectal elements are present as granules, microspines or spines. The inner nexine surface is granular, often with irregular grooves (endocracks). Among native African species, nine pollen types are recognized mainly on the basis of pollen size, aperture morphology and tectum peculiarities. In two of the pantoaperturate types, apertures are in a configuration not yet recorded for the angiosperms in general. Some evolutionary trends are proposed that await verification by further systematic study. Pollen morphological characters have a high taxonomic value in the genus Spermacoce . They provide almost unique identification marks for the species, which enables sharpening of species boundaries. Small groups of related species often share the same pollen type. The genus Borreria , previously separated from Spermacoce on the basis of its fruit morphology only, is not supported by pollen data.     

Pollenmorphologie Von Borago Officinalis L.

The pollen morphology of the 16 recognized species of the genus Asphodelus L. (Asphodelaceae) has been investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Four pollen types can be distinguished on the basis of variation in size of the polar, equatorial longitudinal and transverse axes, as well as in exine structure and sculpturing, which correlate with the subdivision of the genus into sections. Correlations between pollen size and some biological characters are made. Phylogenetic implications are suggested, and trends of pollen evolution in the genus are indicated.     

中国紫草科破布木属花粉形态和外壁超微结构

为了深入探讨紫草科（Boraginaceae）的分类问题,用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了该科破布木属（CordiaL.) 10种植物的花粉形态和外壁超微结构。发现该属花粉具三孔、三孔沟、三拟孔沟和三合沟4种萌发孔类型。外壁表面具微刺状纹饰、刺状纹饰、网状纹饰和不规则的条纹网状纹状。破布木属的花粉特征表明,该属花粉在紫草科中既是独特的分类群,又是比较原始的属种。     

Pollen Morphology and Its Taxonomic Significance of Caragana Fabr. (Fabaceae) from China

Pollen grains of thirty one species and two varieties of the genus Caragana Fabr. were observed under LM and SEM.The results revealed that the pollen exine ornamentation of the species examined could be divided into two types: perforate and reticulate.The later type consists of two subtypes according to lumina size and muri width. In the first subtype the lumina is round with d iameter equal to muri width,and the exine is perforate in two polar areas,while in the second subtype lumina is irregular or polygonal,with diameter sm aller than muri width.The pollen volume was divided into four types.The genus Caragana is a natural group which was indicated by the general resemblance of pollen morphology. In this genus the pollen morphological classification was not in concordance with the arrangement of the sections and series except Ser.Pygmeae and some species. The pollen variation at infraspecific level was obvious,especially the species distributed in Qinghai Xizang Plateau, such as C.jubata, C.bicolor and C. erinacea . The evolutionary trend of pollen morphology is from perforate to reticulate, which is congruous with the evolution from the pinnate leaf group to the almate leaf group in the genus.