中国苔类新记录种--疣茎类钱袋苔

报道产于西藏和云南的中国苔类植物缺萼苔科类钱袋苔属1个新记录种：疣茎类钱袋苔Apomarsupella crystallocaulon（Grolle）Vana。该种主要特征为茎皮部细胞角质层具透明疣,有别于本科其他种类。     

粗疣类钱袋苔［Apomarsupella verrucosa (Nichols.)Vana］及其新异名

对产自中国云南缺萼苔科(Gymnomitriaceae)粗疣类钱袋苔(Apomarsupella verrucosa (Nichols.) Vana)和产自尼泊尔(Gymnomitrion papillosum Kitag. &; S. Hatt.)的模式标本进行了对比研究, 发现Gymnomitrion papillosum和粗疣类钱袋苔特征相一致, 将其处理为粗疣类钱袋苔的异名。     

锐裂钱袋苔及其2个新异名

在对中国吉林长白山产苔类全萼苔科无齿全萼苔(Gynmomitrium uncrenulatum C.Gaoet K.C.Chang)和锐裂钱袋苔小叶变种(Marsupella commutata var.microfolia K.C.Chang)的模式标本进行了研究,对比发现无齿全萼苔和锐裂钱袋苔小叶变种与锐裂钱袋苔特征相一致,将其处理为锐裂钱袋苔的异名。     

圆叶疣叶苔（Horikawaella rotundifolia C. Gao et Y.J. Yi）雌株的首次发现

首次发现圆叶疣叶苔Horikawaella rotundifolia C.Gao et Y.J.Yi雌株,并对该种进行了完整描述。从雌株的特征来看,疣叶苔属在叶苔科内具有特殊的系统位置。圆叶疣叶苔为中国特有种,本次研究将其分布范围由云南扩大至四川。     

圆叶疣叶苔(Horikawaella rotundifolia C.Gao et Y.J.Yi)雌株的首次发现(英文)

首次发现圆叶疣叶苔Horikawaella rotundifolia C.Gao et Y.J.Yi雌株,并对该种进行了完整描述。从雌株的特征来看,疣叶苔属在叶苔科内具有特殊的系统位置。圆叶疣叶苔为中国特有种,本次研究将其分布范围由云南扩大至四川。     

新疆5种丛藓科植物的解剖学研究

运用石蜡切片和电镜扫描技术,对5种丛藓科植物的茎、叶进行了解剖学研究。结果表明:短叶对齿藓Didymodon tectorus(C.Müll.)Saito.整个茎细胞的细胞壁均加厚,叶细胞壁凹陷呈网状,角质层纹饰条状、鳞片状和颗粒状;卷叶丛本藓Anoectangium thomsonii Mitt.茎表皮及中轴细胞壁厚,叶表面的粗疣粗糙、密集,疣上还有小孔和鳞片状纹饰;山赤藓Syntrichia ruralis(Hedw.)Web.Mohr.茎皮部细胞质浓,叶片背腹两面均密被鹿角状疣,疣上有层层叠加状纹饰和乳突;无疣墙藓Tortula mucronifolia Schweagr.茎横切面呈长圆形,叶细胞壁薄,无疣,叶背面细胞表皮较粗糙,叶腹面细胞表皮较光滑,角质层纹饰稀疏且短;长叶纽藓Tortella tortuosa(Hedw.)Limpr.茎表皮细胞壁强烈凹陷,叶细胞表面密被粗疣,疣上的角质层纹饰呈不规则鳞片状。丛藓科植物茎及叶的微观特征,为该科植物属、种的鉴定提供了重要的分类依据。     

广东苦苣苔科植物新资料

报道了六个广东分布新记录：大齿马铃苣苔、匐茎短筒苣苔、短茎半蒴苣苔、圆唇苣苔和毡毛后蕊苣苔;描述了一个新变种：绵毛马铃苣苔。     

江西九连山自然保护区叶附生苔研究

九连山自然保护区位于江西省南部,是目前已知江西叶附生苔的分布南界。现有叶附生苔类植物３科、１１属和１９种（含变种）,分布于海拔４５０￣７００ｍ的常绿阔叶林内。其中,东亚细鳞苔、白边疣鳞苔、皱萼苔、喜马拉雅片鳞苔内齿瓣变种为江西新记录。尖叶薄鳞苔、尖舌扁萼苔、台湾片鳞苔和列胞疣鳞苔是九连山叶附生苔常见种。区系分析结果表明,泛热带及东亚区系成分是构成该区叶附生苔的主要成分,分别占４７．３７％和４２．１     

贮藏过程中蒜苔细胞内含物再分配的激素控制

在10～15℃黑暗条件下,虽无光合作用和矿物质及水分的供应,但经长期贮藏的蒜苔,在顶端可形成与地下鳞茎相似的气生鳞茎(珠蒜),其所需的营养物质,完全是靠衰退蒜苔苔茎细胞内含物的转移和再利用;所形成的珠蒜大小与蒜苔苔茎重量之间呈明显的正相关,苔茎越重最后形成的珠蒜越大。利用GA处理蒜苔不同部位(基部或顶端),可阻止或促进苔茎内含物的再分配。GA处理基部可提高苔茎活力,明显防止苔茎衰老和阳抑细胞内含物向珠蒜转移,起到防衰的作用。KT的效果不如GA明显。     

中国西藏合叶苔属（合叶苔科）一新种——片毛合叶苔

描述了采自中国西藏的苔类植物新种片毛合叶苔Scapania macroparaphyllia T. Cao, C. Gao &; J. Sun。新种与腋毛合叶苔S. bolanderi Aust.相近,区别特征为：植物体小,叶腋内假鳞毛状附属物大,呈长片状;叶缘齿细胞单列,通常1-3个细胞长;叶表面角质层粗糙,具圆密疣,疣大,直径达6-7 μm。     

Italian Dermestidae: notes on some species and?an?updated checklist (Coleoptera)

An up-to-date checklist of the Italian Dermestidae is provided. The presence of 95 species in Italy is confirmed, while further 5 species (Dermestes (Dermestes) vorax Motschulsky, 1860, Thorictuspilosus Peyron, 1857, T. wasmanni Reitter, 1895, Attagenus (Attagenus) simonis Reitter, 1881 and Globicornis (G.) breviclavis (Reitter, 1878)) and 1 subspecies (A. (A.) tigrinus pulcher Faldermann, 1835) are excluded from the Italian fauna.Attagenus (Attagenus) calabricus Reitter, 1881 and A. (A.) lobatus Rosenhauer, 1856 are for the first time recorded from Abruzzi and Tuscany respectively; A. (A.) silvaticus Zhantiev, 1976 is recorded for the first time from mainland Italy (Apulia); Anthrenus (Anthrenus) angustefasciatus Ganglbauer, 1904 is new to northern Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), central Italy (Tuscany), Apulia and Basilicata; A. (A.) munroi Hinton, 1943 is new to central Italy (Elba Island); A. (A.) delicatus Kiesenwetter, 1851 is for the first time recorded from Apulia; Globicornis (Globicornis) fasciata (Fairmaire & Brisout de Barneville, 1859) is new to southern Italy (Basilicata); G. (Hadrotoma) sulcata (C.N.F. Brisout de Barneville, 1866) is for the first time recorded from central Italy (Abruzzi), Campania and Sicily, whileTrogoderma inclusum LeConte, 1854 is new to Apulia.Seven species (Dermestes (Dermestes) peruvianus Laporte de Castelnau, 1840, D. (Dermestinus) carnivorus Fabricius, 1775, D. (Dermestinus) hankae Háva, 1999, D. (Dermestinus) intermedius intermedius Kalík, 1951, D. (Dermestinus) szekessyi Kalík, 1950, Anthrenus (Anthrenops) coloratus Reitter, 1881 and Trogodermaangustum (Solier, 1849)) recently recorded from Italy (without further details) are discussed.The lectotype and a paralectotype are designated forAttagenus (A.) calabricus Reitter, 1881 from Calabria.Attagenus pellio (Linnaeus, 1758) var. pilosissimus Roubal, 1932 is removed from synonymy with A. (A.) pellio and recognized as a valid species (stat. prom.); it is known from Lombardy, Apulia and Calabria.     

Mechanistic Studies on Metal-pyrophosphate Hydrolysis. Structure of Tetraammine(chloroaquo)cobait(III) dichloride ([CO(NH3)4ClH20]2+•-2Cl−), an Acid Hydrolysis Product of Co(NH3)4HP2O7 and Co(NH3)4PO4

Abstract

The octahedral complex tetraammine(chloroaquo)cobalt(III) dichloride is shown to be the HCl hydrolysis product of both P¹,^2-bidentate tetraammine(pyrophosphato)cobalt(III) [CO(NH₃)₄HP₂0₇ or CoPP] and bidentate tetraammine(phosphato)cobalt(III) [Co(NH₃)₄P0₄or CoP]. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna2¹ with cell dimensions α=13.033(2)Å, b=6.710(1) Å, and c=10.318(2)Å; the crystal structure was refined to a final disagreement index of 0.033. The average of the four Co-N distances is 1.944±6Å. The Co-Cl distance is 2.257(2)Å and the Co-O(W) distance is 1.971(4)Å. Both protons of the coordinated water molecule are engaged in strong hydrogen bonds to the two nonbonded chloride counterions with 0(W)-C1 distances of 3.087(6)Å and 3.123(6)Å. Each nonbonded chloride is engaged in seven hydrogen bonding interactions resulting from the high ratio of hydrogen bond donors to acceptors in the CoP structure. Cobalt bisphosphate (CoP₂) is the final enzyme hydrolysis product when CoPP is used as substrate in the yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase reaction. The bridge oxygen atom is the site of initial CoPP cleavage both, for HCl catalyzed hydrolysis as well as for enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis.     

Synthesis, crystallography and photoluminescence of a new pyrazolonato iridium complex

By using 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-isobutyryl-5-pyrazolone (pmip) as the ancillary ligand, the cyclometalated complex: bis-(2-phenylpyridine)-(pmip)-iridium [(ppy)₂Ir(pmip)] was synthesized. Its crystal structure, absorption and emission were compared with those of its analogue, the frequently used electrophosphorescent material (ppy)₂Ir(dbm) [bis-(2-phenylpyridine)-(dibenzoylmethane) iridium]. For (ppy)₂Ir(pmip) in dichloromethane, the emission is highly structured and the intensity is 5 times higher than that of (ppy)₂Ir(dbm). It is a result of the higher triplet energy level of pmip relative to that of dbm. In solid state, green emission of (ppy)₂Ir(pmip) peaked at 550 nm was observed with a quantum efficiency 0.31% in contrast to the emission at 626 nm with a quantum efficiency of 0.76% for (ppy)₂Ir(dbm). The bathochromical shift and higher efficiency in crystallized (ppy)₂Ir(dbm) was explained by the stronger π-π intermolecular interactions which is unique to in solid state (ppy)₂Ir(dbm) crystals.     

Effects of catechol ring fluorination on cardiovascular and renal activities of fenoldopam enantiomers

SK&F 87516 is a potent DA₁ receptor agonist with demonstrated renal vasodilator activity. SK&F 87516 is the 6-fluoro analog of another DA₁ agonist/renal vasodilator agent, fenoldopam. SK&F 87516 is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, SK&F(R)-87516 and SK&F(S)-87516, and like fenoldopam, the (R)-enantiomer is responsible for the biological activities of the racemate. SK&F(R)-87516 is diuretic in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in dogs, whereas its enantiomer, SK&F(S)-87516 is inactive. SK&F(R)-87516 increases glomerular filtration rate, an effect which may account, in part, for its diuretic activity. Unlike fenoldopam, SK&F(R)-87516 is not associated with acute hypotensive activity, tachycardia, or stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The activity differences between SK&F(R)-87516 and fenoldopam are not related to differences in DA₁ agonist potency. The activity differences may be due to the differing effects of fluorine and chlorine on the electron distribution in the catechol ring, resulting in an enhanced effect of SK&F(R)-87516 at α₂-adrenoceptors. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effects of α-benzyl-α-bromo-malodinitrile on the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II in spinach chloroplasts

Reactions at the reducing side of Photosystem II in spinach chloroplasts are modified by α-benzyl-α-bromo-malodinitrile (BBMD).On addition of 50 μM BBMD to chloroplasts the following phenomena can be observed: (1) electron flow to an acceptor like 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol is partly deflected to electron flow to oxygen; (2) the electron flow to oxygen is carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone sensitive but 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea insensitive; (3) variable fluorescence is abolished but basal fluorescence is not altered; (4) a strong photobleaching of carotenoids is induced. BBMD seems a very efficient acceptor for electrons from the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II, resulting in a BBMD-mediated electron transport from this primary acceptor to oxygen.On pretreatment of chloroplasts with 50 μM BBMD the effects are different; (1) electron flow to 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, ferricyanide, or NADP is almost completely inhibited and is not restored by addition of artificial electron donors: (2) no electron flow to oxygen is observable unless BBMD again is added to reaction media; (3) no variable fluorescence is observable but basal fluorescence is not affected; (4) there is no photobleaching of carotenoids unless BBMD again is added; (5) no reduction of C-550 can be recorded. Pretreatment of chloroplasts with BBMD seems to induce an intense cycling of electrons around Photosystem II and only anew added BBMD can interrupt this cycling.     

Repression of arginase and agmatine amidinohydrolase by urea in the lichen Evernia prunastri

Two forms of arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) have been found in Evernia prunastri: (1) a light-arginase (M_r, 180 000) induced by l-arginine—urea causes repression which is reversed by cyclic AMP; (2) a constitutive heavy-arginase (M_r, 330 000) which is not affected by cyclic AMP. Agmatine amidinohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.11) is also repressed by urea but this effect is carried out at catabolite concentrations higher than those required to prevent the synthesis of the light-arginase. This repression is also relieved by cyclic AMP.     

How to study consciousness scientifically.

The neurosciences have advanced to the point that we can now treat consciousness as a scientific problem like any other. The problem is to explain how brain processes cause consciousness and how consciousness is realized in the brain. Progress is impeded by a number of philosophical mistakes, and the aim of this paper is to remove nine of those mistakes: (i) consciousness cannot be defined; (ii) consciousness is subjective but science is objective; (iii) brain processes cannot explain consciousness; (iv) the problem of ''qualia'' should be set aside; (v) consciousness is epiphenomenal; (vi) consciousness has no evolutionary function; (vii) a causal account of consciousness is necessarily dualistic; (viii) science is reductionistic, so a scientific account of consciousness would show it reducible to something else; and (ix) an account of consciousness must be an information processing account.     

Characterization of pNiXa,a serpin of Xenopus laevis oocytes and embryos,and its histidine-rich,Ni(II)-binding domain

A Ni(II)-binding serpin, pNiXA, is abundant in Xenopus oocytes and embryos. Kinetic assays show that purified pNiXa strongly inhibits bovine α-chymotrypsin (K₁ = 3 mM), weakly inhibits porcine elastase (K₁ = 0.5 μM), and does not inhibit bovine trypsin. The reversible, slow-binding inhibition of α-chymotrypsin by pNiXa is unaffected by Ni(II). Ovochymase in egg exudates is inhibited by pNiXa, but to a limited extent, even at high pNiXa concentrations. An octadecapeptide that models the His-rich domain (-HRHRHEQQGHHDSAKHGH-) of pNiXa forms six-coordinate, octahedral Ni(II)-complexes when the N-terminus is acetylated, and a square-planar Ni(II)-complex when the N-terminus is unblocked. Spectroscopy reveals two distinct types of octahedral Ni(II)-coordination to the N-acetylated octadecapeptide, involving, respectively, 3–4 and 5–6 imidazole nitrogens; the octadecapeptide undergoes partial, reversible precipitation in pH-and Ni(II)-dependent fashion, suggesting an insoluble, Ni(II)-coupled (Hx)_n-dimer. Such (Hx)_n-peptide interaction is confirmed by an enzyme-linked biotin-avidin assay with N-biotin-KHRHRHE-amide and N-acetyl-KHRHRHE-resin beads, which become coupled after adding Ni(II) or Zn(II). H₂O₂ oxidation of 2′-deoxyguanosine to mutagenic 8-hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine is enhanced by the octahedral Ni(II)-octadecapeptide complex, although the effect is more intense with the square-planar Ni(II) octadecapeptide complex. Immunoperoxidase staining of whole mounts wish pNiXa antibody shows that pNiXa is distributed throughout gastrula-stage embryos and is localized during organogenesis in the brain, eye, spinal cord, myotomes, craniofacial tissues, and other sites of Ni(II) induced anomalies. Patterns of pNiXa staining are similar in controls and Ni(II)-exposed embryos. Binding of Ni(II) to pNiXa may cause embryotoxicity by enhancing oxidative reactions that produce tissue injury and genotoxicity. Although the natural target proteinases for pNiXa inhibition have not been established, pNiXa may be an important regulator of proteolysis during embryonic development. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Morphology and molecular relationships of Leptofauchea rhodymenioides (Rhodymeniales,Rhodophyta), a new record for Japan

Leptofauchea rhodymenioides Taylor (Faucheaceae, Rhodymeniales) is reported from Japan for the first time, based on detailed morphological studies and molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear‐encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and plastid‐encoded rbcL gene sequences. This is the first report of male gametophytes and detailed carposporophyte development in the genus Leptofauchea. This species is characterized as follows: (i) flat, membranous, and regularly and dichotomously branched thalli; (ii) the older blades are constricted below the apices; (iii) the cortex is composed of a continuous layer with an irregularly arranged outer layer, and the medulla of two to three incomplete layers; (iv) gametophytes are dioecious; (v) in males, the cortical cells cut off two to three spermatangial mother cells, which produce terminal spermatangia; (vi) in females, the procarp is composed of a three‐celled carpogonial branch and a two‐celled auxiliary cell branch; (vii) upon fertilization, the carpogonium directly contacts the auxiliary cell; (viii) the auxiliary mother cell fuses with vegetative cells, and forms a large trunk‐like fusion cell; (ix) gonimoblast filaments develop outwardly, and transform completely into carposporangia; (x) the carposporophyte is covered with a pericarp with a well‐defined tela arachnoidea; (xi) the mature cystocarp is spherical, has an ostiole, and protrudes from the blade margins; and (xii) the cruciately divided tetrasporangia are formed in nemathecia, produced laterally from paraphyses or terminally on short filaments. Molecular analyses suggest that Leptofauchea forms a strong sister alliance with the genus Webervanbossea. The families Faucheaceae and Lomentariaceae, and the genera Leptofauchea and Webervanbossea are monophyletic, but the latter two genera are not included in the Faucheaceae.