荧光标记香菇原生质体融合菌株的鉴定

以异硫氰基荧光素（FITC）标记和香菇单核L4菌株的原生质体和未经标记的香菇单核B14菌株的原生质体为亲本,在聚乙二醇（PEG）的促融下进行融合,选取一个带有荧光,另一个不带荧光的原生质体粘合对进行再生培养,通过对利用“锁状联合”筛选得到的菌株进行鉴定后表明：融合菌株为双核菌丝,与双亲产生明显拮抗,其酯酶同工酶及可溶性蛋白质凝胶电泳图谱分析表明融合菌株均与双亲有区别,经琼脂平板快速出菇及出菇实验证明融合菌株出菇早,产量有所提高。     

香菇原生质体融合及融合子的鉴定

以香菇（Ｌｅｎｔｉｎｕｓｅｄｏｄｅｓ）种内不同株一对亲和的单核菌丝（７４０２〈２〉和９１０１〈１２〉）为亲本,以碘乙酰胺失活７４０２〈２〉作为筛选标记,经过原生质体制备、ＰＥＧ融合及融合子再生等步骤,选育得融合子。融合子与双亲无拮抗性,在菌丝形态,核数目及可溶性蛋白质图谱、酯酶同工酶谱和过氧化物酶谱上均与双亲单核菌丝及担孢子杂交子有区别。将Ｋｎｏｗｌｔｏｎ等于１９８４年建立的一种分离高频再生衍生株的方法首次运用至食用菌中,使原生质体再生率提高２－３倍,为融合操作提供了方便。     

原生质体技术选育桃红侧耳优良菌株

研究了桃红侧耳原生质体的制备及再生,并进行了原生质体再生株的筛选工作。实验表明,培养5天的桃红侧耳菌丝体30℃酶解3h原生质体数目可达8.4×107/mL。原生质体再生率在1号再生培养基上最高,为6.9%。再生菌株经筛选后,得到长速显著快于出发菌株的优良菌株H120和H247。经F3代栽培实验证明:H120和H247的生物学效率明显优于出发菌株,且差异极显著。酯酶同工酶分析表明:H120和H247酶谱均发生了变化。     

平菇与香菇属间原生质体融合的研究

通过分离和出菇试验,获得了纯化的平菇(Pleurotus sapidus)和香菇(Lentinus edodes)单孢系。用溶壁酶去细胞壁制备成原生质体。以PEG为融合诱导剂,诱导两者原生质体融合。1988年获得了可以出菇的融合子。这些融合子形成的子实体,从形态、生长习性和菌伞的颜色特征上都与双亲有明显的差异。大部分氨基酸含量介于双亲之间。同功酶分析也显示出融合子呈现与双亲不同的酶带。融合子出现的上述新性状,可能是平菇与香菇的原生质体基因重组的结果。     

用灭活原生质体融合进行高温香菇育种——Ⅰ.融合产物的选出及其鉴定

用灭活的近裸香菇(Lentinus subnudus Berk.)双核菌株原生质体与香菇[L. edodes(Berk.)Sing.]双核菌株原生质体融合,在35℃的条件下选得融合子。融合频率为0—4.3×10~(-5)。融合子与双亲有明显的拮抗性。融合子的菌丝形态、氨基酸含量,子实体的形态,以及酸性磷酸酶同功酶的测定都与双亲不同。     

6-BA对平菇和香菇菌丝体两种同工酶的影响

通过在平菇、香菇的马铃薯液体培养基中添加不同浓度的 6 BA(6 苄基腺嘌呤 ) ,应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳技术 ,探讨了 6 BA对平菇、香菇菌丝体酯酶 (EST)和过氧化物酶 (PER) 2种同工酶的影响。结果显示 ,6 BA浓度在 5 g/L培养液和 15 g/L培养液时分别诱导出平菇、香菇菌丝体中各 1条新的酯酶同工酶带产生 ,不同的 6 BA浓度对平菇、香菇菌丝体其余的酯酶同工酶带强度也有影响 ;6 BA不能诱导平菇和香菇菌丝体中新的过氧化物酶同工酶产生 ,但在浓度为 15 g/L培养液时可使PER同工酶带增强 ;6 BA对平菇和香菇菌丝体中EST ,PER2种同工酶的Rf值没有影响。     

平菇属中-新杂交种及双亲酯酶同工酶的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酞胺凝胶垂直平板电泳和薄层等电聚焦电泳法,以单抱杂交筛选的平菇属中一新杂交种和双亲株[佛罗里达侧耳(Pleurorur flortdo)和姬菇(Pleurotus sp)]为材料,对三种平菇子实休的酯酶同工酶进行比较,结果表明:①三种平菇子实体的酯酶同工酶酶谱丰富,酶带多,菌种酶谱稳定特异,不受环境条件、栽培方式和采样时间的影响,可作为菌种选育、检侧和鉴定的有效指标。②杂交种的酯酶同工酶酶谱体现了双亲的酯酶同工酶基因的杂交组合,一部分酶带可在佛罗里达侧耳中出现,另一部分酶带在姬菇中出现。酶谱中出现了典型的互补酶带。⑧不同的发育阶段中的子实体酪酶同工梅酶带基本相同,而酶活性变化较大。     

赤霉素产生菌——藤仓赤霉菌融合重组的研究

以一对营养互补的缺陷型突变株作为亲本,酶法去除细胞壁制成原生质体,以等量相混,用30%PEG 4000诱导融合,在最低营养再生培养基上直接选择原养型融合重组子,重组频率约为10~-,同时产生一定数量的不稳定异核体,频率约为10~(-5)—10~(-6).融合重组导致色素产生和菌丝形态及赤霉素产生能力的多种变异.融合重组子中赤霉素产量的正变率为15.3%.其中RN2和RG14菌株的赤霉素产量比原养型出发菌株207提高25%以上.     

用灭活原生质体融合进行高温香菇育种I．融合产物的选出及其鉴定

用灭活的近裸香菇(Lentinus subnudus Berk.)双核菌株原生质体与香菇[L. edodes(Berk) Sing.] 双核菌株原生质体融合,在35℃的条件下选得融合子。融合频率为0—4.3x10^{-5。融合子与双亲有明显的拮抗性。融合子的菌丝形态、氨基酸含量,子实体的形态,以及酸性磷酸酶同功酶的测定都与双亲不同。}     

庆大霉素产生菌棘孢小单孢菌原生质体形成、再生及融合重组的研究

在含0．3％甘氨酸的液体培养基中培养庆大霉素产生菌——棘孢小单孢菌,其菌丝形态有明显的改变,易被溶菌酶消化细胞壁而释放大量原生质体。菌丝的培养龄影响其相应原生质体的再生活性(即再生成菌落的能力)。以72h为最佳,48及120h菌龄的原生质体再生频率依次相当于72h的40％和10％左右。以PEG4000为融合剂。用直接法检出重组子,重组频率约为10～6,融合重组子中有一些菌株庆大霉素的摇瓶发酵效价在1900u／m1左右,比对照菌株有很大的提高。     

New species and nomenclatural action in Saussurea DC.(Asteraceae)

Saussurea zhuxiensis Y. S. Chen & Q. L. Gan, sp. nov. 竹溪风毛菊(S1-1. Figs. 1, 2) Type: China. Hubei: Zhuxi County, Shuangqiao, rock crevices along stream, alt. 900 m, 2006-08-09, Q. L. Gan 1508 (PE). Latin diagnosis: Species Saussurea salicifoliae DC. similis, a     

Acetate, lactate, propionate, and isobutyrate as electron donors for iron and sulfate reduction in Arctic marine sediments, Svalbard

The contribution of volatile fatty acids (VFA) as e(-)-donors for anaerobic terminal oxidation of organic carbon through iron and sulfate reduction was studied in Arctic fjord sediment. Dissolved inorganic carbon, Fe(2+), VFA concentrations, and sulfate reduction were monitored in slurries from the oxidized (0-2 cm) and the reduced (5-9 cm) zone. In the 0-2 cm layer, 2/3 of the mineralization could be attributed to sulfate reduction and 1/3 to iron reduction. In the 5-9 cm layer, sulfate reduction was the sole mineralization process. Acetate and lactate turnover rates were measured by radiotracer. Inhibition of sulfate reduction with selenate resulted in the accumulation of acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate. The acetate turnover rates determined by radiotracer and accumulation after inhibition were similar. VFA turnover accounted for 21% and 52% of the mineralization through sulfate reduction in the 0-2 and 5-9 cm layer, respectively. Acetate and lactate turnover in the inhibited 0-2 cm slurry was attributed to iron reduction and accounted for 10% and 2% of the iron reduction. Therefore, 88% and 79% of the iron and sulfate reduction in the 0-2 cm layer, respectively, must be fueled by alternative e(-)-donors. The accumulation of VFA in the selenate-inhibited 0-2 cm slurry did not enhance iron reduction, indicating that iron reducers were not limited by VFA availability.     

抗生素G418胁迫条件下转基因水稻种子发芽特性及应用

在不同浓度的抗生素G418胁迫条件下对抗稻瘟病转基因水稻纯系材料D2-1-2及其受体对照中花9号进行了发芽试验。培养7d的结果表明：不同浓度抗生素处理对两个材料萌动无显著的影响;随抗生素浓度的上升,两个材料发根种子数、种子根长、芽长均受到不同程度的抑制;当抗生素浓度达100mg/L时,转基因材料D2-1-2仍可正常长根(平均1.45cm),但中花9号明显受到抑制(平均0.27cm),二者存在明显差异;根据这一特性,从中花9号和D2-1-2混合群体中筛选出来的长根（大于0.5cm）种子经PCR检测88.46%是转基因个体。     

Clonal selection by fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP)--a "fast" lateral mobility fibroblast mutant (E7G1)

Fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) was utilized to select a "fast" lateral mobility clone from Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-transformed 3T3 (KMSV-3T3) fibroblasts. The clone, E7G1, demonstrated a lateral mobility for membrane wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and succinylated concanavalin A (sCon A) receptors of (2.1 +/- 1.6) X 10(-9) cm2/s and (2.7 +/- 2.3) X 10(-9) cm2/s, respectively. These mobilities were approximately equivalent to phospholipid mobility (2.8 +/- 1.9 X 10(-9) cm2/s). The fast mobility phenotype is observed when the cells are unattached and spherical. Upon attachment, the mobility decreases to (0.19 +/- 0.19) X 10(-9) cm2/s. In addition, the ability of Con A to initiate global modulation was completely lost in spread as well as spherical cells in the E7G1 fast mobility clone. A comparison of F-actin patterns between untransformed Balb/c fibroblasts and the E7G1-transformed line suggests a correlation between well-developed stress fiber assemblies and the ability to induce global modulation. The fast mobility clone was stable for at least 23 passages.     

Nutrient inflows into apple roots. II. Nitrate uptake rates measured on intact roots of mature trees under field conditions

Abstract The rates of uptake of nitrate-N per unit length; surface area and volume of root were measured in solution depletion experiments conducted in a root laboratory, using intact roots of two 4.5-year-old apple trees (Discovery/M.9 and Worcester Pearmain/M.9) at two different depths in the soil profile. In Discovery/M.9, NO₃^? uptake rate per unit root was constant over the 20-200 mmol m^?3 range of solution concentration. In Worcester/M.9, the uptake rate per unit root over the 200-150 mmol m^?3 range (corresponding to a ‘lag’ phase) was lower than that over 150-20 mmol m^?3. The uptake rates after the lag phase at depths of 46 and 104 cm were ca. 1.3 and 5.0 times greater than those in Discovery/M.9 at the 46 and 110 cm depths, respectively. The concentration below which net uptake was zero was ca. 1 mmolm^?3. In Discovery/M.9, the uptake rate per unit root at the 46cm depth was about 2.8 times that at 110 cm whereas in Worcester/M.9, the uptake rates at 46cm depth were about 1.8 and 1.4 times lower than those at 104cm over the solution concentration ranges 200-150 and 150-20 mmol m^?3, respectively. Only small differences were observed in uptake rates per unit root between 1400-1700 h, 2400-0400 h, and 0700-1100 h. For successive 5°C-increments in root temperature between 5 and 25° C, the nitrate uptake rate per unit root increased by 130, 10, 30 and 5%, respectively. A major change in the activation energy for nitrate uptake was observed at a transition temperature located between 5°and 10°C.     

Regional differences in the lateral mobility of plasma membrane lipids in a molluscan embryo

Regional and temporal differences in plasma membrane lipid mobility have been analyzed during the first three cleavage cycles of the embryo of the polar-lobe-forming mollusc Nassarius reticulatus by the fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) method, using 1,1'-ditetradecyl 3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine iodide (C14diI) as a fluorescent lipid probe. During this period of development the lateral diffusion coefficient of membrane lipids is consistently greater in the vegetal polar lobe area as compared to the animal plasma membrane area (on average 30%), demonstrating the existence of an animal-vegetal polarity in plasma membrane properties. At third cleavage, the differences between animal and vegetal plasma membrane region become even more pronounced; in the four animal micromeres the diffusion coefficient (D) and mobile fraction (MF) are 2.9 +/- 0.2 X 10(-9) cm2/sec and 51 +/- 2%, respectively, while in the four vegetal macromeres D = 5.0 +/- 0.3 X 10(-9) cm2/sec and MF = 78 +/- 2%. Superimposed upon the observed animal-vegetal polarity, the lateral diffusion in the polar lobe membrane area shows a cell-cycle-dependent modulation. The highest mean values for D are reached during the S phase (ranging from 7.0 to 7.8 X 10(-9) cm2/sec in the three cycles measured), while at the end of G2 phase and during early mitosis mean values for D have decreased significantly (ranging from 5.0 to 5.9 X 10(-9) cm2/sec). Diffusion rates in the animal membranes of the embryo are constant during the three successive cell cycles (D = 4.3-5.0 X 10(-9) cm2/sec), except for a peak at the S phase of the first cell cycle (D = 6.0 X 10(-9) cm2/sec). These results are discussed in relation with previously observed ultrastructural heterogeneities in the Nassarius egg plasma membrane. It is speculated that the observed animal-vegetal polarity in the organization of the egg membrane might play an important role in the process of cell diversification during early development.     

Surface diffusion in human serum lipoproteins

From the viscosity dependence of the 31P NMR signals, the diffusion coefficients DT of phospholipid molecules in the surface monolayer of HDL, LDL and VLDL have been determined. DT for HDL3 and HDL2 are found to be 2.3 X 10(-8) cm2/s and 1.8 X 10(-8) cm2/s, respectively. These values are similar to values reported for diffusion of phospholipid molecules in phospholipid bilayers above the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition temperature. Viscosity dependence of [16,16,16-2H3]phosphatidylcholine incorporated into HDL2 yielded a value similar to that determined by 31P (DT = 1.9 X 10(-8) cm2/s). Slower diffusion coefficients were measured for LDL2 and VLDL. VLDL had a value DT = 9.1 X 10(-9) cm2/s. The diffusion coefficient for LDL2 was 1.4 X 10(-9) cm2/s. Thus, diffusion of phospholipids in LDL2 is a full order of magnitude slower at 25 degrees C than diffusion of phospholipids in the HDLs.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒克氏针茅退化草原土壤种子库特征

以内蒙古锡林郭勒地区克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原不同退化等级群落为对象,研究克氏针茅退化草原可萌发土壤种子库特征.结果表明,随着草原退化程度的增加,不论是土壤总种子库还是持久土壤种子库,组成和密度均明显下降, 重度和极度退化草原土壤总种子库密度下降至仅为轻度退化草原的46.8%和11.1%.代表土壤总种子库的4月份取样, 轻度、中度、重度和极度退化草原各样地0～9 cm土壤种子库密度分别为2800、1278、1311和311粒·m-2;代表持久土壤种子库的6月底取样,4个样地土壤种子库密度分别为1667、967、334和167粒·m-2.多数植物土壤种子库主要分布在0～6 cm土层,各样地种子库密度随土壤深度的增加而减少,轻度、中度、重度和极度退化草原4月份0～6 cm土层种子库分别占总种子库(0～9 cm)的98.4、96.5、95.8 和85.7%.不同退化等级草原地上植被与土壤种子库的Sorensen相似性指数介于0.24～0.48.     

广西野牡丹科一新种,大明山异药花

详细描述了广西产的异药花属一新种——大明山异药花。该种与产于福建、广西等地的异药花近似,但不同在于本种叶基出脉较多,7-9条;多歧聚伞花序长2.5-3cm,宽6-7cm;长雄蕊花药线形,基部伸长,略膨大成囊状,分离,药隔膨大,伸长成短距,短雄蕊花药线形,药隔膨大,伸长成短距。     

The biological standard of living (and its convergence) in Colombia, 1870–2003: A tropical success story

During the 20th century, the evolution of the biological standard of living in Colombia was a tropical success story from the point of view of the secular increase in height as well as the reduction of inequality. During the period 1905-1985 the average height of females and males increased by nearly 9 cm on the basis of 9 million records examined from National Identification Cards. We also study the evolution of height of Colombians on the basis of passport records. The elite group of passport holders was much taller than average, and remained stable for the birth cohorts of 1870-1919. In the early 20th century the height of passport recipients was 168.7 cm (men) and 158 cm (women) compared with 162 cm and 150 cm for heights in the national ID cards. The results also show that Colombians experienced significant regional and intrapersonal convergence in height.