重症监护病房下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨引起荆州市中心医院重症监护病房患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌流行趋势、耐药特点和特殊耐药菌分布规律.方法 以无菌方式吸取ICU病房医院获得性肺炎患者的下呼吸道标本,然后以常规方法分离病原菌并进行药敏试验,再用WHONET 5.6和SPSS 15.0软件分析相关数据.结果 2007年1月至2011年12月从该院ICU病房患者的下呼吸道标本中共分离各类病原菌共2019株,其中革兰阴性杆菌1 904株,革兰阳性球菌62株,真菌53株.肠杆菌科细菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素普遍耐药,非发酵细菌呈现多重耐药性.结论 导致该院ICU病房医院获得性肺炎的病原菌主要是革兰阴性杆菌,其对多种常用抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,可能与抗生素选择压力有关.     

Resistance epidemiology of gramnegative nonfermenting pathogens of nosocomial infections in intensive care units and surgical departments]

Etiological structure, patterns and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of gramnegative nonfermenting pathogens of nosocomial infections isolated from patients in intensive care units and surgical departments were investigated. One hundred thirty one clinical isolates, including 86 (65.6%) isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 45 (34.4%) isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were tested. Carbapenems and cefoperazone/sulbactam showed the highest activity against the tested isolates. Eleven carbapenem resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were detected. The strains were found to possess genetic determinants of the VIM group encoding metal beta-lactamases.     

Nosocomial lung infections in adult intensive care units

Nosocomial respiratory tract infections are the leading type of nosocomial infections. Despite the development of new antibiotic therapies, they are associated with an increased morbidity and mortality. Patients with comorbidities are especially predisposed to acquire these infections, as are patients exposed to respiratory therapy. Aspiration of colonized secretions from the oropharynx is the main mechanism of infection development. Barrier techniques to reduce aspiration and antimicrobial agents to alter bacterial flora are important in preventing pneumonia episodes. The initial institution of an adequate antibiotic regimen is a determinant of outcome. Nosocomial pneumonias are often difficult to treat due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic policies are crucial in avoiding a progression in antibiotic resistance.     

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units

The purpose of this review is to analyze literature concerning the diagnosis, prevention, and management of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) occurring in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). Analysis was performed from personal and "Pubmed" data, crossing the following keywords: "urinary tract infection", "catheter', and "intensive care unit". Few clinical trials including ICU patients were found despite the abundance of expert opinions. There is no consensus on the use of urinary reagent tests for diagnosis. The prevention of CAUTI in ICU patients does not require expensive devices. Neither complex closed drainage systems nor silver-coated urinary catheters have demonstrated efficacy in comparative randomized clinical trials. Bladder irrigation should not be used, except when an obstruction of the catheter is highly likely. The administration of prophylactic antimicrobial therapy, although effective in reducing the incidence of urinary bacteria, cannot be recommended in ICU patients. The management of CAUTI in ICU patients has not been evaluated in clinical trials. The level of evidence provided in this field is weak, and underlines the need for randomized studies to improve management of patients.     

Nosocomial infections and risk factors in intensive care units

The present study was performed to describe the incidence and risk factors for nosocomial infections (NIs) in the intensive care units of a University hospital. From January to July 2002, 454 patients from Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Unit (MICU and SICU) were observed in the active, targeted, prospective surveillance study. Risk factors for NIs were found by logistic regression analysis. Two hundred and eighteen NIs were recorded in 149 of 454 screened patients. The overall incidence rate was calculated as 33% in the ICUs. The incidence was 39% in MICU and 29% in SICU. The most frequent nosocomial infection observed in MICU, and SICU was pneumonia (42%), and surgical wound infection (31%), respectively. Extrinsic risk factors were urinary catheter, mechanical ventilation, total parenteral nutrition, entubation, antimicrobial treatment prior to the NI, nasogastric cathater and central catheter. The highest intrinsic risk factor was unconsciousness in MICU, respiratory failure in SICU. This high NI rates may be reduced by timely feedback of data for infection control activities. The recognition of risk factors for NIs is an important tool for the identification and development of interventions to minimize such risks in the ICU's.     

Changing pattern of antibiotic susceptibility in intensive care units: ten years experience of a university hospital

The study was performed to assess microorganisms and antibiotic susceptibility patterns during ten years in intensive care units of a University Hospital. Infection Control Committee has active, prospective surveillance in ICUs for thirteen years. Ten years data of ICUs was evaluated retrospectively from surveillance forms. Microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance were recorded according to the years. During ten years, gram negative microorganisms were the most frequent isolated microorganisms from clinical specimens. Acinetobacter baumannii (21.8%), Pseudomonas aerigunosa (16%), Escherichia coli (10.4%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%) were the most common gram negative microorganisms. However, Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent gram positive microorganism, the incidence decreased from 18.6% to 4.8% during ten years. Also antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms changed during ten years. Carbapenem resistance increased from 44% to 92% in A. baumannii and ciprofloxacin resistance increased in E. coli from 28% to 60% and in K. pneumoniae from 21% to 55% during ten years. However, methicilin resistance decreased in S. aureus from 96% to 54%. In conclusion, antibiotic resistance is growing problem in ICUs. Rationale antibiotic policies and infection control measures will prevent the development of resistance.     

ICU患者感染铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析

目的监测ICU铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性,更好地指导临床用药。方法收集本院2014年1月至2016年12月ICU送检的所有标本培养分离的铜绿假单胞菌并进行分析。结果共检出铜绿假单胞菌504株,占ICU检出所有病原菌第3位,约占14%。其中,2014年检出161株,2015年检出179株,2016年检出164株。耐药率由低到高前3位的抗生素分别是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(13.9%)、头孢吡肟(29.4%)和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(35.7%)。耐药率最高的抗生素为庆大霉素(57.7%)。耐药率大于50.0%的抗生素有头孢他啶、哌拉西林、美罗培南、庆大霉素和左氧氟沙星等。结论铜绿假单胞菌耐药率监测意义十分重要,可为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据和支持。     

Antibiotic utilization and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance in intensive care units

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most frequent and dangerous pathogens involved in the etiology of severe nosocomial infections. A retrospective observational study was conducted at all intensive care units of the University Hospital in Olomouc, Czech Republic (155 ICU beds). Complete antibiotic utilization data of the ICUs in the period of 1999 to 2008 were processed according to ATC/DDD system and expressed in defined daily doses per 100 bed-days (DBD). Utilization of meropenem, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, ceftazidime, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam and piperacillin/tazobactam was measured. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated from clinical material obtained from patients hospitalized in ICUs. During the ten-year period, utilization of the entire group of antibiotics monitored grew. It increased from 23.52 DBD in 1999 to 27.48 DBD in 2008 with a peak of 33.04 DBD in 2007. P. aeruginosa accounted for as much as 42% of pneumonias and 23% of surgical wound infections. Our results show that P. aeruginosa strains became gradually resistant to all antibiotics used in the treatment of the infections caused by them, with the exception of amikacin and piperacillin/tazobactam.     

医院病原菌感染的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的:了解南京地区病原菌感染的临床分布及其耐药性变化情况。方法:对2009年全年住院病人病原菌感染病例进行统计,并且对相应抗生素的耐药情况进行分析。结果:2009年度共分离临床菌株3346株,其中G-杆菌占56.3%,G+球菌占25%,真菌感染占18.7%。以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌为代表的革兰阴性菌为最常见的临床分离细菌,耐药现象较为严重。大多数医院感染革兰阴性菌对加酶抑制剂抗菌药耐药率菌有不同程度的下降。结论:为减少病原菌感染的发生率及控制细菌耐药性必须加强抗生素的合理应用。     

新生儿重症监护病房常见病原菌耐药率比较分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房与其他病房分离病原菌的耐药率。方法采用VITEK全自动微生物分析仪进行药物敏感性分析,对深圳市儿童医院1999～2004年分离的2组常见病原菌的耐药率进行统计分析,耐药率的显著性比较用χ2检验。结果新生儿重症监护病房常见病原菌为表皮葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,而其他病房以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主。新生儿重症监护病房病原菌对左氧沙星、环丙沙星、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶和哌拉西林三唑巴坦的耐药率分别为376%、368%、712%、712%和505%,显著高于儿科其他病房分离菌株的耐药率(P<0001)。结论新生儿重症监护病房分离菌的耐药率高于其他病房病原菌的耐药率。     

Aminoglycoside resistance in gramnegative pathogens of nosocomial infections in Russia]

The study of the mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance in gramnegative pathogens of nosocomial infections in 14 hospitals of Russia showed that the basic mechanism was production of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, mainly adenylyl transferase ANT(2"), acetyl transferases AAC(3)-V and ACC(6)-I, and phosphotransferases APH(3')-I and APH(3')-VI. In all the hospitals enzymes modifying gentamicin and tobramycin were wide spread while the resistance phenotypes to aminoglycosides were different in separate hospitals. Isepamycin proved to be the most active aminoglycoside. Recommendations for the use of antibiotics in hospital formulas and empiric therapy should be developed on the basis of the local specific features of the resistance in nosocomial pathogens to aminoglycosides.     

重症监护病房非发酵菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的分析重症监护病房(ICU)非发酵菌感染的临床分布及耐药状况,总结非发酵菌的感染特点,探讨治疗对策。方法采用ATB Expression细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统,对ICU非发酵菌临床分离株进行菌种鉴定及耐药性测定。结果重症监护病房医院感染非发酵菌检出率为45.0%。其中铜绿假单胞菌为最常见(32.1%),其次为鲍氏不动杆菌(27.4%)和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(13.3%)。非发酵菌可感染不同部位,其中以呼吸道感染为最常见(75.5%),其次为创面分泌物(8.7%)和引流液(5.5%)。药敏结果显示非发酵菌对替卡西林、庆大霉素、喹诺酮类等多种抗菌药物高度耐药,且多重耐药现象较严重。结论重症监护病房医院感染中非发酵菌分离率高,分布范围广泛且耐药性强,多重耐药现象严重,应引起临床高度重视。     

Central line bundle implementation in US intensive care units and impact on bloodstream infections

Background

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) represent a serious patient safety issue. To prevent these infections, bundled interventions are increasingly recommended. We examine the extent of adoption of Central Line (CL) Bundle elements throughout US intensive care units (ICU) and determine their effectiveness in preventing CLABSIs.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In this cross-sectional study, National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) hospitals provided the following: ICU-specific NHSN-reported rates of CLABSI/1,000 central line days; policies and compliance rates regarding bundle components; and other setting characteristics. In 250 hospitals the mean CLABSI rate was 2.1 per 1000 central line days and 49% reported having a written CL Bundle policy. However, of those that monitored compliance, only 38% reported very high compliance with the CL Bundle. Only when an ICU had a policy, monitored compliance, and had ≥95% compliance did CLABSI rates decrease. Complying with any one of three CL Bundle elements resulted in decreased CLABSI rates (β = -1.029, p = 0.015). If an ICU without good bundle compliance achieved high compliance with any one bundle element, we estimated that its CLABSI rate would decrease by 38%.

Conclusions/Significance

In NHSN hospitals across the US, the CL Bundle is associated with lower infection rates only when compliance is high. Hospitals must target improving bundle implementation and compliance as opposed to simply instituting policies.     

Environmental stress and antibiotic resistance in food-related pathogens

This study investigated the possibility that sublethal food preservation stresses (high or low temperature and osmotic and pH stress) can lead to changes in the nature and scale of antibiotic resistance (ABR) expressed by three food-related pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus). The study found that some sublethal stresses significantly altered antibiotic resistance. Incubation at sublethal high temperature (45 degrees C) decreased ABR. Incubation under increased salt (>4.5%) or reduced pH (<5.0) conditions increased ABR. Some of the pathogens continued to express higher levels of ABR after removal of stress, suggesting that in some cases the applied sublethal stress had induced stable increases in ABR. These results indicate that increased use of bacteriostatic (sublethal), rather than bactericidal (lethal), food preservation systems may be contributing to the development and dissemination of ABR among important food-borne pathogens.     

Etiology of nosocomial surgical infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, and profile of their antibiotic resistance

Microbiological monitoring of microbial landscape of gram-negative bacteria--etiological agents of nosocomial surgical infections--was performed as well as their level of antibiotic resistance was studied. Two hundred forty-four strains were isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the method of serial microdilutions. Spectrum of Gram-negative microorganisms was represented by 3 groups: fermenting (62.7%), nonfermenting (34.8%), and nonidentified microbes (2.5%). Spectrum of gram-negative etiological agents of nosocomial surgical infections was represented mainly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella. Most active antibacterial drugs against studied strains were carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem).     

Results of the study on antibiotic resistance emergence among pathogens of community-acquired urinary tract infections in Moscow. Phase I]

A rise of resistance in uropathogens to all agents used for the management of urinary tract infections has been observed in Moscow. However, because of the broad spectrum and favourable safety parameters, fluoroquinolones remain the drugs of choice for the treatment of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Among them levofloxacin is preferable. When the use of fluoroquinolones is contraindicated, the 1st-3rd generation cephalosporins are advisable. Nitrofurans are expedient in the treatment of acute and relapsing cystitis. By the antibacterial activity and bioavailability sodium furasidin is advantages among the nitrofurans.     

In-vitro antibiotic resistance of hospital and non-hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]

The AA report about the resistence towards antibiotics of 42 stocks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospitalized patients and of 18 stocks isolated from non hospitalized patients. The most active antibiotics are Gentamicine, Neomicine and Streptomicine. Interestingly towards Tobramicine no resistence has been detected. The stocks isolated from hospitalized patients have generally shown a higher resistence.     

Dynamics of antibiotic resistance of purulent septic pathogens at an emergency facility]

The predominant pathogens at the emergency medicine hospital were analysed and its resistance to antibiotics was investigated in dynamics. The susceptibility of the pathogens was analysed by the method of dynamic equalibration. Statistically significant reduction of resistant bacteria isolation was demonstrated for 2 species of 7--that is S. aureus and E. faecalis regarding 4 antibiotics. The ratio of staphylococci resistant to cefazolin, ceftazidime, doxycyclin reduced, the ratio of enterococci resistant to chloramphenicol and doxycyclin also diminished. No correlation was demonstrated between the pathogen isolation frequency and ratio of resistant strains.     

Red blood cell T-activation and hemolysis in surgical intensive care patients with severe infections

The exposure of Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigens on RBCs, serum neuraminidase, and serum hemoglobin levels were investigated in 53 adult surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients with septicemia. Unmasked T-antigens were assayed by a hemagglutination test using peanut agglutinin (PNA) (direct anti-T test), and by an indirect anti-T test employing rabbit anti-PNA globulin. RBC T-activation was demonstrated in 17/53 patients (32%); in 2/53 patients (4%) the direct anti-T test was positive, indicating strong T-exposure. No polyagglutination phenomena were observed. Serum neuraminidase was elevated in 12/17 (71%) patients with T-activation and in 7/36 (19%) patients without T-activation. Free serum hemoglobin was elevated in 12/17 (71%) patients with T-activation and in 5/36 (14%) patients without T-activation. Correlations between T-activation and serum neuraminidase and between T-activation and serum hemoglobin were significant (p less than 0.001). Potentially neuraminidase-releasing bacteria were demonstrated in 13/17 (76%) patients with RBC T-exposure. We conclude that neuraminidase-induced RBC T-activation and subsequent hemolysis may be involved in the pathomechanism of hemolytic anemia in patients with severe infections.