喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质的组成特征与作用

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地农作区、人工林、次生林、原生林4类典型生态系统动态监测样地(200 m×40 m)土壤矿质养分因子(7个)、植被(9个)、地形(4个)、土壤理化性状(10个)共计30个指标的全面调查取样分析,采用经典统计分析、主成分分析和典范相关分析探讨了土壤矿物质的组成特征、作用以及与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的耦合关系.结果表明： 喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质组成以SiO2、Al2O3、K2O、Fe2O3为主,明显低于全球土壤平均背景值和同区域地带性红壤,CaO、MgO含量居中,MnO含量很低;不同生态系统土壤矿物质组成和变异不同,土壤的发育程度也不同,植被和土壤的原生性呈同比正相关,均有潜在的石漠化风险;4类生态系统景观异质性高,主成分分析的降维效果不好,土壤矿物质均为各生态系统的主要影响因子,且与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的关系非常密切,特别是SiO2、CaO和MnO,其中对植被的影响主要是物种多样性,对土壤则为有机质、全氮、全钾等主要养分.土壤矿物质是影响喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤肥力和植物生长发育的限制因子之一,有效利用矿物质资源、合理施用矿质养分对喀斯特退化生态系统的恢复与重建作用重大.     

青藏高原高寒草甸植被和土壤对短期禁牧的响应

为探讨青藏高原高寒草甸对短期禁牧的响应,设置冬季自由放牧和短期(2年)禁牧的对比试验。采用随机样方法调查植被群落盖度,分析地上和地下生物量、根冠比、植被地上和地下部分以及表层(0-10cm)土壤全碳、全氮和全磷含量、生态化学计量以及营养元素的关联性。研究结果显示:1)短期禁牧显著改变高寒草甸植被盖度、地上生物量、根冠比、植被全磷含量和N∶P,以及土壤全磷含量。2)相关性分析表明,禁牧后土壤全碳含量与植被地上全碳含量呈显著相关性,自由放牧后土壤全碳和全氮含量分别与植被地下部分全碳和全氮含量呈显著相关性。结果表明,不同的草原管理措施(禁牧、放牧)会改变高寒草甸植被与土壤养分分配及其平衡关系,同时,植被与表层土壤主要养分含量之间的关联性仅存在于部分植物器官与部分营养元素之间。     

不同土地利用方式下喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤微生物群落特征

基于对喀斯特峰丛洼地6种土地利用类型(坡耕地、草丛、灌丛、人工林、次生林、原生林)的土壤微生物、养分、矿物质和植被4组变量35个指标的调查分析,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物种群数量、微生物生物量C、N、P及其分形特征,以及土壤微生物与植被、土壤养分、矿物质的关系.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下喀斯特峰丛洼地的土壤微生物种群数量及组成不同.微生物种群数量均以原生林和坡耕地最高,人工林最低;3种森林土壤的细菌比率较大,坡耕地、草丛、灌丛的放线菌比率较大,真菌的比率均很小;土壤微生物生物量C、N、P的含量均很高,其中原生林最高;土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤微生物种群数量具有良好的分形关系,而土壤微生物生物量氮、磷与种群数量不存在分形关系;土壤微生物与植被、土壤养分、土壤矿物质显著相关,其中土壤微生物生物量碳与乔木层的Shannon指数、土壤速效氮、Fe₂O₃、CaO含量显著相关.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林养分循环特征

以中国西南喀斯特峰丛洼地为研究区域用标准木法和收获法对人工林、次生林、原生林3个不同类型森林的6个代表性群落的生物量、营养元素生物循环量及循环特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)不同类型森林群落乔木各器官的养分含量大小顺序为:叶枝根干,林下植被层和凋落物层的养分含量比较高,其含量普遍高于乔木层各组分,仅次于乔木叶片;各组分中营养元素以K、Ca最高,P、Mg最低;(2)3种类型森林间乔木层的养分积累量总规律表现为原生林(4540.30 kg/hm~2)次生林(2107.09 kg/hm~2)人工林(719.51 kg/hm~2),分别占林分养分积累量的88.30%、79.57%和62.60%;(3)3种类型森林生态系统养分总贮量相差不大,均主要集中在土壤层在各层分配格局有所差异;营养元素的年吸收量和年归还量均为次生林原生林人工林,年吸收量分别为:418.80、271.17和148.79 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1);年归还量分别为:182.98、111.43和43.37 kg hm_(-2)a~(-1);(4)不同类型森林养分利用系数总规律为人工林(0.35)次生林(0.20)原生林(0.10);循环系数则相反,为原生林(0.48)次生林(0.46)人工林(0.30);而周转时间为原生林(37.32)人工林(18.63)次生林(13.93)。喀斯特峰丛洼地土层薄,养分贮存能力差,森林养分循环能力相对较弱,沿着强、中、弱干扰递减梯度,3种类型森林养分利用效率和循环能力呈增长趋势。     

凋落物和林下植被对杉木林土壤碳氮水解酶活性的影响机制

凋落物和林下植被在森林生态系统土壤碳、氮循环过程中发挥重要作用,目前关于亚热带杉木人工林凋落物和林下植被对土壤碳氮水解酶活性影响机制还不清楚。在亚热带杉木人工林设立去除凋落物+去除林下植被(LR+UR)、去除凋落物+保留林下植被(LR+U)、凋落物加倍+保留林下植被(LD+U)、凋落物加倍+割倒林下植被归还(LD+UC)处理。通过研究各处理对土壤环境因子(土壤温度(ST)、土壤含水量(SWC)、土壤酸度(p H)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、氨态氮(NH_4~+-N)、溶解性有机碳(DOC))和土壤碳氮水解酶(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG))活性的影响,揭示凋落物和林下植被对杉木林土壤碳氮水解酶活性影响机制。结果表明:(1)通过比较LR+U和LD+U处理发现,短期内添加凋落物有增加土壤p H、NH+4-N含量和提高βG、NAG活性的趋势,但未达到显著水平(P0.05);(2)LR+UR与LR+U处理间的比较发现,去除林下植被有降低SWC、p H、NH+4-N含量、NAG活性的趋势,并显著降低了土壤DOC含量和βG活性(P0.05);(3)将LR+UR分别与LD+U、LD+UC处理进行比较表明,添加凋落物同时保留林下植被显著增加了SWC、p H、DOC和NH+4-N含量,并增强了βG和NAG活性(P0.05),而且林下植被割倒归还比林下植被正常生长更有利于土壤βG、NAG活性的提高和SWC、DOC含量的增加,但是对ST和NO-3-N含量没有显著影响(P0.05);(4)土壤水解酶活性与SWC、DOC表现为极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。总之,凋落物和林下植被影响碳氮水解酶活性的机制,主要是通过调节SWC、增加DOC含量,影响βG、NAG活性;βG、NAG活性增强也会加快土壤有机质(SOM)分解,增加土壤DOC含量。     

湘西喀斯特地区三种优良乡土树种人工林养分吸收、积累和分配特性

为了解喀斯特地区不同人工林生态系统的养分利用特征,本文对湘西自治州森林生态站31年生的华榛(Corylus chinensis)、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、银鹊树(Tapiscia sinensis)人工林的N、P、K、Ca和Mg 5种营养元素含量、积累、分配、养分循环特征开展了研究。结果表明:(1)华榛、南酸枣和银鹊树3个树种林分的不同器官、地被物以及凋落物营养元素含量均以南酸枣最低;3个树种的不同器官、地被物以及凋落物的营养元素含量均以Ca元素含量最高,P元素含量最低,表现出典型的喀斯特地区植被养分特征;3个树种各器官的养分总含量大小均为树叶树皮树枝树根树干。(2)南酸枣乔木层和地被物富集P元素的能力最高;华榛和银鹊树均是乔木层富集P元素能力最高,地被物富集Ca的能力最高。(3)3种林分中营养元素积累量以华榛最低,银鹊树最高,后者约为前者的188%;5种营养元素中,3种林分均以Ca积累最多,P积累最少,与树种体内营养元素含量规律一致。(4)3个树种林分营养元素的吸收量、存留量和归还量大小顺序均为银鹊树华榛南酸枣;3个树种林分营养元素循环速率均以K元素最高、P元素最低;3个树种林分营养元素利用效率均为P元素的利用效率最高。(5)人工银鹊树林是高吸收、高现存、较慢循环、养分高度节约型林分;相比南酸枣和华榛而言,银鹊树更加喜喀斯特钙生环境,更适合喀斯特地区的生长。(6)3个树种林分均有P元素在各器官含量低、对土壤富集能力强、循环速率低、利用效率高的特点。可见,受试喀斯特地区土壤普遍存在低磷现象,需要及时改善,以保证林分正常生长。     

喀斯特退化山地不同类型人工林土壤养分与酶活性

人工植被恢复是喀斯特退化山地生态修复的重要途径之一。本研究探讨了喀斯特山地滇柏(Cupressus duclouxiana)纯林、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)纯林和滇柏-刺槐混交林等3种类型人工林和未造林地(对照)的土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性及其相关性,为该地区选择适宜的造林树种和方式、改善林地土壤质量提供参考依据。结果表明：(1)4种类型样地土壤均呈碱性,且人工林土壤pH值均显著低于未造林地;人工林土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量均显著高于未造林地;全钾、速效钾含量均显著低于未造林地。(2)除碱性磷酸酶外,其余4种土壤酶活性均在滇柏-刺槐混交林中最大。3种类型人工林土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性均高于未造林地。(3)脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶等受土壤养分影响的主要因素不同,过氧化氢酶活性与养分指标之间相关性不显著。(4)冗余分析结果表明,土壤全氮、全磷对喀斯特不同类型林分土壤酶活性影响显著,能解释酶活性变异的60.7%,酶活性-养分特征关系方差累计贡献率为78.8%。喀斯特退化山地营建的人工林植被可提高林地土壤养分含量与酶活性,从而改善土壤质量,...     

小流域内植被类型对土壤NO3-/NH4+空间变化的影响

流域内植被类型、地形地貌特征对土壤氮循环过程有重要的作用,是影响下游水体无机氮素来源以及富营养化的关键因子。通过比较小流域内4种植被类型(落叶松人工林、油松人工林、天然阔叶次生林和农田(玉米))对土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量空间变化的影响,揭示流域内不同立地条件下水源涵养林与土壤无机氮变化特征之间的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量差异显著(P<0.05);由坡上到坡下土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量显著降低;在土壤表层NO3--N和NH4+-N含量最高,随着土层深度增加无机氮含量减少;与水源涵养林天然植被和人工林植被相比,农田土壤NO3--N含量最高(11.86mg·kg-1),有较高的氮流失风险。     

喀斯特石漠化地区不同退耕年限下桂牧1号杂交象草植物-土壤-微生物生态化学计量特征

耕地农作物种植与退耕地种草养畜是喀斯特主要的农业生产模式。以喀斯特地区农耕玉米地为对照,研究退耕还草1、5、7a(恢复初期、旺盛期、衰退期)3种年限下桂牧1号杂交象草地植物-土壤-微生物C、N、P生态化学计量特征及内在关联。结果表明:1)牧草地植物地上部分N、P含量均为5a牧草1a牧草7a牧草,C含量则刚好相反;3种退耕年限牧草地植物地上部分C∶N、C∶P、N∶P分别为26.50—33.91、631.70—2254.33、23.89—67.21,且均表现为7a牧草1a牧草5a牧草。2)土壤表层(0—10 cm)C、N、P含量均以玉米地最低,3种退耕年限牧草地中则均为5a牧草地最低;土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P在玉米及退耕牧草地之间均无显著差异(P0.05),平均值分别为9.20,27.88,3.38。3)玉米及牧草地土壤MB_C、MB_N、MB_P含量存在显著差异(P0.05);玉米地MB_C/SOC、MB_N/TN、MB_P/TP均高于牧草地,3种退耕年限牧草地中,则均为5a牧草地最高。4)MB_C、MB_P与土壤C、P含量分别呈显著线性正相关(P0.05);植物C、C∶N与土壤C、N含量均呈极显著线性负相关(P0.01)。分析表明,退耕还草地中植物与土壤系统C-N-P化学计量比表现出不一致的时间变化特征,且牧草地植物受P限制严重,尤以恢复旺盛期为甚。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统的土壤肥力变化特征

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地坡耕地、草丛、灌丛、人工林、次生林、原生林6种典型生态系统的土壤主要养分、矿质养分和微生物这3组变量共计20个指标的调查、取样和分析,运用多重比较分析、主成分分析和典范相关分析探讨了其土壤肥力变化特征、主要影响因子及两两之间的相互关系。结果表明,喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤pH值为6.60—7.75,土壤主要养分、微生物种群数量和微生物生物量明显高于同纬度地区地带性红壤,矿质养分含量相对较低,其中SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3占矿质全量的90%以上。土壤肥力的总体趋势为原生林>次生林>灌丛>草丛>坡耕地>人工林。喀斯特石漠化地区实行林草结合的退耕还林还草模式更有利于土壤生态系统的环境改善,坡耕地应多施有机肥和氮肥,人工林应多施氮肥。原生林植物与养分之间达到了良好的平衡状态,主要应加强森林抚育管理,改善森林环境,保障植物、土壤养分及微生物之间的良好协调关系。确保土壤资源的合理利用,促进喀斯特峰丛洼地乃至整个西南喀斯特区域植被的迅速恢复和生态重建。     

黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区苔藓多样性及苔藓结皮发育的微生境特征

微生境因子对苔藓结皮的物种分布和发育有重要调控作用。为探明其作用途径和影响程度,以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区的苔藓结皮为研究对象,通过样线法调查了8种微生境中苔藓结皮的物种分布和发育特征,结合结构方程模型剖析了植物冠层覆盖、坡向和坡度对苔藓多样性和苔藓结皮发育的影响途径并量化了其影响系数。结果表明: 1)与无冠层相比,冠层覆盖使苔藓的Patrick、Shannon、Pielou和Simpson指数分别降低了63.4%、66.6%、91.0%和68.3%,但使苔藓结皮的厚度、生物量和叶绿素含量分别提高了0.5、0.2和1.3倍;2)北坡样地的4种苔藓物种多样性指数较南坡分别提高了0.6、0.9、5.6和0.9倍,而3种苔藓结皮发育指标分别提高了0.3、0.3和0.6倍;3)坡度从14°增加到34°,4种苔藓多样性指数分别降低了59.8%、84.1%、57.3%和68.0%,而3种苔藓结皮发育指标分别降低了15.2%、25.0%和16.5%;4)3种微生境因子对苔藓多样性和苔藓结皮发育的影响程度为冠层覆盖＞坡向＞坡度,其主要影响途径因微生境因子不同而存在差异。综上,植物冠层覆盖、坡度和坡向分异通过直接和间接途径显著影响了苔藓的物种分布和苔藓结皮发育,因此,在利用苔藓结皮进行荒漠化治理时应充分考虑微生境条件。     

生态恢复方式对喀斯特生境苔藓植物物种组成的影响

为探究生态恢复方式对苔藓植物的影响，研究了自然弃耕和退耕还林等生态恢复方式对重庆市中梁山喀斯特地区不同生境类型下苔藓植物物种组成特征的影响。结果表明，研究区有苔藓植物15科26属41种，其中藓类39种，苔类2种，美灰藓(Eurohypnum leptothollum)为主要优势物种；研究区石生藓类植物占比较大，生活型以平铺型和丛集型为主，各生境物种多样性及相似性指数整体偏低，但相比弃耕杂草地、灌木林和经济型林地，竹林和马尾松林中苔藓植物具有更高的物种多样性；冗余分析表明，郁闭度和光照强度是影响苔藓植物分布的关键环境因子，乔木林为苔藓植物的生长提供了更适宜的生境。因此，相比于自然恢复和经济性林地等恢复方式，退耕还林是喀斯特退化生境更为理想的生态恢复方式。     

苔藓植物岩溶作用研究进展

苔藓植物参与岩溶作用的过程是生物岩溶的重要内容。开展苔藓植物岩溶作用研究可为石漠化裸岩的生态恢复及其综合治理提供理论依据和技术支撑。该文系统论述了苔藓植物岩溶作用的过程(溶蚀与沉积)、机理及其与生境互作机制的最新研究进展。苔藓植物及其生物结皮在干湿交替下发生膨胀、卷缩、冻融等物理机械力, 以及其代谢分泌物和因呼吸作用而产生的H₂CO₃与岩石中矿物反应, 破坏矿物晶体结构, 导致矿物裂解、使岩面崩解脱落而改变岩面形态, 塑造岩溶地貌, 形成原始土壤。苔藓植物岩溶作用驱动力的大小与植物功能性状、基岩性质与生存环境密切相关。此外, 生物岩溶作用需要长时间尺度的监测, 研究周期长, 建议建立野外长期监测基地, 加强对其内在机制与过程以及与生境间互作机制, 苔藓植物的生理代谢过程及其生物酶等与岩溶作用的相互关系, 岩溶地区苔藓植物环境适应性特征及其生物多样性维持机制等方面的研究。     

Bryophyte colonisation in experimental microcosms: the role of nutrients, defoliation and vascular vegetation

A three-year multi-factorial microcosm experiment simulating fertilisation, defoliation and the composition of vascular vegetation in a dry grassland succession was used to test four hypotheses concerning the establishment and survival of bryophytes in grassland vegetation. H₁: bryophyte cover may be used to predict bryophyte species richness. H₂: bryophyte richness is suppressed at high nutrient levels and promoted by defoliation of vascular plants. H₃: species richness of bryophytes is influenced by the species composition of the vascular vegetation. H₄: bryophyte species richness is negatively correlated with vascular plant biomass.
The relationship between bryophyte richness and bryophyte cover was found to follow the classical species-area richness curve. Bryophyte species richness responded positively to defoliation and negatively to fertilisation. The species composition of vascular vegetation had no significant effect on bryophyte richness. Bryophyte species richness was lower at high vascular plant biomass and vascular plant dry weight above 400 g m⁻² appeared fatal to bryophytes. At high nutrient levels, defoliation increased bryophyte richness, but defoliation did not fully compensate for the negative effect of fertilisation. The study reinforces the concern for short lived shuttle bryophytes in the agricultural landscape.     

南方红壤侵蚀区不同植被恢复年限下芒萁叶功能性状对土壤因子的响应

目前关于我国南方红壤侵蚀区生态恢复植被—芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)功能性状(Functional Traits)的研究鲜有报道。以该区域不同植被恢复年限下(包含0年未恢复地、6年、12年、18年、36年以及80年的次生林地)芒萁叶功能性状为研究对象,结合不同植被恢复年限下土壤因子的变化,采用样方调查分析法,探讨随植被恢复年限的增长芒萁叶功能性状的变化规律及其相互关系,以及芒萁叶功能性状对土壤因子的响应。结果表明,芒萁叶功能性状各指标随着植被恢复年限的增加变化差异明显(P<0.05),并随植被恢复年限的增长表现出胁迫型、扩展型、竞争型不同功能性状组合;芒萁叶功能性状间的相关性也表现出显著的特征(P<0.01);主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)表明叶全氮含量、比叶面积和叶全磷含量主成分贡献排名高,可作为芒萁叶功能性状评价的主要指标。通过冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis, RDA)发现,土壤全碳含量、土壤全氮含量、土壤全磷含量对芒萁叶功能性状各项指标影响显著(P<0.01)。芒萁伴随...     

Functional diversity of epiphytes in two tropical lowland rainforests, French Guiana: using bryophyte life-forms to detect areas of high biodiversity

Recent studies have described a new tropical lowland forest type in the Guianas, the tropical lowland cloud forest. It is characterized by an enriched epiphytic species diversity particularly for bryophytes compared to common lowland rainforest, and is facilitated by frequent early morning fog events in valley locations. While the increase in epiphytic species diversity in lowland cloud forests has been documented, uncertainties remain as to (1) how this small scale variation in water supply is shaping the functional diversity of epiphytic components in lowland forests, and (2) whether information on functional group composition of epiphytes might aid in discerning these cloud forests from the common lowland rainforest. We compare the distribution of functional groups of epiphytes across height zones in lowland cloud forest and lowland rain forest of French Guiana in terms of biomass, cover as well as the composition of bryophyte life-forms. Both forests differed in functional composition of epiphytes in the canopy, in particular in the mid and outer canopy, with the cloud forest having a higher biomass and cover of bryophytes and vascular epiphytes as well as a richer bryophyte life-form composition. Bryophyte life-forms characteristic for cloud forests such as tail, weft and pendants were almost lacking in the canopies of common rain forest whereas they were frequent in lowland cloud forests. We suggest that ground-based evaluation of bryophyte life-form composition is a straightforward approach for identifying lowland cloud forest areas for conservation, which represent biodiversity hotspots in tropical lowland forests.     

Could the Canopy Structure of Bryophytes Serve as an Indicator of Microbial Biodiversity? A Test for Testate Amoebae and Microcrustaceans from a Subtropical Cloud Forest in Dominican Republic

The mechanisms that ultimately regulate the diversity of microbial eukaryotic communities in bryophyte ecosystems remain a contentious topic in microbial ecology. Although there is robust consensus that abiotic factors, such as water chemistry of the bryophyte and pH, explain a significant proportion of protist and microcrustacean diversity, there is no systematic assessment of the role of bryophyte habitat complexity on such prominent microbial groups. Water-holding capacity is correlated with bryophyte morphology and canopy structure. Similarly, canopy structure explains biodiversity dynamics of the macrobiota suggesting that canopy structure may also be a potential parameter for understanding microbial diversity. Canopy roughness of the dominant bryophyte species within the Bahoruco Cloud Forest, Cachote, Dominican Republic, concomitant with their associated diversity of testate amoebae and microcrustaceans was estimated to determine whether canopy structure could be added to the list of factors explaining microbial biodiversity in bryophytes. We hypothesized that smooth (with high moisture content) canopies will have higher species richness, density, and biomass of testate amoebae and higher richness and density of microcrustaceans than rough (desiccation-prone) canopies. For testate amoebae, we found 83 morphospecies with relative low abundances. Species richness and density differed among bryophytes with different bryophyte canopy structures and based on non-metric multidimensional scaling, canopy roughness explained 25% of the variation in species composition although not as predicted. Acroporium pungens (low roughness, LR) had the lowest species richness (2 ± 0.61 SD per gram dry weight bryophyte), and density (2.1 ± 0.61 SD individual per gram of dry weight bryophyte); whereas Thuidium urceolatum (high roughness) had the highest richness (24 ± 10.82 SD) and density (94 ± 64.30 SD). The fact that the bryophyte with the highest roughness had the highest levels of diversity for testate amoebae suggests that moisture levels at the level of the bryophyte canopy may not represent a biodiversity driver in a cloud forest with high relative humidity; however, high roughness could generate a dynamic and fluctuating moisture environment with concomitant alternating microbial communities. A total of 26 microcrustacean morphospecies were found across 11 bryophytes; however, no bryophyte canopy effect was detected on their richness and density. Microcrustacean mean density was low ranging from less than one individual per 50 cm2 of bryophyte in Leucobryum (LR) to a maximum of 6 ± 3.37 SD individuals/50 cm2 in Monoclea (LR). This lack of pattern suggests that possible explanatory variables may be related to larger scale processes than those examined in this study.     

Bryophyte Species Richness and Composition along an Altitudinal Gradient in Gongga Mountain,China

An investigation of terrestrial bryophyte species diversity and community structure along an altitudinal gradient from 2,001 to 4,221 m a.s.l. in Gongga Mountain in Sichuan, China was carried out in June 2010. Factors which might affect bryophyte species composition and diversity, including climate, elevation, slope, depth of litter, vegetation type, soil pH and soil Eh, were examined to understand the altitudinal feature of bryophyte distribution. A total of 14 representative elevations were chosen along an altitudinal gradient, with study sites at each elevation chosen according to habitat type (forests, grasslands) and accessibility. At each elevation, three 100 m × 2 m transects that are 50 m apart were set along the contour line, and three 50 cm × 50 cm quadrats were set along each transect at an interval of 30 m. Species diversity, cover, biomass, and thickness of terrestrial bryophytes were examined. A total of 165 species, including 42 liverworts and 123 mosses, are recorded in Gongga mountain. Ground bryophyte species richness does not show any clear elevation trend. The terrestrial bryophyte cover increases with elevation. The terrestrial bryophyte biomass and thickness display a clear humped relationship with the elevation, with the maximum around 3,758 m. At this altitude, biomass is 700.3 g m⁻² and the maximum thickness is 8 cm. Bryophyte distribution is primarily associated with the depth of litter, the air temperature and the precipitation. Further studies are necessary to include other epiphytes types and vascular vegetation in a larger altitudinal range.     

喀斯特石漠化区典型生境下石生苔藓的固土持水作用

为探究喀斯特石漠化区典型生境下石生苔藓植物的固土持水能力及影响因素,在其石生苔藓分布和形态特征基础上,深入探讨了不同生境下石生苔藓的固土持水效应。结果表明：（1）生境对石生苔藓植物的固土持水能力影响显著。草地中的宽叶真藓（Bryum funkii）固土量最高,为8.85×10³ kg/hm²,裸地中的美灰藓（Eurohypnum leptothallum）持水量最高,其最高持水量是自身干重的14倍。石生苔藓植物在裸地和草地中表现出较高的固土率,而在乔木林与草地下具有较好的持水率。（2）苔藓类型对固土持水能力存在显著性的影响。4种石生苔藓植物的固土率高低为宽叶真藓>尖叶对齿藓原变种（Didymodon constrictus var.constrictus）>卷叶湿地藓（Hyophila involuta）>美灰藓,且差异显著;4种苔藓植物的持水率强弱为美灰藓>宽叶真藓>卷叶湿地藓>尖叶对齿藓原变种。（3）石生苔藓植物的固土持水能力受自身功能性状和立地环境的综合影响,苔藓植物的固土率与干重存在显著的正相关关系,其持水量与干重和生物量间具有显著的正相关关系。综上,从固土持水和生态修复的角度出发,应加强裸地和草地两种生境的石漠化治理力度;可考虑将宽叶真藓和美灰藓作为喀斯特岩面生态恢复的先锋苔藓,其能有效解决喀斯特区石漠化大面积基岩裸露问题,提高喀斯特区水土保持效益。     

Old trees contribute bio-available nitrogen through canopy bryophytes

Symbiotic cyanobacteria??bryophyte associations on the forest floor are shown to contribute significantly to stand-level nitrogen budgets through the process of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), but few studies have considered the role of canopy bryophytes. Given the high biomass of epiphytic bryophytes in many tree species of the North American temperate rain forest, we suggest that canopy bryophytes may contribute substantially to stand-level N dynamics. We confirm the presence of cyanobacteria and measure rates of BNF at three heights (0, 15 and 30 m) in Sitka spruce trees across three watershed estuaries of Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, Canada. This study is the first to report BNF by cyanobacteria associated with epiphytic and forest floor bryophytes in the coastal temperate rain forest of North America. Cyanobacteria density was significantly greater in epiphytic bryophytes compared to mosses on the forest floor, and rates of BNF were highest at 30 m in the canopy. The majority of total stand-level BNF (0.76 kg N · ha^-1 · yr^-1) occurs in the canopy, rather than on the forest floor (0.26 kg N · ha^-1 · yr^-1). We suggest that BNF by cyanobacterial-bryophyte associations in the canopy of coastal temperate rain forests is a unique source of ecosystem N, which is dependent on large, old trees with high epiphytic bryophyte biomass.