基于流域水环境响应的城市建设用地面积阈值模拟

城市扩张影响流域水环境质量.从水环境响应出发,模拟预测流域范围内城市建设用地的扩张阈值,可为城市建设用地规划提供客观依据.本文选取完全城市化的筼筜湖流域、半城市化的马銮湾流域和城市化起步阶段的杏林湾流域作为对比研究对象,结合2009—2012年实测数据,运用区域污染物管理模型(ReNuMa),计算3个流域水体污染物总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)环境容量上限,确定流域内城市建设用地面积阈值,并预测城市景观格局演变产生的水环境效应.结果表明: 筼筜湖、马銮湾和杏林湾的TN年负荷上限值分别为12900、42800和43120 kg,TP年负荷上限值分别为340、420和450 kg;现实情境下,筼筜湖水体污染物环境容量尚未饱和,马銮湾与杏林湾的污染物年负荷均接近上限值,杏林湾的TN和TP年负荷存在明显的上升趋势;3个流域污染物年负荷均在模拟情境1下未超标、情境3下超标,情境2下,筼筜湖污染物年负荷均未超标,而马銮湾TN与TP年负荷均处于超标;筼筜湖、马銮湾和杏林湾流域的城市建设用地面积阈值分别为1320、5600和4750 hm²,并据此提出景观格局调整对策建议.     

区域景观格局与地表水环境质量关系研究进展

摘要：区域景观格局对地表水环境具有重要影响,1970s以来国外学者对区域景观格局与地表水水质之间的关系开展了大量研究。在系统梳理景观格局与水质关系的研究思路和技术方法的基础上,综合国内外文献探讨了水化学离子、常规污染物、营养物、重金属、有机物、水生生物,直至当前的河流健康等各类水环境指标对景观格局的响应程度,以及景观格局影响水环境的尺度效应问题。认为当前研究存在划定流域边界未能严格避免流域嵌套及土地利用空间自相关、选择景观格局变量尚未充分重视空间结构和水文地貌因素、数据分析技术多限于半定量分析等问题,并尝试提出相应的解决方案。试探性地提出国内研究的未来方向,指出在关注研究区域的流域边界是否明确和点源污染是否控制两个理论前提基础上,进一步根据非点源污染物在景观格局中的累积和迁移转化行为特征,进行相应的土地利用景观分类将是十分重要和迫切的基础性工作,提出了将景观格局与过程关系理论应用于城市面源污染调控的关键科学问题,包括非点源与目标水体的空间位置关系、不透水面和透水面的空间格局关系、区域不透垫面比例是否存在阈值,以及设置透水面的最佳空间尺度等。     

辽河流域辽宁段水环境演变与流域经济发展的关系

以流域为单元进行社会经济发展与环境保护调控,是实现可持续发展的有效途径,因此以流域为单元开展社会经济发展与水环境变化相互作用的研究方兴未艾。运用多元线性回归分析,选取社会经济指标(第一产业生产总值、第二产业生产总值、年末总人口)为自变量,水质指标(化学需氧量、氨氮浓度)为因变量定量研究了2001—2010年辽河水环境演变与流域内社会经济发展之间的关系;并采用经济增长指标(人均GDP)、水环境指标(化学需氧量、氨氮浓度)作为模型中指标,进行了环境库兹涅茨曲线模拟与分析。根据研究结果推断:第二产业生产总值、人口是影响辽河水质化学需氧量浓度变化的社会经济重要因素,影响氨氮浓度变化的因素众多;辽河流域经济增长与水环境之间的关系曲线不完全符合典型的库兹涅茨曲线特征。随着经济快速增长,应在开展工业点源污染达标排放控制的同时,加强农业面源污染的治理力度。     

流溪河流域景观空间特征与河流水质的关联分析

人类活动影响或改变流域景观空间结构,并有可能对河流水质产生不同程度的影响,以流溪河流域为研究区,分析流域景观空间格局特征与水质指数之间的相关关系。将流域划分为27个子流域,采集水样分析水质状况,所选用的水质指标有氨氮(NH3-N)、硝态氮-亚硝态氮(NO3-N+NO2-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODCr)。结果表明:1)该流域土地利用结构与水质具有显著相关性,其中居住用地对水质的影响作用最强,林地对河流水质具有净化功能,与水质指标之间的关系表现为负相关,园地与水质指标关系具有不确定性;2)流域景观特征从上游到下游之间表现为城市化增强的梯度,水质状况响应这个梯度变化表现为上游优于下游,人类活动及城市化发展引起的土地利用变化及土地管理方式对水质变化有显著影响;(3)景观破碎度与水质呈现显著正相关性,是影响水质的重要指标,景观聚集程度和斑块形状复杂程度与水质有负相关关系;子流域尺度和河岸带尺度景观空间特征对水质的影响差异不明显。     

广州市水环境中喹诺酮类抗生素的污染特征

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(HPLC),分析了4种喹诺酮类抗生素在广州市水环境(珠江、污水厂、湖泊和自来水)中的污染特征.结果显示,珠江广州河段(出广州市)和污水厂喹诺酮类抗生素污染严重,最高含量达349 ng·L-1,珠江水样中大部分抗生素含量明显高于瑞士河流中药物含量,污水厂(出水)中抗生素含量比国外污水厂(出水)含量水平高.受城市污水和养殖业废水污染的影响,广州市不同区域的自来水也受到一定程度抗生素药物污染,含量在O～231 ng·L-1水平.仅在一个区域的水样中,有较低含量的喹诺酮类抗生素检出.城市污水和河流周边养殖废水的排放成为水环境中抗生素污染的重要来源之一.     

伊河流域景观格局变化及其驱动机制

以伊河流域1987、2000、2008和2013年4期土地覆被数据、同期气象资料及社会经济数据为基础,综合运用景观生态学原理及ArcGIS 10.2、Fragstats 4.2和SPSS 17等工具,从不同时空尺度分析伊河流域景观格局变化及其驱动机制.结果表明: 1987—2013年,研究区景观空间结构发生明显改变,伊河流域的林地、草地、库塘和建设用地面积增加,耕地、河渠面积呈现“减少-增加-减少”的趋势;1987—2008年,耕地主要转换为建设用地,2008—2013年,耕地、林地和草地之间的转移明显;景观空间格局的变化主要集中在海拔550 m以下的河谷平川和丘陵地带,山地景观格局随人类活动影响的加深也开始发生变化.景观格局指数分析表明:耕地与林地的最大斑块指数和聚集度指数最大;1987—2013年,伊河流域的斑块个数持续快速增长,分离度、Shannon均匀度指数和Shannon多样性指数呈“增大-略有减小-增大”的趋势,说明景观格局趋于不稳定,景观异质性增强.社会经济发展与人口增加是耕地、未利用地等景观类型向建设用地转化的主要驱动力;气温上升与蒸散发量增加是流域水域面积变化的直接原因;政策是流域林地、草地等景观结构发生变化的根本原因.     

海河流域面源污染风险格局识别与模拟优化

面源污染是海河流域面临的主要水生态环境问题,如何通过流域景观格局优化实现对面源污染的控制一直是研究的热点问题。通过最小累积阻力模型,以海河流域为研究对象,将流域景观要素及影响流域景观过程的外部因子相结合,对海河流域面源污染风险格局进行了识别,并将阻力格局与海河流域实测水环境指标进行相关性分析及验证,在此基础上对流域污染风险进行识别与优化模拟。结果表明海河流域有40%以上(130380 km2)区域面临高污染风险,集中分布在中南部平原地区以及山区河谷地带;对此设置河流植被缓冲带进行格局优化模拟分析,通过比较不同措施格局优化阻力值变化趋势表明,对于二级河流水系,加强河流两岸600—1600 m范围的人类活动管控,可以有效降低污染物输出,显著降低流域面源污染发生的风险。在面源污染风险等级较高的平原地区,设置300—400 m植被缓冲带,可将风险等级降低50%,设置700—800 m岸边植被缓冲带即可达到最佳效果;而在山区地区因风险较低,设置400—500 m的植被缓冲带即可达到最佳效果,能够将污染风险在现有基础上降低30%—40%。这一研究结果对海河流域景观格局优化和面源污染风险控制提供科学参考。     

城镇化流域“源-汇”景观格局对河流氮磷空间分异的影响——以天津于桥水库流域为例

随着流域城镇化的加速,流域城镇化景观格局对流域水质的影响逐渐加剧。以城镇化趋势明显的于桥水库流域为例,基于流域"源-汇"景观特征指数,并结合于桥水库流域2013、2014和2015年33个子流域的水质数据,采用空间分析、相关分析和冗余分析等方法,探讨了在城镇化影响下,于桥水库流域景观特征指数和水质指标的定量关系。结果表明:整个流域从上游到下游呈现"汇"景观面积减小,"源"景观面积增大的趋势,居民建设用地面积比在中下游子流域达34.6%,"汇"型景观中林地面积为33.5%;景观空间负荷对比指数(LWLI)全局Moran′s I的值为0.637,P0.01,在空间上存在趋于集群的现象,LWLI高-高聚集区与城镇化集中区域具有一致性。LWLI与流域氮、磷空间分布存在极显著的相关性,平水期TN与LWLI的复相关系数R_2为0.811,丰水期LWLI与TP的复相关系数R_2为0.741;子流域所有水质参数NH_4~+-N、TN、NO_3~--N、TP及LWLI均集中在同一象限,与其它景观特征指数相比,LWLI对河流中氮、磷的影响最大。城镇居民用地与水质指标存在极显著的相关性,是流域水质污染重要的贡献源。流域城镇化发展中,建议提高村镇的景观连通性,便于污染物集中处理,同时增加林地、草地面积,改善流域的生态水文功能。     

厦门城市水环境景观格局调整与建设探讨

城市是由多个相对独立的子系统构成的复合人工生态系统, 城市的可持续发展与建设依赖于自然-社会-经济各子系统之内的健康、协调发展。伴随城市的开发建设过程, 水资源短缺、水质污染等多种水环境问题正威胁城市的持续性发展, 亟需一个综合全面的解决方案。基于对海绵城市建设的内涵与存在问题的讨论, 结合可持续发展与景观生态学理论, 提出“城市水环境景观格局调整与建设”这一解决城市水环境问题的思路与实践框架, 并据此建立逐步实现城市子系统到城市整个生态系统健康发展的可持续城市建设新途径。以厦门市为研究案例, 分析流域水质在不同尺度条件下与景观格局的关系, 模拟估算城市建设用地面积阈值, 从而规范厦门城市用地开发利用, 达到改善城市流域水环境目标。通过厦门市的实证研究, 验证了以水环境可持续为切入点调整城市景观格局, 进而解决城市发展中突出的水环境问题并实现整个城市的可持续发展建设的思路, 最后对城市未来水环境与景观格局调整提出展望。     

三峡库区典型流域“源”“汇”景观格局时空变化对侵蚀产沙的影响

以三峡库区王家桥流域为研究对象,基于五期遥感影像(1995、2000、2005、2010和2015)提取流域景观格局,采用马尔科夫模型研究"源""汇"景观格局时空变化,并结合野外多年实测数据建立景观格局指数与产沙量之间的关系,分析景观格局对流域侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明:1995—2015年,王家桥流域景观格局时空变化明显,呈破碎化发展趋势。"源"景观面积持续下降,"汇"景观面积持续增长。在降雨量时序曲线相似的条件下,斑块类型尺度的景观指数对侵蚀产沙量的解释能力高于景观尺度。斑块类型尺度,"源""汇"景观指数与径流输沙量的复相关系数分别为0.946和0.903,均显著相关。对于"源"景观而言,相似邻近百分比(PLADJ)与斑块结合度(COHESION)是影响流域侵蚀产沙的重要指标。径流输沙量与PLADJ和COHESION指数呈正相关关系,输沙量随指数的增大而增大。对于"汇"景观而言,斑块密度(PD)、边界密度(ED)、景观形状指数(LSI)是影响流域侵蚀产沙的重要指标,径流输沙量与PD和LSI呈负相关关系,输沙量随着指数的增大而减小。斑块类型尺度上,流域景观格局时空变化对泥沙输出影响显著。研究结果可为建立其他流域景观格局变化与土壤侵蚀响应关系提供参考。     

Does Anthropogenic Nitrogen Enrichment Increase Organic Nitrogen Concentrations in Runoff from Forested and Human-dominated Watersheds?

Although the effects of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs on the dynamics of inorganic N in watersheds have been studied extensively, “the influence of N enrichment on organic N loss” is not as well understood. We compiled and synthesized data on surface water N concentrations from 348 forested and human-dominated watersheds with a range of N loads (from less than 100 to 7,100 kg N km⁻² y⁻¹) to evaluate the effects of N loading via atmospheric deposition, fertilization, and wastewater on dissolved organic N (DON) concentrations. Our results indicate that, on average, DON accounts for half of the total dissolved N (TDN) concentrations from forested watersheds, but it accounts for a smaller fraction of TDN in runoff from urban and agricultural watersheds with higher N loading. A significant but weak correlation (r ² = 0.06) suggests that N loading has little influence on DON concentrations in forested watersheds. This result contrasts with observations from some plot-scale N fertilization studies and suggests that variability in watershed characteristics and climate among forested watersheds may be a more important control on DON losses than N loading from atmospheric sources. Mean DON concentrations were positively correlated, however, with N load across the entire land-use gradient (r ² = 0.37, P < 0.01), with the highest concentrations found in agricultural and urban watersheds. We hypothesize that both direct contributions of DON from wastewater and agricultural amendments and indirect transformations of inorganic N to organic N represent important sources of DON to surface waters in human-dominated watersheds. We conclude that DON is an important component of N loss in surface waters draining forested and human-dominated watersheds and suggest several research priorities that may be useful in elucidating the role of N enrichment in watershed DON dynamics.     

老爷岭多年冻土小流域春季冻融期径流溶解性有机碳变化特征

溶解性有机碳（DOC）的输移过程是流域碳循环中重要的组成部分,对全球碳循环产生重要影响。以大兴安岭多年冻土区的典型森林小流域-老爷岭流域为研究对象,获得2021年4月9日到6月30日冻融期降雨量、气温、土温等气象数据及逐日径流量、径流DOC浓度,计算了冻融循环期（4月9日-28日）和融化期（4月29日-6月30日）流域径流DOC的输出通量,揭示了径流DOC浓度及输出通量的影响因素。结果表明：（1）研究时段内,老爷岭流域径流DOC浓度变化范围为3.88-33.75 mg/L,流域上游的径流DOC浓度变化趋势与下游基本一致,DOC浓度随着温度的升高呈现下降趋势,4月份平均径流DOC浓度明显高于5、6月份。（2）研究时段内流域径流DOC总输出通量为3215.48 kg/km²,其中5月径流DOC输出通量高于4、6月份。径流量与径流DOC输出通量存在显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,是流域DOC输出通量的主导因素。（3）研究时段内流域DOC浓度与平均气温呈极显著负相关（R²=0.5048,P<0.001）;降水样品中的DOC浓度变化范围为1.06-9.42 mg/L,显著低于径流DOC浓度;土壤中DOC含量变化趋势与径流DOC变化趋势一致,0-10 cm、10-20 cm土壤平均DOC浓度范围为77.57-133.99 mg/L。（4）冻融循环期平均日径流DOC浓度（24.02 mg/L）显著（P<0.05）高于融化期（14.64 mg/L）,而融化期平均日DOC输出通量（48.02 kg/km²）是冻融循环期（9.52 kg/km²）的5倍。研究结果揭示了大兴安岭多年冻土小流域春季冻融期径流DOC的输移特征及其影响因素,对理解多年冻土区碳循环有重要意义。     

Environmental effects of nationwide selenium fertilization in Finland

To study the possible pollution of natural waters by selenium added to agricultural fertilizers, water selenium concentrations were determined in lakes and ground water pools during the year 1992, when the enrichment of fertilizers by selenium had continued for 8 yr. Water samples were preconcentrated by evaporating, and selenium concentrations were analyzed fluorometrically using the dye 2,3-diaminonaphthalene after wet digestion. In lake water samples from 13 lakes, no significant correlations were found between selenium and pH, chlorophyll A, total nitrogen, or phosphorus. Agriculturally affected and nonaffected lakes had no differences in their selenium concentrations. In the lakes that were surrounded by cultivated fields mean water selenium was 83.4 ng/L (range: 75.2–93.4 ng/L,n=9). Correspondingly, in lakes situated in forests without agricultural surroundings, mean water selenium concentration was 76.5 ng/L (range: 51.2–110 ng/L,n=3). Only one lake in the close vicinity of a coal power plant had a high water selenium concentration (mean 272 ng/L). In ground water samples, there was a big variation in selenium levels between different pools, the levels varying between 33 and 260 ng/L. This variation may partly be explained by different selenium concentrations of the bedrock and sediments. However, simultaneous increase of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and selenium levels in consecutive samples from some ground water pools indicates leaching of selenium from the fertilizers into the ground water in certain areas.     

Land-Use Change and Stream Water Fluxes: Decadal Dynamics in Watershed Nitrate Exports

Stream water exports of nutrients and pollutants to water bodies integrate internal and external watershed processes that vary in both space and time. In this paper, we explore nitrate (NO₃) fluxes for the 326 km² mixed-land use Fall Creek watershed in central New York for 1972–2005, and consider internal factors such as changes in land use/land cover, dynamics in agricultural production and fertilizer use, and external factors such as atmospheric deposition. Segmented regression analysis was applied independently to dormant and growing seasons for three portions of the period of record, which indicated that stream water NO₃ concentrations increased in both dormant and growing seasons from the 1970s to the early 1990s at all volumes of streamflow discharge. Dormant season NO₃ concentrations then decreased at all flow conditions between the periods 1987–1993 and 1994–2005. Results from a regression-based stream water loading model (LOADEST) normalized to mean annual concentrations showed annual modeled NO₃ concentration in stream water increased by 34% during the 1970s and 1980s (from 1.15 to 1.54 mg l⁻¹), peaked in about 1989, and then decreased by 29% through 2005 (to 1.09 mg l⁻¹). Annual precipitation had the strongest correlation with stream water NO₃ concentrations (r = −0.62, P = 0.01). Among land use factors, corn production for grain was the variable most highly correlated to stream water NO₃ concentrations (r = 0.53, P = 0.01). The strongest associative trend determined using Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) was found between stream water NO₃ concentrations and N-equivalence of dairy production (Bonferroni adjusted P value = 0.0003). Large increases in dairy production were coincident with declining nitrate concentrations over the past decade, which suggest that dairy management practices may have improved in the watershed. However, because dairy production in the Fall Creek watershed has been fueled by large increases in feed imports, the environmental costs of feed production have likely been externalized to other watersheds.     

Comparison of the Prevalences and Diversities of Listeria Species and Listeria monocytogenes in an Urban and a Rural Agricultural Watershed

Foods and related processing environments are commonly contaminated with the pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes. To investigate potential environmental reservoirs of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, surface water and point source pollution samples from an urban and a rural municipal water supply watershed in Nova Scotia, Canada, were examined over 18 months. Presumptive Listeria spp. were cultured from 72 and 35% of rural and urban water samples, respectively, with 24% of the positive samples containing two or three different Listeria spp. The L. innocua (56%) and L. welshimeri (43%) groups were predominant in the rural and urban watersheds, respectively. Analysis by the TaqMan assay showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher prevalence of L. monocytogenes of 62% versus 17% by the culture-based method. Both methods revealed higher prevalences in the rural watershed and during the fall and winter seasons. Elevated Escherichia coli (≥100 CFU/100 ml) levels were not associated with the pathogen regardless of the detection method. Isolation of Listeria spp. were associated with 70 times higher odds of isolating L. monocytogenes (odds ratio = 70; P < 0.001). Serogroup IIa was predominant (67.7%) among the 285 L. monocytogenes isolates, followed by IVb (16.1%), IIb (15.8%), and IIc (0.4%). L. monocytogenes was detected in cow feces and raw sewage but not in septic tank samples. Pulsotyping of representative water (n = 54) and local human (n = 19) isolates suggested genetic similarities among some environmental and human L. monocytogenes isolates. In conclusion, temperate surface waters contain a diverse Listeria species population and could be a potential reservoir for L. monocytogenes, especially in rural agricultural watersheds.     

Land use patterns,ecoregion, and microcystin relationships in U.S. lakes and reservoirs: A preliminary evaluation

A statistically significant association was found between the concentration of total microcystin, a common class of cyanotoxins, in surface waters of lakes and reservoirs in the continental U.S. with watershed land use using data from 1156 water bodies sampled between May and October 2007 as part of the USEPA National Lakes Assessment. Nearly two thirds (65.8%) of the samples with microcystin concentrations ≥1.0 μg/L (n = 126) were limited to three nutrient and water quality-based ecoregions (Corn Belt and Northern Great Plains, Mostly Glaciated Dairy Region, South Central Cultivated Great Plains) in watersheds with strong agricultural influence. canonical correlation analysis (CCA) indicated that both microcystin concentrations and cyanobacteria abundance were positively correlated with total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, and temperature; correlations with total phosphorus and water clarity were not as strong. This study supports a number of regional lake studies that suggest that land use practices are related to cyanobacteria abundance, and extends the potential impacts of agricultural land use in watersheds to include the production of cyanotoxins in lakes.     

Temporal Assessment of the Impact of Exposure to Cow Feces in Two Watersheds by Multiple Host-Specific PCR Assays

Exposure to feces in two watersheds with different management histories was assessed by tracking cattle feces bacterial populations using multiple host-specific PCR assays. In addition, environmental factors affecting the occurrence of these markers were identified. Each assay was performed using DNA extracts from water and sediment samples collected from a watershed directly impacted by cattle fecal pollution (WS1) and from a watershed impacted only through runoff (WS2). In WS1, the ruminant-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene marker CF128F was detected in 65% of the water samples, while the non-16S rRNA gene markers Bac1, Bac2, and Bac5 were found in 32 to 37% of the water samples. In contrast, all source-specific markers were detected in less than 6% of the water samples from WS2. Binary logistic regressions (BLRs) revealed that the occurrence of Bac32F and CF128F was significantly correlated with season as a temporal factor and watershed as a site factor. BLRs also indicated that the dynamics of fecal-source-tracking markers correlated with the density of a traditional fecal indicator (P < 0.001). Overall, our results suggest that a combination of 16S rRNA gene and non-16S rRNA gene markers provides a higher level of confidence for tracking unknown sources of fecal pollution in environmental samples. This study also provided practical insights for implementation of microbial source-tracking practices to determine sources of fecal pollution and the influence of environmental variables on the occurrence of source-specific markers.     

喀斯特流域径流对植被和气候变化的多尺度响应

植被覆盖和气候变化对径流的影响可能具有尺度依赖性,而在生态环境脆弱和地质结构复杂的西南喀斯特区开展研究较少。为此,以喀斯特地貌广泛发育的西江流域为研究区,选取郁江、红水河、浔江和梧州4个流域,利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验对4个流域年径流深、NDVI、降水量、潜在蒸散发和气温(1982—2015)的变化趋势进行了分析,运用多元经验模态分解(MEMD)量化了流域径流深与植被和气候因子在不同尺度上的相关性,并预测了年径流深,旨在研究喀斯特流域径流对植被和气候变化的多尺度响应。结果表明,径流深仅有红水河流域呈显著下降趋势(P0.05)。其中郁江流域径流深主要表征尺度为3年和5年,红水河流域径流深主要表征尺度为10年和22年,浔江和梧州流域径流深主要表征尺度为3年和22年。径流深与植被和气候因子的关系具有尺度依赖性,在不同尺度下,4个流域径流深与降水量和潜在蒸散发始终呈显著相关性(P0.05),而径流深与NDVI和气温的多尺度关系在某些表征尺度上并不显著。利用MEMD法对径流深的预测效果(R~2=0.81—0.86)要优于基于原始数据的多元逐步回归方法(R~2=0.69—0.78)。本研究可以为合理利用喀斯特流域水资源,促进流域社会经济可持续发展和生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

The effect of organic pollution on the abundance and distribution of aquatic oligochaetes in an urban water basin, Taiwan

Aquatic oligochaetes are abundant in polluted areas and are, therefore, commonly used as bioindicators to study organic pollution in rivers and streams. In order to develop a species-level oligochaete biotic index to reflect the River Pollution Index (RPI) in the Taichung Water Basin in Taiwan, we conducted a systematic sampling scheme to collect aquatic oligochaetes from the sediment samples of watercourses in the Taichung Water Basin, Taiwan. We evaluated the relationships between aquatic oligochaetes and the sewage pollution using statistical methods. The distribution of aquatic oligochaetes in relation to environmental variables, such as water quality and sediment characteristics of the regional urban contaminated streams was expressed by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). We identified 17 species of aquatic oligochaetes (Annelida, Clitellata) including 3 species of Tubificidae, 13 species of Naididae, and 1 species of Enchytraeidae from the watercourses of an urban region in the Taichung Water Basin in Taiwan, during the summer and winter of 2005 and 2006. A positive correlation was found between the total abundance of aquatic oligochaetes and the RPI (r = 0.58, P < 0.05). However, only population density of the most abundant tubificid, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, increased with increasing RPI values and a significantly negative correlation was found between the population density of the naidid, Nais communis, and RPI values. The results of CCA indicated that certain naidids, such as Aulophorus furcatus and Allonais gwaliorensis also tolerated extremely polluted environments in upper stream or stony habitats, implying that tubificids should not be the sole representation of simple biotic indices but should also include pollution-tolerant naidids. We found that the community structure of aquatic oligochaetes was influenced by short-term variations in microhabitat rather than according to seasonal factors in our study region. The results proved that aquatic oligochaetes were sensitive enough to provide a supplement for the regional urban pollution assessment applications for biotic indicators at the species-level.     

太湖西北湖区2003-2012年间氮磷浓度及浮游植物主要类群变化趋势分析

基于2003-2012年太湖竺山湖和西部沿岸区水体理化指标与浮游植物丰度的逐月监测数据,分析了两个湖区氮磷营养盐状态和浮游植物丰度以及浮游植物主要类群的年际变化趋势及季节变化特征,探讨了浮游植物群落变化与水温及营养盐指标间的关系。结果表明：10年间两个湖区氮磷营养盐浓度总体呈下降趋势,以竺山湖TN、NH₃-N浓度和西部沿岸区NO₃-N浓度下降最为显著;浮游植物丰度总体呈上升趋势,蓝藻在群落结构中日益占据绝对优势;季节变化上,氮营养盐浓度表现为春冬季节高于夏秋季节,TP浓度和浮游植物丰度呈相反的变化趋势。Pearson相关分析显示,水温、NH₃-N浓度和TN/TP是影响蓝藻丰度及其在浮游植物群落中所占比例的主要因素。在温度和营养盐结构的共同作用下,10年间两个湖区蓝藻水华暴发时间逐渐提前,而消退时间逐渐滞后,水华持续时间逐年上升。在全球变暖背景下,太湖水华治理需执行更加严格的氮磷限制阈值,且在重污染的西北湖区控磷依然是关键。