嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定几丁质酶基因的cDNA克隆及表达

根据Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定几丁质酶Chit的N端氨基酸序列和同源保守序列设计简并引物,通过RTPCR及快速扩增cDNA末端（RACE）的方法,克隆了该几丁质酶的编码基因chit,全长cDNA为1500bp,包含一个由442个氨基酸组成的开放阅读框。该基因已在GenBank中注册,登录号为DQ092332。将成熟肽几丁质酶Chit阅读框与酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,构建重组质粒pPIC9K/chit,转化毕赤酵母GS115,在甲醇的诱导下,成功地分泌出具生物活性的几丁质酶,诱导6d后酶活性达2.261U/mL,酶蛋白表达量为0.6mg/mL。该酶的最适反应温度和pH 值分别为60℃和5.5,该酶在50℃以下稳定;65℃的半衰期为40min。     

哈茨木霉几丁质酶cDNA基因的克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

为研究哈茨木霉 (Trichodermaharzianum)的生物防治机制并获得与生物防治相关基因 ,通过构建哈茨木霉菌丝生长期的cDNA文库及对部分表达序列标签序列的测定与生物信息学分析 ,成功获得了哈茨木霉几丁质酶v(ChiV)基因的全长cDNA序列。该基因的编码框长度为 1194bp ,编码 397个氨基酸 ,理论分子量为 4 4kD。将该基因构建到酿酒酵母诱导型表达载体pYES2上 ,转化到酿酒酵母H15 8菌株中 ,通过Northern杂交检验后 ,确定该基因在酿酒酵母转录水平上表达。在 β_半乳糖诱导下 ,转化子在培养 6 0h时产生的酶活活性最高 ,几丁质酶V最适活性温度为 37℃ ,在pH 6和pH 8时活性较高。     

几丁质酶基因的克隆表达及酶学性质

【背景】几丁质是自然界中储藏量仅次于纤维素的有机物,几丁质酶能降解几丁质生成几丁寡糖,实现废弃物的高值化利用,目前菌株产几丁质酶能力低限制了它的生产应用。【目的】克隆弧菌(Vibrio sp.)GR52的几丁质酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌中的异源表达,对分离纯化的重组几丁质酶进行酶学性质研究。【方法】以弧菌GR52菌株基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到几丁质酶基因GR52-1,构建重组基因工程菌BL21(DE3)/p ET22b-chi GR52-1,诱导表达的产物通过Ni-NTA树脂纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】重组酶的最适反应pH为6.0,在pH5.0-10.0范围内37°C保温1 h仍能保持85%以上的相对酶活力,具有较好的pH稳定性;最适反应温度为50°C,在45°C保温1 h其酶活力基本没有损失,在50°C保温1 h其残余酶活力仍达60%;在1 mmol/L浓度下,Cu~(2+)、Ca2+对该酶具有促进作用,Hg+对该酶具有明显的抑制作用;在5 mmol/L浓度下,Ni+对该酶具有一定的促进作用,Mn~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Li~+、Fe~(2+)、Hg~+、SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)对该酶具有明显的抑制作用。以胶体几丁质为底物时,动力学参数Km、Vmax、kcat分别为0.85 mg/m L、0.19μmol/(m L·min)和7.02 s-1。底物特异性分析表明该重组酶能特异性降解几丁质。【结论】重组几丁质酶具有良好的酶学性质,为几丁质酶的开发应用奠定基础。     

烟夜蛾几丁质酶基因的克隆与表达

运用RT-PCR技术扩增编码烟夜蛾Helicoverpaassulta(Guen啨e)幼虫几丁质酶基因的cDNA片段,将其克隆至pMD18-T载体,获得该基因的成熟蛋白阅读框序列。将该基因重组到表达型质粒pGEX-4T-2中,并转化入原核细胞中表达,序列测定结果表明,烟夜蛾幼虫几丁质酶基因的成熟蛋白阅读框全长1338bp,编码445个氨基酸残基,预测分子量和等电点分别为50.1kDa和9.26;推导的氨基酸序列与其近缘种棉铃虫几丁质酶氨基酸序列的一致性达99%,与其他6种昆虫几丁质酶的氨基酸序列也高度一致(65%~76%),并具有几丁质酶的典型特征。将该基因克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2上并转化BL21,SDS-PAGE和Western印迹分析表明,经IPTG诱导,76kDa附近没有特异蛋白条带出现,表明烟夜蛾几丁质酶基因不能在原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2中表达。     

蝴蝶兰几丁质酶基因的克隆及表达特性分析

利用RT-PCR及RACE技术,克隆到蝴蝶兰1个几丁质酶基因PhCHT(GenBank登录号为KT992851),该基因cDNA全长1 210bp,包含37bp的5′-UTR、933bp开放阅读框和240bp 3′-UTR,编码310个氨基酸;该蛋白为糖苷水解酶第19家族成员,兼具有溶菌酶活性;生物信息学分析显示,该蛋白具N-端信号肽和跨膜结构,为胞外分泌蛋白;该蛋白与海枣、谷子、油棕和拟南芥的几丁质酶类似蛋白相近,并且在系统进化树上与甘蔗和陆地棉的Ⅶ类几丁质酶同属一个分支。PhCHT基因的表达分析表明,PhCHT在蝴蝶兰营养器官和生殖器官中均有表达,根中表达量最高;13℃/8℃低温处理3、6、9和15d时该基因的表达被抑制,4℃低温处理1、2和4h表达量升高。研究表明,PhCHT基因能够响应短期的冷胁迫。研究结果为进一步研究蝴蝶兰几丁质酶的系统进化及抗性育种奠定了基础。     

一种几丁质酶基因的克隆表达及酶解产物分析

【目的】克隆耐冷菌假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.DL-6)的几丁质酶基因并进行原核表达,纯化重组蛋白并研究其酶解产物。【方法】采用PCR扩增法从Pseudoalteromonas sp.DL-6中克隆几丁质酶基因(chi A),连接到表达载体p ET28a,导入Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE检测几丁质酶Chi A的分子量与纯度,4-甲基伞形酮荧光底物4MU-(Glc NAc)2测定酶活,电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)检测酶解产物。【结果】chi A基因(Gen Bank登录号KF234015)在大肠杆菌中高效表达,Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化几丁质酶Chi A的总活力可达168.68 U。ESI-MS检测结果表明重组蛋白酶解1%胶体几丁质的产物为几丁寡糖。【结论】利用内切几丁质酶Chi A水解几丁质生产几丁寡糖,为其在食品、医药和农业等领域的潜在应用提供有利参考。     

小麦几丁质酶基因Wch2的克隆与表达分析

利用小麦几丁质酶基因PCR特异片段为探针,分离克隆了一个小麦Chidl几丁质酶基因Wch2。该基因编码311个氨基酸,不含内含子,具有一个信号肽、一个富含半胱氨酸的几丁质结合区域、两个变异区、两个酶活性区域。Southern分析表明,在小麦基因组中Wch2有多个拷贝。秆锈菌接种诱导Wch2在一对小麦近等基因系中差异表达;在抗病系中国春Srll中,接种3d后Wch2开始表达,6d后表达量更高;而在感病等基因系中国春srll中,在所有取样分析的时间内均未检测到Wch2表达。将Wch2克隆到细菌表达载体pET22b,在细菌中表达的重组Wch2具有几丁质酶活性。这些结果说明,分离的Wch2基因在小麦秆锈菌诱导的抗性反应中具有重要作用。     

细菌几丁质酶基因的表达调控

几丁质酶可以降解几丁质,广泛存在于各类微生物中。几丁质的降解产物几丁寡糖在医药、食品及农业生防领域有很重要的应用价值及广泛的应用前景。细菌在利用几丁质时,需要先分泌几丁质酶,将几丁质降解成几丁寡糖或单体,再通过特异的转运系统送进细胞而被利用。胞内的几丁质降解产物作为特定的信号分子,可以激活或阻遏相应chi基因的转录,从而影响细菌几丁质酶的合成。在各种调节蛋白及应答元件的参与下,细菌几丁质酶的合成受到精密的控制。文章以链霉菌和大肠杆菌为代表综述了细菌在转运系统和基因表达两个层面上控制几丁质酶合成的最新研究进展。     

嗜热真菌 Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定a—淀粉酶的纯化及特性

嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus在液体培养基中于50℃静止培养14d,培养液经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-Toyopearl离子交换层析、Butyl-Toyopearl疏水层析、SephacrylS-300分子筛层析和FPLC MonoQ离子交换层析,得到了凝胶电泳均一的淀粉酶。纯酶与淀粉反应不同时间后,用碘色反应法和DNS法测定淀粉和还原糖量,结果显示淀粉量在开始时迅速下降,但还原糖的量却增加很慢;产物经TLC层析分析为麦芽糖和少量葡萄糖。由此说明它为α-淀粉酶。用SDS-PAGE和Sephacryl S-300分子筛层析测定分子量为56000,不具亚基。酶反应最适温度和pH分别为65℃和4.5～5.0。在pH4.6条件下,酶在50℃是稳定的;60℃保温1h,仍保留94％的原酶活性;酶在70℃的半衰期为10min。钙离子对酶有激活作用。酶对糖原和糊精有一定的水解能力。     

嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定α—淀粉酶的纯化及特性

嗜热真菌Ｔｈｅｒｍｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｌａｎｕｇｉｎｏｓｕｓ在液体培养基中于５０℃静止培养１４ｄ,培养液经硫酸铵分级沉淀、ＤＥＡＥ－Ｔｏｙｏｐｅａｒｌ离子交换层析、Ｂｕｔｙｌ－Ｔｏｙｏｐｅａｒｌ疏水层析、ＳｅｐｈａｃｒｙｌＳ－３００分子筛层析和ＦＰＬＣ ＭｏｎｏＱ离子交换层析,得到了凝胶电泳均一的淀粉酶。纯酶与淀粉反应不同时间后,用碘色反应法和ＤＮＳ法测定淀粉和还原糖量,结果显示淀粉量在开始时迅速下降,     

疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌热稳定几丁质酶的纯化及其性质研究

采用硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE SepharoseFastFlow阴离子层析、Phenyl Sepharose疏水层析等步骤获得了凝胶电泳均一的疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌 (Thermomyceslanuginosus)几丁质酶。经SDS PAGE和凝胶过滤层析测得纯酶蛋白的分子量在 4 8～ 4 9 .8kD之间。该酶反应的最适温度和最适pH分别为 5 5℃和 4 5 ,在pH4 5条件下 ,该酶在 5 0℃以下稳定 ;6 5℃的半衰期为 2 5min ;70℃保温 2 0min后 ,仍保留 2 4 %的酶活性。其N 端氨基酸序列为AQGYLSVQYFVNWAI。金属离子对几丁质酶的活性影响较大 ,Ca2 、Na 、K 、Ba2 对酶有激活作用 ;Ag 、Fe2 、Cu2 、Hg2 对酶有显著的抑制作用 ;以胶体几丁质为底物的Km 和Vmax值分别为 9 .5 6mg mL和 2 2 . 12 μmol min。抗菌活性显示 ,该酶对供试病原菌有不同程度的抑制作用。     

A thermostable manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus

A thermostable superoxide dismutase (SOD) from a Thermomyces lanuginosus strain (P134) was purified to homogeneity by fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, Phenyl-Sepharose hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-100. The molecular mass of a single band of the enzyme was estimated to be 22.4 kDa, using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using gel filtration on Sephacryl S-100, the molecular mass was estimated to be 89.1 kDa, indicating that this enzyme was composed of four identical subunits of 22.4 kDa each. The SOD was found to be inhibited by NaN₃, but not by KCN or H₂O₂, suggesting that the SOD in T. lanuginosus was of the manganese superoxide dismutase type. The SOD exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.5. The optimum temperature for the activity was 55°C. It was thermostable at 50 and 60°C and retained 55% activity after 60 min at 70°C. The half-life of the SOD at 80°C was approximately 28 min and even retained 20% activity after 20 min at 90°C.     

Cloning and expression of kinesins from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus

The motor domain regions of three novel members of the kinesin superfamily TLKIF1, TLKIFC, and TLBIMC were identified in a thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Based on sequence similarity, they were classified as members of the known kinesin families Unc104/KIF1, KAR3, and BIMC. TLKIF1 was subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli. The expression level was high, and the protein was mostly soluble, easy to purify, and enzymatically active. TLKIF1 is a monomeric kinesin motor, which in a gliding motility assay displays a robust plus-directed microtubule movement up to 2 microm/s. The discovery of TLKIF1 also demonstrates that a family of kinesin motors not previously found in fungi may in fact be used in this group of organisms.     

Purification and characterization of a thermostable glucoamylase from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus.

Glucoamylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.3) was purified from the culture filtrates of the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus and was established to be homogeneous by a number of criteria. The enzyme was a glycoprotein with an average molecular weight of about 57 000 and a carbohydrate content of 10-12%. The enzyme hydrolysed successive glucose residues from the non-reducing ends of the starch molecule. It did not exhibit any glucosyltransferase activity. The enzyme appeared to hydrolyse maltotriose by the multi-chain mechanism. The enzyme was unable to hydrolyse 1,6-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages of isomaltose and dextran. It was optimally active at 70 degrees C. The enzyme exhibited increase in the Vmax. and decreased in Km values with increasing chain length of the substrate molecule. The enzyme was inhibited by the substrate analogue D-glucono-delta-lactone in a non-competitive manner. The enzyme inhibited remarkable resistance towards chemical and thermal denaturation.     

Production, purification and characterization of thermostable phytase from thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus TL-7

Ten different strains of Thermomyces lanuginosus, isolated from composting soils were found to produce phytase when grown on PSM medium. The wild type strain CM was found to produce maximum amount ofphytase (4.33 units/g DW substrate). Culturing T. lanuginosus strain CM on medium containing wheat bran and optimizing other culture conditions (carbon source, media type, nitrogen source, level of nitrogen, temperature, pH, inoculum age, inoculum level and moisture), increased the phytase yield to 13.26 units/g substrate. This culture was further subjected to UV mutagenesis for developing phytase hyperproducing mutants. The mutant (TL-7) showed 2.29-fold increase in phytase activity as compared to the parental strain. Employing Box-Behnken factor factorial design of response surface methodology resulted in optimized phytase production (32.19 units/g of substrate) by mutant TL-7. A simple two-step purification (40.75-folds) ofphytase from mutant TL-7 was achieved by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified phytase (approximately 54 kDa) was characterized to be optimally active at pH 5.0 and temperature 70 degrees C, though the enzyme showed approximately 70% activity over a wide pH and temperature range (2.0-10.0 and 30-90 degrees C, respectively). The phytase showed broad substrate specificity with activity against sodium phytate, ADP and riboflavin phosphate. The phytase from T. lanuginosus was thermoacidstable as it showed up to 70% residual activity after exposure to 70 degrees C at pH 3.0 for 120 min. The enzyme showed Km 4.55 microM and Vmax 0.833 microM/min/mg against sodium phytate as substrate.     

Purification and characterization of alpha-galactosidase from a thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus

An extracellular alpha-galactosidase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from a locust bean gum-spent culture fluid of a mannanolytic strain of the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Molecular mass of the enzyme is 57 kDa. The pure enzyme which has a glycoprotein nature, afforded several forms on IEF, indicating its microheterogeneity. Isoelectric point of the major form was 5.2. Enzyme is the most active against aryl alpha-D-galactosides but efficiently hydrolyzed alpha-glycosidically linked non-reducing terminal galactopyranosyl residues occurring in natural substrates such as melibiose, raffinose, stachyose, and fragments of galactomannan. In addition, the enzyme is able to catalyze efficient degalactosylation of polymeric galactomannans leading to precipitation of the polymers. Stereochemical course of hydrolysis of two substrates, 4-nitrophenyl alpha-galactopyranoside and galactosyl(1)mannotriose, followed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, pointed out the alpha-anomer of D-galactose was the primary product of hydrolysis from which the beta-anomer was formed by mutarotation. Hence the enzyme is a retaining glycosyl hydrolase. In accord with its retaining character the enzyme catalyzed transgalactosylation from 4-nitrophenyl alpha-galactopyranoside as a glycosyl donor. Amino acid sequence alignment of N-terminal and two internal sequences suggested that the enzyme is a member of family 27 of glycosyl hydrolases.     

Characterization of hygromycin-resistant transformants of thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus

Hygromycin-resistant stable transformants of the thermophilic fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus, were obtained by electroporation of germinating aleurospores with a plasmid pMP6, coding for hygromycin resistance. Southern hybridization analysis revealed that the gene is integrated into the chromosome. The hygromycin-resistant transformants were characterized for morphological changes, growth response towards the presence of antagonistic metabolites (hygromycin, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, cylcoheximide, benlate and acriflavine) on plates and enzyme production (amylases, pectinases and xylanase) in shake flask cultures. A hygromycin-resistant transformant hyg 33 was characterized as non-sporulating, 2-deoxy-D-glucose-resistant, acriflavine-sensitive and xylanase hypo-producer and is being used as parental strain for breeding strains through protoplast fusion.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a putative protein kinase gene from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus.

Based on the conserved amino acid sequence (DLKPEN) of serine-threonine protein kinase from several fungi, a degenerate primer was designed and synthesized. Total RNA was isolated from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Using RACE-PCR, full-length cDNA of a putative serine-threonine protein kinase gene was cloned from T. lanuginosus. The full-length cDNA of T. lanuginosus protein kinase was 2551 bp and contained an 1806 bp open reading frame encoding a putative protein kinase precursor of 601 amino acid residues. Sequencing analysis showed that the cloned cDNA of T. lanuginosus had consensus protein kinase sequences. Conservative amino acid subdomains which most serine-threonine kinases contain can be found in the deduced amino acid sequence of T. lanuginosus putative protein kinase. Comparison results showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of T. lanuginosus putative protein kinase was highly homologous to that of Neurospora crassa dis1-suppressing protein kinase Dsk1. The putative protein kinase contained three arginine/serine-rich (SR) regions and two transmembrane domains. These showed that it might be a novel putative serine-threonine protein kinase.