Optimization of fermentation medium for amidase production by response surface methodology

采用响应面分析方法,对阿萨希丝孢酵母(Trichosporon asahii)ZZB-1产酰胺酶的发酵培养基进行了优化.运用单因子试验筛选出麦芽糖和酵母浸膏为最适碳源、氮源,金属离子Ca2+、Mn2+可提高发酵酰胺酶产量;通过最陡爬坡实验逼近以上4个因子的最大响应区域后,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法,确定产酰胺酶最佳发酵培养基为麦芽糖18.84 g/L、酵母浸膏9.55 g/L、NaCl 5g/L、KH2 PO41g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.2 g/L、FeSO40.001g/L、CaCO370.84 μmol/L、MnSO4 65.39 μmol/L(1％丙烯酸诱导),NH4·H2O调节pH至7.0.培养基优化后酰胺酶产量由初始2554U/L提高到4156 U/L,为原始发酵培养基配方酶活产量的1.63倍.     

黑曲霉发酵产橙皮苷酶的工艺优化

目的:对黑曲霉WP124发酵产橙皮苷酶的工艺条件进行优化,旨在为利用酶法改造橙皮苷打下基础.方法:采用摇瓶培养,对培养基的成分和培养条件进行了优化.结果:黑曲霉WP124发酵产橙皮苷酶的最佳培养基组成是:蔗糖30g/L,酵母膏20g/L,磷酸二氢钾3g/L,桔皮粉50g/L;最佳培养条件是:起始pH为5.5,培养温度为30℃,摇瓶转速是180r/min.在上述条件下,经过72h的培养,橙皮苷酶酶活达到1398U/mL.结论:该菌株发酵过程具有较好的工业化应用的前景.     

耐有机溶剂蛋白酶产生菌Bacillus cereusWQ9—2发酵条件及酶学性质

以蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus WQ9—2为产耐有机溶剂蛋白酶的出发菌株,对其产酶条件进行优化并初步研究了其酶学性质。在单因素实验基础上,通过中心复合实验确定了产酶的最佳发酵条件为酵母粉8g/L,葡萄糖17g/L,KH2P040．5g／L,无水MgS040．3g／L,CaCl20．5g／L,NaCl1．0g/L;pH7．5。实验中发现采用低温发酵能大大缩短菌体产酶周期;通过优化发酵时间由最初84h缩短到48h,最高比酶活为3921U／mL。金属离子螯合剂1,10菲罗啉（1,10-phenanthroline）、乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）对该酶有较强的抑制作用,表明该酶可能为金属蛋白酶;Ca2＋对该酶的活力及热稳定性有显著提高作用。     

褐藻胶裂解酶产生菌的分离鉴定及产酶发酵优化

对一株从腐烂海带中筛选得到的产褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株进行鉴定,并对其产酶条件进行发酵优化。经形态学、生理生化特征和分子生物学鉴定,将其鉴定为盐单胞菌属,并命名为Halomonas sp. WF6。通过在摇瓶培养水平上进行单因素和多因素正交试验,确定褐藻胶裂解酶产生菌WF6的最适产酶培养基为：褐藻酸钠6.0 g/L,蛋白胨5.0 g/L,酵母粉2.5 g/L,NaCl 30 g/L,K⁺ 5 mmol/L。进而采用最适培养基进行产酶条件的优化,优化后的发酵产酶条件为：初始pH 8.0,培养温度25℃,接种量为2%,摇瓶装液量30 ml/250 ml,培养时间39 h。优化后的褐藻胶裂解酶酶活达117.66 U/ml,是优化前的2.1倍。该酶对褐藻酸钠的酶解产物主要由聚合度为二和三的褐藻寡糖组成。     

茶树内生真菌CSN-4产漆酶培养基及培养条件研究

从茶树内生真菌筛选产漆酶的菌株,分析不同营养因素和培养条件对菌株漆酶酶活力的影响。采用6种显色底物的平板初筛和酶活测定的复筛方法,从15株茶树内生真菌菌株中筛选获得1株产漆酶酶活较高的菌株CSN 4。单因素分析结果显示,液态发酵条件下菌株CSN-4适宜的主要培养基成分是麸皮和蛋白胨;菌株CSN-4分别在麸皮30 g/L、蛋白胨2.5 g/L、CuSO₄·5H₂O 0.015 g/L和茶水6 g/L时发酵产漆酶酶活最高。发酵条件试验结果表明,菌株CSN-4分别在接种量为6个菌饼（直径6 mm）、装液量60 mL/250 mL、pH 4.8、摇床转速120 r/min,培养温度为28 ℃时产漆酶酶活较高。在培养基中添加麸皮和茶水对菌株CSN-4产漆酶有明显的促进作用。经过培养基成分及培养条件优化后,菌株CSN 4产漆酶酶活显著升高,达到2 417 U/L。     

响应面法优化类芽胞杆菌HB172198产褐藻胶裂解酶发酵培养基

为了提高类芽胞杆菌新种HB172198产褐藻胶裂解酶活力,本研究采用响应面法对该菌株液体发酵培养基进行了优化实验。在单因素实验和Plackett-Burman试验筛选出海藻酸钠、胰蛋白胨、NaCl、MgSO4·7H2O等4个显著影响产酶因素的基础上,通过Box-Behnken设计及响应面法进行回归分析,得出产褐藻胶裂解酶最佳发酵培养基,其成分为:海藻酸钠7.50 g/L、胰蛋白胨13.57 g/L、NaCl 29.75 g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.08 g/L。优化条件下该菌株最大酶活性达14.60 U/mL,是优化前的1.87倍。本研究为菌株HB172198产褐藻胶裂解酶的大规模生产和工业应用提供了重要的理论依据。     

响应面法优化热带假丝酵母104菌株产羰基还原酶发酵培养基

通过菌种优选得到产高选择性羰基还原酶的热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)104菌株,可不对称还原1-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基乙酮生成(S)-1-(3,5-二三氟甲基)苯基乙醇,对映体过量值>99.9%。采用部分因子实验设计考察发酵培养基中各组分对产酶的影响,结果表明,酵母粉、葡萄糖和NH4Cl浓度对产酶影响显著。继而采用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,并结合中心组合实验和响应面对3个显著性因素进行分析,得到优化的发酵培养基组成:葡萄糖47.14g/L,酵母粉13.25g/L,NH4Cl2.71g/L,MgSO4·7H2O0.4g/L,KH2PO41g/L和K2HPO41g/L。采用该优化培养基,供试菌株的羰基还原酶活力达851.13U/L,较优化前提高了65.2%。     

耐底物腈水合酶融合子的产酶条件优化

采用正交设计法对耐底物腈水合酶融合子的发酵条件进行优化,以发酵液起始pH,发酵周期,接种量,装料系数作为考察因素,最终确定最佳发酵条件为:起始pH8.0、发酵周期54h、接种量12％、装液系数12％.在此优化条件下融合子腈水合酶的活力达到1100万U/ml,较优化前提高了83.3％.通过响应面法对发酵培养基配方进行优化研究,采用Plackett-Burman法对8个因素进行了筛选,结果表明,葡萄糖、尿素、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾是影响发酵液腈水合酶产量的主效应因子.用最陡爬坡试验及Central composite design设计进一步优化,利用Design-Expert软件进行二次回归分析,得到各因素的最佳浓度为:葡萄糖22.62g/L、尿素9.76g/L、K2HP04 1.22g/L、KH2PO41.268g/L.在此培养基优化配方下融合子腈水合酶的活力达到1280万U/ml,较原配方的酶活提高了16.4％.     

耐盐性毒死蜱降解菌HY-1 的产酶培养基及发酵条件优化

为了明确生化处理和微生物降解的关系,通过增加耐盐菌的比例可以提高农药废水生化处理效果。从农药厂废水中分离到1株耐盐性毒死蜱降解菌——蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus HY-1),以从该菌中提取到的降解酶比活力为指标,进行产酶培养基和发酵条件的优化研究。通过单一因素试验和正交试验,对细菌HY-1的产酸培养基和发酵条件进行了优化。运用SPSS软件进行结果分析,所获优化培养基配方为:葡萄糖6.0 g/L,胰蛋白胨2.2 g/L,K2HPO4 2.0 g/L,KH2PO4 0.2 g/L,MgSO4.7H2O 0.1 g/L,NaCl 0.1 g/L和微量元素溶液2 mL/L。得到菌株发酵培养的最佳优化条件为:种子液培养时间为16 h,发酵培养时间为18 h,接种量为1%(V/V),发酵培养基初始pH值为7.0。氯化钠浓度为0?30 g/L时降解酶比活力不受影响,这是已报道的耐盐性最强的一株毒死蜱降解菌。     

海洋枯草芽孢杆菌产纤溶酶的诱变育种与发酵工艺优化*

目的:对海洋来源的具有产纤溶酶能力的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)LC6-1进行紫外诱变,得到高产且稳定的突变株PW6-3,对该突变株发酵产酶的条件进行优化。方法:采用单因素和正交试验进行发酵培养基组分和培养条件的优化。结果:突变株PW6-3的酶活力为(6 960.21 ± 85.51)U/mL,较原始菌株提高了30.48%。以PW6-3为出发菌株,采用单因素及正交试验的方法对菌株进行发酵培养基组分与培养条件优化,最终得到的最佳培养基组分是:玉米淀粉30 g/L,玉米浆干粉40 g/L,CaCl₂ 3 g/L;最佳发酵培养条件是:32℃,转速200 r/min,接种量3%,pH 6.5,种龄18 h,发酵培养时间66 h,最终菌株的酶活力稳定在(9 203.63 ± 67.85)U/mL。结论:发酵工艺优化后,菌株PW6-3纤溶酶产量较诱变之前的菌株LC6-1提高72.53%,且发酵工艺成本较低,具有较好的经济效益。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism