长期双季稻绿肥轮作对水稻产量及稻田土壤有机质的影响

以中国农业科学院红壤实验站1982年布置的长期定位试验为研究对象,分析了长期双季稻绿肥轮作体系下水稻产量变化趋势、稻田土壤有机质变化特征及土壤活性有机质组成。结果表明,绿肥作物与双季稻轮作种植后,水稻产量显著高于冬闲对照,绿肥作物紫云英、油菜和黑麦草处理年平均水稻产量（1982-2008）分别为10.8 t?hm-2?a-1,10.2 t?hm-2?a-1和10.0 t?hm-2?a-1,较冬闲对照分别提高27.2%,20.5%和18.1%。试验前期（1982-1993）种植绿肥作物各处理之间水稻产量无显著差异,试验开展11年后（1994-2008）种植紫云英处理水稻产量显著高于油菜和黑麦草处理。长期双季稻绿肥轮作土壤有机质随年份显著增加,双季稻紫云英轮作土壤有机质积累速度最快,年增加0.31 g?kg-1,双季稻黑麦草次之,土壤有机质年增加0.28g?kg-1,双季稻油菜轮作土壤有机质年增加0.26g?kg-1。种植绿肥作物紫云英稻田土壤活性有机质显著高于其它处理。种植绿肥作物各处理土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量氮含量均显著高于冬闲对照。其中黑麦草和紫云英处理土壤微生物量碳含量及微生物熵显著高于油菜和冬闲对照处理。在湘南红壤丘陵双季稻区,种植绿肥作物对提高水稻产量、增加土壤有机质、提高土壤有机质活性具有重要意义,绿肥选择上以紫云英对水稻产量和稻田土壤培肥综合效果最好。     

稻田不同种植模式对土壤养分表观平衡和氮素生产效率的影响

通过在湖南长沙双季稻田开展的冬闲-双季稻(CK)、黑麦草-双季稻(Ry-R-R)、紫云英-双季稻(Mv-R-R)和油菜-双季稻(Ra-R-R)4个种植模式的长期定位试验,分析不同种植模式对土壤养分含量、水稻产量、氮素生产效率和土壤养分表观平衡的影响.结果表明:Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R和Ra-R-R的土壤全氮和碱解氮含量显著高于CK,而土壤速效钾含量显著低于CK.与CK相比,Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R和Ra-R-R的晚稻氮肥偏生产力显著提升.Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R和Ra-R-R晚稻穗部的氮积累量显著高于CK;Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R和Ra-R-R茎叶的氮积累量均高于CK.Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R的水稻产量显著高于CK;水稻产量与土壤氮含量呈显著正相关.Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R的氮、磷盈余量显著高于CK;Ry-R-R、Ra-R-R的钾素盈余量显著高于CK.冬作物-双季稻模式提高了土壤养分含量和氮素生产效率,改善了土壤缺钾的状况,有利于维持稻田养分平衡,但土壤氮素盈余较多,还需减少氮肥的过量施用.     

多年紫云英还田对稻田杂草种子库密度及多样性的影响

以多年定位试验为平台,研究了连续7年紫云英-双季稻轮作后稻田土壤杂草种子库密度及多样性,并探讨了稻田土壤主要杂草种子群落与土壤主要肥力因素的关系。结果表明:多年紫云英还田可显著减少稻田杂草种子库子密度(P0.05),稻槎菜(Lapsana apogonoides)及水莎草(Juncellus serotinus)等主要种类种子密度显著性降低(P0.05);0~20cm土层中,各处理Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数从高到低均为翻压紫云英、纯化肥、不施肥处理,紫云英还田显著提高了杂草种子库物种多样性及均匀度(P0.05);多年紫云英还田及化肥施用对土壤基本理化性状产生显著影响(P0.05),土壤pH的降低(P0.05),土壤全氮的提高(P0.01)显著提高了杂草种子库多样性,土壤碱解氮的提高对种子库多样性的提高也有一定影响(P0.1)。     

长期施肥对双季稻田土壤微生物学特性的影响

为探明不同施肥处理对早稻和晚稻各个生育时期稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,以湖南宁乡长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K_2SO_4提取法和化学分析法系统分析了定位长达29年5种施肥处理之间(化肥、秸秆还田+化肥、30%有机肥+70%化肥、60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥)双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的差异。结果表明,早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,长期施肥均能提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵,各施肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期达到最低值;其中,以60%有机肥和30%有机肥处理双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均为最高,均显著高于其他处理,其大小顺序表现为60%有机肥30%有机肥秸秆还田化肥无肥。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵,有机肥与化肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物熵可以反映土壤质量的变化,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

冬种绿肥和秸秆还田对双季稻区土壤团聚体和有机质官能团的影响

为探讨外源有机物料在提升土壤有机碳和改良土壤肥力中的作用机理,依托中国农业科学院衡阳红壤实验站的长期定位试验,研究了冬种绿肥和秸秆还田模式(CK,冬闲;MV,冬种紫云英;S,早稻秸秆全量还田;DS,早、晚稻秸秆全量还田;SMV,冬种紫云英+早稻秸秆全量还田;DSMV,冬种紫云英+早、晚稻秸秆全量还田)对土壤团聚体和有机质官能团的影响。结果表明: 双季稻土壤超大团聚体(>2 mm)和大团聚体(0.25～2 mm)含量最多,为72.1%～81.8%,且两者中有机碳含量高达12.1～20.7 g·kg^-1,占总有机碳的22.7%～59.0%。水稻土中有机物官能团以多糖为主,其次为脂肪碳和芳香碳,各官能团的丰度受紫云英种植和秸秆还田的影响。与其他处理相比,DSMV显著增加了水稻土中超大团聚体(>2 mm)和大团聚体(0.25～2 mm)的含量,并促进了两种团聚体内芳香碳等惰性碳的积累。因此,DSMV更有利于土壤团聚体和有机质稳定性的提升,在实际农业生产中具有较大的应用潜力。     

栽培模式对旱地小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明: 与传统模式相比,地膜覆盖并不总能提高旱地小麦产量,3年平均产量无显著变化,但降低20～40 cm土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效锰含量,对土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效铁和有效铜含量无显著影响.秸秆还田的小麦产量3年平均降低12.1%,收获期0～20 cm土层全氮提高5.8%,20～40 cm土层有效铜含量提高6.2%,而有效磷和有效锰分别降低36.1%和10.2%,对开花期和收获期土壤有机质、硝态氮、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效铁无显著影响.种植绿肥的籽粒产量降低12.1%,同时土壤pH、有效磷和有效硫含量降低,有机质、全氮、硝态氮、有效锌和有效锰均增加,对土壤速效钾、有效铁和有效铜均无显著影响.综上,在旱地土壤肥力较低的条件下,地膜覆盖和秸秆还田不利于土壤肥力的提升,使小麦增产受到限制;种植绿肥培肥效果最好,但应考虑区域降水情况,注意其带来的减产问题.     

长江中游地区不同冬种复种方式下水稻产量和土壤氮素特征研究

通过连续两年的田间试验, 研究长江中游地区不同冬种复种方式下水稻产量和土壤氮素特征。结果表明: 与冬闲对照处理相比, 稻田冬种作物能够改善水稻产量构成要素, 促进水稻生长发育, 获得较高的群体干物质重, 从而提高水稻产量, 年均产量显著增加了0.15%—3.95%, 2014年早稻和晚稻产量均是大蒜-早稻-晚稻模式最高, 与冬闲对照相比, 分别显著增加了2.91%和3.51%。分蘖期、抽穗期和灌浆期的铵态氮含量均是紫云英-早稻-晚稻模式达到最大, 分蘖盛期和灌浆期显著高出其他处理8.33%—24.80%和12.06%—21.15%。早稻各生育期的微生物量氮均是紫云英-早稻-晚稻模式最高, 且除了成熟期外, 均与其他处理差异显著, 增幅分别为7.64%—17.63%、12.29%—37.71%、2.98%—33.55%。综合来看, 紫云英-早稻-晚稻和大蒜-早稻-晚稻这两种种植模式表现较好, 对于提高水稻产量、维持土壤地力有积极效果, 是适合推广应用的双季稻田冬季农业开发循环模式。     

豆科绿肥及施氮量对旱地麦田土壤主要肥力性状的影响

通过2a田间定位试验,研究渭北旱塬地区夏闲期插播并翻压不同豆科绿肥(长武怀豆、大豆和绿豆)以及小麦生长季不同施氮量(0,108,135,162 kg/hm2)对麦田土壤肥力性状的影响,以期为提高旱地土壤质量提供理论依据.试验结果表明:(1)种植豆科绿肥能显著提高土壤有机质、活性有机质和全氮含量,增加土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI),对土壤速效钾含量没有显著影响;(2)绿豆还田量高于长武怀豆和大豆,然而土壤培肥效果逊于长武怀豆和大豆;(3)夏闲期种植绿肥明显消耗了土壤水分,导致绿肥翻压前、小麦播前直至收获后,0-200 cm土壤贮水量显著低于休闲处理,但耗水量与休闲没有明显差异,由于小麦产量显著增加,因此豆科绿肥显著提高了水分生产效率;(4)与不施氮相比,小麦生长季施用氮肥能显著增加土壤水分生产效率,却对土壤各肥力性状的影响均不显著.夏闲期种植并翻压豆科绿肥是旱地培肥土壤、提高水分生产效率的有效途径.     

有机物料还田对双季稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

有机物料还田是提升农田土壤有机碳、培肥土壤的重要措施。为探讨不同有机物料的还田效果,采用室外培养方法,研究了在等碳输入条件下,施用水稻秸秆、紫云英、生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭对洞庭湖双季稻区潮土有机碳和活性有机碳组分含量的影响。结果表明: 经过180 d的培养试验,与不施用有机物料相比,施用有机物料提高了土壤活性有机碳含量。生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭处理分别使土壤有机碳含量显著提升了26.1%、9.7%和30.7%,水稻秸秆和紫云英对土壤有机碳含量的提升效应在试验期间并不显著。水稻秸秆和紫云英还田更有利于土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳的积累,猪粪更有利于土壤可溶性有机碳的积累,生物有机肥更有利于土壤微生物生物量碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,水稻秸秆生物炭则更有利于土壤微生物生物量碳和轻组有机碳的积累。与水稻秸秆还田相比,紫云英、生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭还田使土壤碳库管理指数分别提高了31.8%、111.6%、62.2%和50.7%。从土壤固碳和土壤碳库管理指数来看,生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭的还田效果优于水稻秸秆和紫云英还田。     

秸秆还田土壤改良培肥基质和复合菌剂配施对土壤生态的影响

通过田间试验,研究水旱轮作（冬小麦-夏水稻）中水稻秸秆全量还田条件下土壤改良培肥基质和复合菌剂配施对小麦土壤养分、土壤物理结构和土壤生物学性质及土壤微生物区系的影响,为快速土壤培肥、提高中低产农田产量提供实践基础和技术支持。试验于江苏省盐城市滨海县黄河湾项目基地进行,共设置五个处理：①土壤改良培肥基质+复合菌剂+常规化肥（MOS+CMA+CF）;②复合菌剂+常规化肥（CMA+CF）;③土壤改良培肥基质+常规化肥（MOS+CF）;④常规化肥（CF）;⑤不施肥对照（CK）。对小麦返青期（S1）、拔节孕穗期（S2）和成熟期（S3）分别进行土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、微生物量碳氮和微生物区系分析。结果表明,与CK相比,MOS+CMA+CF处理能够在短时期内提高土壤速效养分含量（其中速效氮提高了23.59%、速效磷提高了40.74%、速效钾提高了43.78%）,降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,显著提高土壤微生物量氮含量和土壤脲酶活性;同时,该处理还能在小麦返青期和拔节孕穗期增加土壤细菌和真菌多样性,提高微生物丰度,最终提高了小麦产量（与CK和CF相比,产量分别提高了149.29%和24.93%）。CMA+CF能够显著提高土壤纤维素酶活及土壤微生物量碳含量,表现出有较好的秸秆降解能力;并且在提高土壤理化指标含量、提高脲酶酶活、提高微生物量氮含量和小麦产量方面仅次于联合处理。由于MOS富含有机质,MOS+CF处理能够维持并提高土壤有机质含量、改善土壤物理环境。总之,短期内,MOS+CMA+CF处理提升土壤肥力,提高小麦产量的效果是最显著的;但CMA+CF处理在加速秸秆养分还田、改善土壤理化状况,增强微生物活性和丰富以及提高小麦产量方面也表现出优势,且复合菌剂经济方便有效,具有很好的田间技术推广价值。     

Growth,yield, and yield components of ethephon-treated corn

Field studies were conducted during 1985 and 1986 to study the effect of stage and rate of ethephon application on growth, combine-harvested yield, and yield components of three corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids at two densities. Ethephon was applied at four rates from 0 to 560g ha^–1 at three growth stages: tassel elongation (TE 3mm), TE + 6d, and Ear elongation (EE 3mm). The greatest rate of ethephon decreased lodging by 85% in 1985 and 93% in 1986. Reduction in yield at the greatest rate of ethephon was 6% and 2% of the control in 1985 and 1986, respectively. Brace-root rating in 1986 was increased 20%, when comparing the greatest application rate with the control. In the same year, weight per seed was reduced 2%, which was equivalent to the percentage yield reduction. Plant and ear heights generally decreased in a linear fashion with increasing rate of ethephon. The growth stage at the time of ethephon application significantly altered all variables except grain moisture. Grain yield, seed weight, and lodging decreased as ethephon application was delayed. Decrease in seed weight probably caused the yield decrease with delayed application. Stages of application interacted with rate such that ear height was reduced less as ethephon application was delayed. The greatest rate of ethephon applied at the beginning of EE resulted in the best lodging control. However, reduction in lodging did not result in higher yield. Also, ethephon applied at the TE stage mainly affected elongation of internodes below the ear; at the EE stage, elongation of internodes above the ear was affected.     

Genetics of transgressive segregation for yield and yield components in wheat

Three crosses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) involving six cultivars (WC29, WH291, SGP 14, RAJ. 1972, WH377 and HD 2329) were selected on the basis of combining ability analysis to study genetics of transgressive segregation for tillers/plant, grains/spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield/plant using various mating designs. Diallel analysis indicated that both additive and non- additive components were significant for all the characters. On the basis of general combining ability and specific combining ability effects, the parents WH 291 and WH 377 were found to be good general combiners for tillers/ plant, 1000 grain weight and grain yield/plant. For grains/spike SGP 14 was found to be a good general combiner. The cross WH 377 × HD 2329 for tillers/plant, SGP 14 × Raj. 1972 for grains/spike and grain yield/plant and WC 29 × WH 291 for 1000 grain weight were found to be good cross combinations. Generation mean analysis indicated that the additive-dominance model was inadequate for all the characters in all the crosses except for 1000 grain weight in WC29 × WH291. Additive component was more pronounced than non-additive components for all the characters in all the crosses except for tillers/ plant in WH 377 × HD 2329. Predictions for transgressive segregants from F₃ was more accurate than that from generation mean analysis. However, prediction from both the sources were equally efficient if additive-dominance model was adequate. In general, observed frequencies of transgressive segregants were more in F₂ and BIPi than F₄ but the majority of them were discarded on progeny testing. Biparental mating had an impact in increasing the frequencies of transgressive segregants for different characters in all the crosses. The crosses, WH 377 × HD 2329 for grain yield/ plant, SGP 14 × Raj. 1972 for tillers/plant and WC 29 × WH 291 for grains/spike and 1000 grain weight were found to be potential crosses for transgressive segregants. A comparison of combining ability of parents and crosses, and observed and predicted frequencies of transgressive segregants indicated that the potential crosses for transgressive segregants were those that had high sea effects and involved high and low general combiners. The crosses involving low general combiners irrespective of their sea effects showed poor performance with respect to transgressive segregation.     

Comparing predicted yield and yield stability of willow and Miscanthus across Denmark

To achieve the goals of energy security and climate change mitigation in Denmark and the EU, an expansion of national production of bioenergy crops is needed. Temporal and spatial variation of yields of willow and Miscanthus is not known for Denmark because of a limited number of field trial data. The semi‐mechanistic crop model BioCro was used to simulate the production of both short‐rotation coppice (SRC) willow and Miscanthus across Denmark. Predictions were made from high spatial resolution soil data and weather records across this area for 1990–2010. The potential average, rain‐fed mean yield was 12.1 Mg DM ha^?1 yr^?1 for willow and 10.2 Mg DM ha^?1 yr^?1 for Miscanthus. Coefficient of variation as a measure for yield stability was poorest on the sandy soils of northern and western Jutland, and the year‐to‐year variation in yield was greatest on these soils. Willow was predicted to outyield Miscanthus on poor, sandy soils, whereas Miscanthus was higher yielding on clay‐rich soils. The major driver of yield in both crops was variation in soil moisture, with radiation and precipitation exerting less influence. This is the first time these two major feedstocks for northern Europe have been compared within a single modeling framework and providing an important new tool for decision‐making in selection of feedstocks for emerging bioenergy systems.     

Salinity and crop yield

Thirty crop species provide 90% of our food, most of which display severe yield losses under moderate salinity. Securing and augmenting agricultural yield in times of global warming and population increase is urgent and should, aside from ameliorating saline soils, include attempts to increase crop plant salt tolerance. This short review provides an overview of the processes that limit growth and yield in saline conditions. Yield is reduced if soil salinity surpasses crop‐specific thresholds, with cotton, barley and sugar beet being highly tolerant, while sweet potato, wheat and maize display high sensitivity. Apart from Na⁺, also Cl^?, Mg²⁺, SO₄^2‐ or HCO₃^‐ contribute to salt toxicity. The inhibition of biochemical or physiological processes cause imbalance in metabolism and cell signalling and enhance the production of reactive oxygen species interfering with cell redox and energy state. Plant development and root patterning is disturbed, and this response depends on redox and reactive oxygen species signalling, calcium and plant hormones. The interlink of the physiological understanding of tolerance processes from molecular processes as well as the agronomical techniques for stabilizing growth and yield and their interlinks might help improving our crops for future demand and will provide improvement for cultivating crops in saline environment.     

Predicting the frequencies of transgressive segregants for yield and yield components in wheat

Summary Genetical analysis of the F₂ triple test cross design combined with conventional early generations was used to elucidate the genetical control of yield and yield components in two crosses of winter wheat. From estimates of the additive, {d}, and additive X additive, {i}, components of means, together with the additive genetical variance, D, predicted frequencies of recombinant inbred lines that would transgress the parental range were calculated for each cross. The accuracy of predictions was evaluated by comparing expected frequencies with observed numbers in populations of F₆ lines previously developed by single seed descent.For both crosses and all characters where an adequate genetical model was found to explain the observed variation between the early generations, good agreement between predicted and observed frequencies of transgressive segregants was obtained. Furthermore, for characters exhibiting significant epistasis, allowance for additive X additive {i} epistasis in the prediction equations was sufficient to allow for skewness of the recombinant inbred population.These results demonstrate that cross performance in wheat can be predicted from genetical analysis of early generations, and the value of this approach in breeding new varieties is discussed.     

Linkage disequilibrium mapping of yield and yield stability in modern spring barley cultivars

Associations between markers and complex quantitative traits were investigated in a collection of 146 modern two-row spring barley cultivars, representing the current commercial germ plasm in Europe. Using 236 AFLP markers, associations between markers were found for markers as far apart as 10 cM. Subsequently, for the 146 cultivars the complex traits mean yield, adaptability (Finlay-Wilkinson slope), and stability (deviations from regression) were estimated from the analysis of variety trial data. Regression of those traits on individual marker data disclosed marker-trait associations for mean yield and yield stability. Support for identified associations was obtained from association profiles, i.e., from plots of P-values against chromosome positions. In addition, many of the associated markers were located in regions where earlier QTL were found for yield and yield components. To study the oligogenic genetic base of the traits in more detail, multiple linear regression of the traits on markers was carried out, using stepwise selection. By this procedure, 18-20 markers that accounted for 40-58% of the variation were selected. Our results indicate that association mapping approaches can be a viable alternative to classical QTL approaches based on crosses between inbred lines, especially for complex traits with costly measurements.     

The maximum yield problem: Distortion in the yield curve due to age structure

An unselective harvest is sustainable if the per capita removal rate balances the net per capita growth rate of the population. If the function relating the growth rate to population density is known, finding the density at which the maximal total harvest rate may be achieved is a simple exercise in parameter optimization. In age-structured populations the per capita growth rate is related in a complicated way to the age-specific vital rates upon which density feedbacks directly operate. Generally, the function relating the per capita growth rate to density will resemble a log transform of the function relating age-specific fecundities to density. Accordingly, maximum yield is attained at a population density that is closer to the saturation density than we would expect on the basis simply of substituting the functional form of the density dependence of fecundity into the parameter optimization model derived for the case without age structure. The amount of the discrepancy increases with the intensity of the density feedback and with the degree to which the reproduction of a cohort is dominated by reproduction taking place during a span of ages that is small relative to the generation time.     

Grain yield and correlated traits of bread wheat lines: Implications for yield improvement

Global wheat yields are suffering due to differences in regional climatic conditions and soil fertility. Plant breeders are continuously working to improve the yield per unit area of wheat crop through selecting superior lines as parents. The screening and field evaluation of available lines allow the selection of superior ones and subsequently improved varieties. Therefore, heritable distinctions among 33 bread wheat lines for yield and related attributes were assessed under field conditions. The experiment included thirty lines and three check varieties. Data relating to different plant characteristics was collected at maturity. Significant differences were recorded for yield and related traits of tested wheat lines and check varieties. Wheat lines V₆, V₁₂ and V₂₀ proved better with reduced number of days to reach anthesis and other desirable traits compared to check varieties. Days to start heading had strong correlation with spike length and number of spikelets spike^-1. Flag leaf area had positive relationship with peduncle length and yield related traits. The 1000-garin weight and grain yield were also correlated with each other. It is concluded that V₆, V₁₀ and V₂₀ proved better for all studied traits than the rest of the lines. Therefore, these lines could be used in wheat breeding program as parents to improve yield.     

Imputing missing yield trial data

Summary Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity was determined in 23 Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes, and compared to previously observed variability of morphoagronomic characters and isozyme loci. Twenty of the lines were collected from Malawian landraces; the other three were pure-bred cultivars. The mtDNAs were digested with eight restriction endonucleases, revealing complex banding patterns. Southern hybridization using cosmid clones covering about 200-kb of the genome showed a considerable amount of uniformity of the mtDNA banding patterns. However, five restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were detected, dividing the bean lines into two groups corresponding to the previously known Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools of P. vulgaris. The cultivar Mecosta was separated from the rest of the lines by an additional RFLP. At least two out of the six RFLPs are believed to be due to base-pair mutation events. Our results provide the first evidence that the cytoplasms of the two major germ plasm pools of beans are distinct.