南极磷虾渔场(48渔区)CPUE的年、月变化及其与海表温度、叶绿素浓度的关系

根据2010—2015年南极磷虾渔汛期(1—6月)的渔获量和海洋遥感数据,利用数理统计方法、产量重心法等对南极磷虾单位捕捞努力渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)、渔场时空变动特征作了分析。结果表明:南极磷虾年平均CPUE总体呈上升趋势,2014年南极磷虾CPUE达到峰值(18.6 t·h~(-1));从月变化来看,1月南极磷虾CPUE较低(9.2t·h~(-1)),5月CPUE最高(20.9 t·h~(-1)),近60%的捕捞作业频次位于南设得兰群岛的夏季时段(1—3月);南极磷虾渔场集中在60°S—64°S、46°W—62°W范围内的海域;从渔场重心变动来看,每年1—6月渔场重心从南设得兰群岛附近海域向东北方向偏移,大部分重心主要集中在南设得兰群岛附近海域;南极磷虾作业渔场48.1、48.2、48.3亚区渔场适宜海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)分别为-1.8～1.9、-1.8～0.8、1.1～1.4℃,1—3月CPUE高值区的适宜SST为-0.8～1.2℃,4—6月CPUE高值区的适宜SST为-1.8～-0.4℃; 48.1、48.2、48.3亚区叶绿素浓度适宜范围分别为0.09～1.21、0.14～0.52、0.32～0. 39 mg·m~(-3),CPUE高值区(20 t·h~(-1))海域的叶绿素浓度为0.13～0.83 mg·m~(-3);总体来说,南极磷虾渔场年平均CPUE值呈逐渐增长趋势,主捕区位于南设得兰群岛附近海域,中心渔场最适SST为-1.8～1.2℃,叶绿素浓度为0.13～0.83 mg·m~(-3)。     

南设得兰群岛附近海域南极磷虾渔场时空分布及其与表温的关系

根据2010—2014年中国大型拖网渔船在南极海域48.1渔区捕捞的南极磷虾产量数据,并结合该区域卫星遥感获取的海洋表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)数据,分析了南极磷虾单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit of fishing effort,CPUE)的时空分布变化及其与SST的关系。结果表明:南设得兰群岛的东北部海域(61°S—64°S、58°W—60°W)南极磷虾渔场较为集中;整体来说,48.1渔区南极磷虾渔场CPUE呈明显的季节性变化,12月CPUE为一年中的次高值(约为16.0 t·h-1),随后到翌年的2月逐渐减小,而2—4月呈逐渐增加的趋势,4月的CPUE为一年中的最高值(约为16.5 t·h-1),4月之后又开始逐渐减小;12月—翌年2月,渔场重心一直向东南推移且渔场重心变化幅度较大;而在2—5月大致向西推移,渔场重心也达到最南端,其中3—5月的渔场重心变化幅度较小,主要位于63°S—63.5°S、58.5°W—59.5°W;而之后的6、10、12月渔场重心逐渐向北推移,并在12月达到最北端和最东端;总体上,48.1渔区南极磷虾作业渔区的适宜SST范围为-0.1~1.2℃,适宜SST范围主要集中在南半球夏、秋季节(12月—翌年5月)。     

中东大西洋中部海域中上层鱼类中心渔场的时空变化

根据2012年1—8月和2014年12月—2015年7月中国大型拖网渔船在中东大西洋中部海域佛得角海岸(FAO34渔区3.11小区)的渔捞日志资料以及遥感获取的海洋环境数据,利用产量重心法、地统计插值、数理统计、广义加性模型(generalized additive models,GAM)等方法 ,对该海域中上层鱼类平均单位捕捞努力渔获量(CPUE)的月变化、中心渔场的时空变动及其与海表温度(SST)、叶绿素a浓度、经度、纬度的关系进行了分析。结果表明:该海域各月平均CPUE基本呈先减少、后增加的趋势;中心渔场的分布具有明显的月变化,基本呈先由北往南推移,且在3—4月份到达最南端,后由南往北推移趋势;不同月份渔场中心叶绿素a浓度为0~10 mg·m-3,且渔场中心叶绿素a浓度以7~9 mg·m~(-3)居多;不同月份渔场中心的SST为17.3~27.6℃,且渔场中心的SST以19~21℃居多。GAM模型分析表明,渔场的最适SST为20~22℃,最适叶绿素a浓度为4.480~7.388 mg·m~(-3),经度集中在16°40'W附近,纬度集中在19°N附近。海洋环境与CPUE的回归方程显著性检验表明,除了SST呈不显著外,叶绿素a浓度和空间因子与CPUE的回归关系均极显著(P0.01),影响渔场的因子按重要性从大到小依次为经度、纬度、叶绿素a浓度和SST。分析认为,洋流产生并导致的涌升流的位置变化对佛得角海岸FAO34渔区3.11小区中心渔场的时空变化具有重要影响。     

基于栖息地指数的东太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场预报

黄鳍金枪鱼是东太平洋海域重要的金枪鱼种类之一,也是我国金枪鱼延绳钓的主要捕捞对象之一。根据2011年东太平洋海域(20°N—35°S、85°W—155°W)延绳钓生产统计数据,结合表温(SST)和海面高度(SSH)的遥感数据,采用频次分析法获得黄鳍金枪鱼分布的SST和SSH适宜范围;运用一元非线性回归方法,以渔获量为适应性指数,按季度分别建立了基于SST和SSH的长鳍金枪鱼栖息地适应性指数,采用算术平均法获得基于SST和SSH环境因子的栖息地指数综合模型,并用2012年各月实际作业渔场进行验证。结果显示,黄鳍金枪鱼渔场多分布在SST为24—29℃、SSH为0.3—0.7 m的海域。采用一元非线性回归建立的各因子适应性指数模型在统计上均为显著(P0.05)。经与2012年实际生产情况比较,作业渔场预报准确性达66%以上。研究获得栖息地指数模型可为金枪鱼延绳钓渔船寻找中心渔场提供参考。     

基于海洋遥感的南海外海鸢乌贼最适栖息环境分析

根据2010—2014年南海外海鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)渔业生产数据,结合海洋遥感所获得的海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)和海表面高度异常(sea surface height anomaly,SSHA)数据,采用外包络法基于单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit of effort,CPUE)计算适应性指数(suitability index,SI),用算数平均法建立基于环境因子的栖息地适应性指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)分析模型。结果表明:南海外海鸢乌贼中心渔场的最适SST范围为26.4~29.6℃,最适SSHA范围为-0.014~0.114 cm;当HSI0.6时,作业次数比率为77.99%,平均CPUE为4.13 t·d-1。研究指出,基于海表面温度和海表面高度异常的栖息地适应性指数模型能够较好地表征鸢乌贼的中心渔场,准确率超过77%。     

热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼垂直分布空间分析

为了解热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)延绳钓适宜渔获水温的等温线时空分布,分析黄鳍适宜的垂直和水平空间分布范围,采用Argo浮标剖面温度数据重构热带大西洋13℃和距海洋表层水温8℃(Δ8℃)的月平均等温线场,网格化计算了13℃和Δ8℃等温线深度值和温跃层下界深度差,并结合大西洋金枪鱼会委员(International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ICCAT)的黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据,绘制了13℃和Δ8℃等温线深度与月平均CPUE的空间叠加图,用于分析热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场单位捕捞努力渔获量(Catch per unit effort CPUE)时空分布和次表层环境季节性变化关系。结果表明,13℃等温线,在高值CPUE出现的海域深度值大多小于250 m,主要在170—249 m,深度值超过250 m的海域CPUE普遍较小。5°S—9°N区域,Δ8℃等温线高值CPUE出现的海域深度值大多小于150 m,主要在50—139 m;7—10月份在南半球的非洲西海岸,在Δ8℃等温线深度值为150—350 m的海域也会出现中心渔场。全年在低纬度区域,高渔获率的垂直分布深度更加集中。13℃等温线影响热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼的空间分布,温跃层下界温度影响黄鳍金枪鱼的垂直分布。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其适宜次表层环境因子分布,13℃等温线180—240 m;Δ8℃等温线50—139 m;与下界深度差:13℃等温线-70—29 m;海表以下8℃等温线30—149 m。文章初步得出热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼适宜的水平、垂直深度分布区间。结果可以辅助渔情预报,为热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼实际生产作业和资源管理提供参考依据。     

基于GAM模型的阿拉伯海鲐鱼渔场分布与环境关系

基于2016-2017年中国印度洋围拖网生产数据以及同期的海表温度、叶绿素、表层海流和海面高度数据,采用广义加性模型(Generalized Additive Model,GAM)建立了围网单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)对海洋环境的非线性响应模型,分析了阿拉伯海鲐鱼(Scomber australasicus)渔场分布与海洋环境关系.结果表明:空间因子和环境因子对阿拉伯海鲐鱼渔场有显著影响,GAM模型的方差解释率为30.1%;印度洋季风对鲐鱼CPUE影响大,鲐鱼CPUE在印度洋东北季风高,在夏季季风低;全年阿拉伯海鲐鱼围网渔场主要分布在60°E、13°N-15°N斜向椭圆区域;模型表明,鲐鱼渔场适宜海表温度为26~28℃,叶绿素浓度0.2~0.5 mg·m^-3,海面高度0.2~ 0.4 m;影响鲐鱼渔场的因子按重要性依次为海面高度、经纬度、海表温度和叶绿素浓度.     

热带印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与温跃层的关系

根据Argo浮标剖面温度数据重构热带印度洋各月月平均温跃层特征参数,并结合印度洋金枪鱼委员会(IOTC)黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓数据,绘制了月平均温跃层特征参数和月平均CPUE的空间叠加图,用于分析热带印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布和温跃层特征参数的关系。结果表明:热带印度洋温跃层上界深度、温度和下界深度,以及黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场分布都具有明显的季节性变化特征,黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场分布和温跃层季节性变化有关。在东北季风期间,高值CPUE渔区的温跃层上界深度的范围为30-40m,超过70m的渔区CPUE值普遍偏低;在西南季风期间温跃层上界最深达到120m。在东北季风期间,高值CPUE渔区温跃层下界深度不超过200m,在西南季风期间,深度会超过300m。在东北季风期间,高值CPUE渔区对应的温跃层上界温度都超过25℃,温度小于24℃的渔区CPUE值普遍较低;在西南季风期间,高值CUPE区域对应的温跃层上界温度范围变大,温跃层上界温度延伸到22℃,在22℃以下渔区CPUE值都很低。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其最适温跃层特征参数分布,得出黄鳍金枪鱼最适的温跃层上、下界温度范围分别是25-29℃和13-16℃;其上、下界深度范围分别为30-70m和140-200m。K-S检验结果表明,上述结论可靠。     

东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼资源和渔场的时空变化

根据2005-2008年我国在东南太平洋的智利竹筴鱼大型拖网渔捞日志资料,结合卫星遥感反演的海表温度数据,分析了智利竹筴鱼渔场的年际和季节变化规律以及CPUE与SST的关系。结果表明: 2005和2006年智利竹筴鱼中心渔场的季节变化规律较为类似,而2007年和2008年的春季(9-11月)中心渔场发生了较大的变动;西部海域也存在一定的渔场分布。2005-2008年作业渔场的最适宜SST为13-15℃,随着月份的增加最适温度随之增加,2007、2008年的秋季最适海表温度同2005、2006年相比较有降低的趋势。2005-2007年月平均CPUE与产量重心对应的SST呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。     

基于Tweedie-GAM模型的热带大西洋拟锥齿鲨单位捕捞努力量渔获量与环境因子的关系

拟锥齿鲨是热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中重要的兼捕物种,对其单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)与环境关系的研究可为该鱼种的资源保护和管理提供基础资料.根据我国金枪鱼渔业国家观察员2009—2015年在热带大西洋海域(6.38° S—14.92° N,42.03°—18.53° W)调查时采集的1085尾拟锥齿鲨数据及Tweedie类分布理论和特点,建立了GAM-Tweedie模型,对其CPUE的时间变化、空间分布及与环境因子的关系进行了分析.结果表明: 时空因子(年、月、经度、纬度)和环境因子对拟锥齿鲨名义CPUE的总偏差解释为40.2%,其中时空因子对其的影响均显著,环境因子中,海表面高度、叶绿素a浓度、作业时天气、海表面盐度、海表面气压对其影响显著,而海况、农历对其影响不显著;不同纬度和不同月份下海平面温度与拟锥齿鲨CPUE呈显著相关.2009—2015年拟锥齿鲨标准化CPUE呈现波动,整体呈上升趋势.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan