Prevention of the chronic persistence of typhoid microbes in rabbits with thymostimulin

Typhoid infection was reproduced by introducing the infective agent into the bone marrow of noninbred rabbits. After the injection of thymostimulin on the first day of infection the release of typhoid bacilli continued for 1-3 weeks; when thymostimulin was injected on day 20, the release of typhoid bacilli stopped in two weeks. In the control group the release of typhoid bacilli continued during the whole term of observation. The injection of thymostimulin at an early period after infection was thus found to prevent the development of chronic typhoid infection with the elimination of the infective agent from the body of rabbits.     

Blood groups of the ABO system of chronic carriers of typhoid bacteria and typhoid patients in Uzbekistan]

Blood groups of the ABO system were studied in 186 chronic carriers of typhoid bacilli and in 392 patients with typhoid fever from various districts of the Uzbek SSR. In comparison with control (healthy persons), carriers displayed a higher percentage of persons with A (II) blood group (50.88 and 42.64 against 37.51 and 32.13 in control) and a lesser percentage of persons with the O (I) blood group (21.05 and 22.48 against 32.93 and 32.07 in control). These data demonstrated that predisposition of persons with the A (II) blood group to chronic typhoid carrier state was characteristic of the Asian part of the country. In comparison with control, there were significantly less persons with the O (I) blood group and more with the AB (IV) blood group. Possible correlative mechanisms between the blood group and the typhoid infection and the development of chronic typhoid carrier state is discussed.     

Surveillance for typhoid fever in Matsuyama city during 1974-1981 and detection of Salmonella typhi in sewage and river waters

Eighty-two cases of typhoid fever were found in Matsuyama city in the period from 1974 to 1981. Seventy-six cases were found to be infected with Salmonella typhi other three with Salmonella paratyphi A, and the remaining three were diagnosed only clinically. The strains of S. typhi isolated from these patients showed such a variety of Vi-phage types as D1, D2, E1, M1, 53 and degraded Vi-positive strain (DVS). The concurrent survey of the city sewage and river waters for typhoid bacilli was conducted with total 578 samples taken therefrom. S. typhi was isolated from 120 of those samples. The Vi-phage types of the isolates were closely related with those of the isolates from the patients. The periodical examinations of the city sewage and the draining river may serve as a useful means for the controlling typhoid fever epidemics.     

Immune response in rats and mice with adjuvant disease

There were phasic changes of immune response in rats and mice with adjuvant disease: an increase of antibody production on the 7th day after the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant and its depression on the 21st day; there was also observed suppression of normal antibody production to O- and Vi-antigens of typhoid bacilli.     

Disruption of the mechanisms of natural immunity in the initial stage of adjuvant disease in rats and guinea pigs

Similar changes in the nonspecific immunity indices were noted in experiments on rats and guinea pigs with adjuvant disease: depression of blood serum bactericidal activity and increase of the lysozyme and complement level, as well as inhibition of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and production of normal antibodies to O- and Vi-antigens of typhoid bacilli in rats. Changes in disturbances of natural immunity factors in adjuvant disease correlated with the severity of the process in both animal species.     

Live enteric typhoid vaccine consisting of a Vi-negative double-dependent mutant of S. typhi and a Vi-positive strain of Citrobacter]

The authors present experimental data on the study of the living enteral vaccine against the typhoid infection from the Vi-negative strain of salmonella with a double-dependence by streptomycin and purine, and from the Vi-positive strain -- citrobacter 5396/38. The method of immunoelectrophoretic analysis showed an indenticity of the O- and H-antigens of the doubledependent mutant with the O- and H-antigens of the typhoid strains of bacteria (Ty2-4446 and 5501). A sufficiently marked immunological reaction was revealed in the tests of antibody formation and in the study of the preventive activity of the sera of the immunized rabbits. The efficacy of the enteral immunization with the associated vaccine consisting of a doubledependent mutant of typhoid bacilli and the citrobacter strain in the doses tested (a 6-fold immunization) was demonstrated in experiments on albino mice. Association in one preparation of the cultures under study did not lead to any changes in the immunogenic properties of these strains. The cells of the mutant strain administered per os gave a positive culture (from the mouse organism) only in the course of the first 24 hours, in difference from the citrobacter strain which gave a positive culture in the course of 14 days.     

Immunohistochemical study of the accumulation of antibody-forming cells in the lungs following intrapulmonary and subcutaneous administration of apneumotropic antigen]

Accumulation of the antibody-synthesizing cells in the lungs of guinea pigs in intratracheal and subcutaneous immunization was studied on a model of a complete typhoid bacilli antigen by means of Coons' method. Antibody-forming cells located in the interalveolar septi and in the peribronchial and perivascular connective tissue appeared with both method of the apneumotropic antigen administration. More of these cells accumulated in intrapulmonary application of the antigen. Repeated immunization by any method also led to the increase of their amount. The problem on the role played by the lungs in the immunogenesis is discussed.     

Transient inhibition of glucose utilization by erythrocytes during the acute stage of typhoid fever

The exact reason for hemolysis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient (G6PD) erythrocytes in patients with typhoid fever is unknown. Therefore, glucose utilization by normal and G6PD-deficient erythrocytes was measured during incubation with plasma of healthy controls as well as from patients in acute or recovery stages of typhoid fever. Glucose utilization in normal and G6PD-deficient erythrocytes significantly decreased compared to the controls when incubated with plasma of patients with acute typhoid fever, which normalized to the baseline after recovery from typhoid fever, suggesting an acquired alteration in G6PD enzyme properties by Salmonella typhi or its endotoxins.     

A Composite Arginine Glucose Medium for the Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram Negative Bacilli

SUMMARY: A composite agar medium is described for the characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram negative bacilli. Glucose oxidation and the production of ammonia by the arginine dihydrolase system are demonstrable in one tube. This arginine glucose (AG) medium also indicates the evolution of gas by glucose fermenting Gram negative bacilli.     

Live oral typhoid vaccine Ty 21 a. An original method of manufacturing and distribution

Oral immunization against typhoid using Ty 21 a strain did not meet the anticipated success. This vaccine is too expensive for countries which actually need immunization. The suitable form of the vaccine is not yet clearly defined. Our proposal therefore is to give up freeze-drying and to use fresh suspended live bacilli. We have established that this form is stable enough (at least one week at + 4 degrees C) to allow necessary controls and good dispatch. More, the colonization of digestive tract should be easier when the vaccine is given as a liquid than as capsules with a dry content.     

Bactericidal activity of ethanol against glucose nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli

The bactericidal effect of ethanol on glucose nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli (nonfermentative bacilli) and other species of micro-organisms was studied with emphasis on the former. At 20 degrees C, 10 to 20% v/v ethanol took 1 h or more to kill thirteen strains of nonfermentative bacilli while 40 to 99.5% concentrations produced a bactericidal effect within 1 min of exposure. Eleven strains of glucose fermentative organisms showed a similar tendency to that noted with nonfermentative bacilli, except that S. aureus was a little resistant to 99.5% ethanol. Using several strains of nonfermentative bacilli, the effects of temperature and equine serum on the bactericidal action of ethanol were determined. The bactericidal action of ethanol increased with rising of temperature (10-30 degrees C), and it was sufficient even at 10 degrees C provided that the concentration of ethanol was over 50%. The equine serum produced little effect on the bactericidal action of ethanol.     

THE TUBERCULOUS DISEASES Originating from Different Species of Acid-Fast Bacilli

Disease due to the typical human type tubercle bacillus is rapidly diminishing as a result of public health measures and specific chemotherapy. Lesions in man resulting from other kinds of acid-fast bacilli are now being recognized in increasing numbers. Some of these bacilli had been seen before but were confused with typical M. hominis, others were considered to be harmless saprophytes, while others could not be found with the methods used. Special culture media, different conditions for cultivation, new physical, chemical and biological tests, and inoculation into a variety of animal hosts are now available. With their use more than a dozen different strains of human type tubercle bacilli, and more than a score of other species of acid-fast bacilli may now be distinguished. A simple chemical test readily separates the human type tubercle bacilli from all other kinds of acid-fast bacilli. The differentiation of the different human and animal pathogenic acid-fast bacilli from the avirulent saprophytes and other harmless mycobacteria presents great difficulties, but methods are becoming available which usually make this possible. Since the distinction may be of great therapeutic and epidemiologic importance, the effort should be made.     

DFM菌株生理特性的测试以及摇床发酵条件的优化

以研究适合工业化生产的直接饲用微生物 (DirectFeedMicrobials,DFM )为目的 ,通过对 5株细菌的生理特性的测定结果 ,显示出这几株菌具有良好的性状 ,有助于改善目前饲料添加剂领域存在的问题。实验还对菌种的摇床发酵条件进行了正交优化 ,证明了 3株菌可以利用廉价的培养基实现高密度发酵[1] 。另外菌株利用玉米秸秆和麦秸秆的实验为进一步降低发酵的成本开辟了方向。     

Serological method of detecting the antigens of the causative agent of Sonne dysentery in lysates of the fecal inoculates from patients]

Serological method of detection of Sh. sonnei antigens in the lysates of the patients, fecal cultures is suggested and approved. In the majority of cases of the results of bacteriological and serological methods of study of the feces coincided. Data confirming the specificity of the antibody neutralization test (ANT) in Sonne dysentery are presented. In connection with detection of the screening action of the Vi-antigen of typhoid bacilli there were elaborated additional methods for verifying the specificity of the ANT results. It is recommended to keep agar plates after selection of suspicious colonies during the bacteriological test; the lysate of the microbial crop should be additionally subjected to the ANT, this considerably increasing the percentage of laboratory confirmations of dysentery caused by Sh. sonnei.     

THE STABILITY OF BACTERIAL SUSPENSIONS : VI. THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE SUSPENSION ON THE CONCENTRATION OF SALT REQUIRED TO CAUSE COMPLETE AGGLUTINATION.

1. The concentrations of various salts required to agglutinate different concentrations for a suspension of typhoid bacilli sensitized with immune serum have been determined. 2. The electrolytes may be divided into two classes; (1) those with which the concentration required to agglutinate is independent of the concentration of the suspension; and (2) those with which the agglutinating concentration increases in proportion to the concentration of the suspension. 3. The salts comprised under (1) do not reverse the sign of the charge of the suspension. 4. The salts of Class (2) (with the exception of ZnSO₄) do reverse the sign of the charge.     

Effect of conditions of culturing Penicillium funiculosum G-15 on production of extracellular glucose oxidase

Effects of conditions of Penicillium funiculosum G-15 cultivation on the production of extracellular glucose oxidase were studied. The data showed that surface and submerged methods of cultivation can be used for obtaining a glucose oxidizing enzyme. The optimum conditions for submerged cultivation (25 degrees C, initial pH 5.0, and aeration of 3 l/l per min) and surface cultivation (temperature 25 degrees C and initial pH 4.0) providing the maximum levels of glucose oxidase synthesis were determined.     

Salmonella typhi vaccine strain in vitro; low infectivity in human cell line U937

Salmonella typhi strain Ty21a has been used for live oral vaccine. The infectivity of Ty21a, in comparison with S. typhi Ty2, was evaluated using the human monocyte-macrophage cell line U937. Assays were performed by quantitative microscopy and viable count technique. Ty2 infected approximately 100% of the cells, multiplied extensively within these cells and caused cell death. The same dose of Ty21a infected only about 15% of the cells, resulting in a low number of intracellular bacilli and cell survival. The use of gentamicin in the test confirmed intracellular multiplication of Ty2 but not Ty21a. The system described may be suitable as a test system for characterization of the degree of virulence of Ty21a and other live, oral typhoid vaccines.     

Effects of conditions ofPenicillium funiculosum G-15 cultivation on production of extracellular glucose oxidase

Effects of conditions ofPenicillium funiculosum G-15 cultivation on the production of extracellular glucose oxidase were studied. The data showed that surface and submerged methods of cultivation can be used for obtaining a glucose oxidizing enzyme. The optimum conditions for submerged cultivation (25°C., initial pH 5.0, and aeration of 3 1/1 per min) and surface cultivation (temperature 25°C and initial pH 4.0) providing the maximum levels of glucose oxidase synthesis were determined.     

Impairment of virulence of in vitro subcultures of Mycobacterium lepraemurium

Mycobacterium lepraemurium was cultivated in vitro on Ogawa egg-yolk medium. The pathogenicity of the third and eighth subcultures for C3H and C57BL mice was compared with that of in vivo grown murine bacilli by evaluating the mean survival time of infected mice. The results strongly suggest that a significant drop of virulence occurs during the in vitro cultivation of M. lepraemurium.     

Aerobic glucose metabolism of Saccharomyces kluyveri: growth, metabolite production, and quantification of metabolic fluxes.

The growth and product formation of Saccharomyces kluyveri was characterized in aerobic batch cultivation on glucose. At these conditions it was found that ethyl acetate was a major overflow metabolite in S. kluyveri. During the exponential-growth phase on glucose ethyl acetate was produced at a constant specific rate of 0.12 g ethyl acetate per g dry weight per hour. The aerobic glucose metabolism in S. kluyveri was found to be less fermentative than in S. cerevisiae, as illustrated by the comparably low yield of ethanol on glucose (0.08 +/- 0.02 g/g), and high yield of biomass on glucose (0.29 +/- 0.01 g/g). The glucose metabolism of S. kluyveri was further characterized by the new and powerful techniques of metabolic network analysis. Flux distributions in the central carbon metabolism were estimated for respiro-fermentative growth in aerobic batch cultivation on glucose and respiratory growth in aerobic glucose-limited continuous cultivation. It was found that in S. kluyveri the flux into the pentose phosphate pathway was 18.8 mmole per 100 mmole glucose consumed during respiratory growth in aerobic glucose-limited continuous cultivation. Such a low flux into the pentose phosphate pathway cannot provide the cell with enough NADPH for biomass formation which is why the remaining NADPH will have to be provided by another pathway. During batch cultivation of S. kluyveri the tricarboxylic acid cycle was working as a cycle with a considerable flux, that is in sharp contrast to what has previously been observed in S. cerevisiae at the same growth conditions, where the tricarboxylic acid cycle operates as two branches. This indicates that the respiratory system was not significantly repressed in S. kluyveri during batch cultivation on glucose.