BIOLOG系统鉴定黄瓜根围促生菌的初步研究

对筛选出的８株具有明显促生防病作用的黄瓜根围促生菌ＣＮ１１,ＣＮ３１,ＣＮ４５,ＣＮ１ １６,ＣＮ１２９,ＸＢ１２０,ＸＢ５,ＸＢ４１通过ＢＩＯＬＯＧ法进行了分类鉴定,分别为：铜绿假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｎｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ）,波纹假单胞菌（Ｐ． Ｃｏｒｒｕｇａｔａ）,短芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｂｒｅｖｉｓ）,荧光假单胞菌Ｂ型（Ｐ． Ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ｔｙｐｅ Ｂ）,铜绿假单胞菌（Ｐ． Ａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ）,荧光假     

滇重楼寄生菌的研究

从滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis)地下茎中分离和鉴定出两种细菌——蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes),以及三种真菌——黑团孢霉(Periconia sp.)、白色厚顶孢霉(Pachnocybe albida)和重楼索霉(Hormomyces paridiphilus)。对蜡状芽孢杆菌、产碱假单胞菌和重楼索霉进行了液体培养并测定了胞外多糖含量,结果表明重楼索霉可分泌大量胞外多糖,这可能是导致滇重楼地下茎胶质化和多糖含量增加的原因。     

泡囊假单胞菌的分离及鉴定

从一例心包积液患者的心包液中,分离到一株氧化代谢、氧化酶阳性,具单极毛运动的革兰氏阴性杆菌。经形态、生理生化特性鉴定,DNA的G+C mol％测定和Biolog自动系列的验证,确认为泡囊假单胞菌(Pseudomonas vesieularis)。指出该菌可使免疫力低下患者发生感染。对该菌分类地位的变迁进行了讨论。     

适冷海洋细菌交替假单胞菌（Pseudoalteromonas sp.）MB-1内切葡聚糖酶基因的克隆和表达

从黄海深海海底淤泥中筛选出一株产纤维素酶的适冷革兰氏阴性杆菌MB1,克隆和分析了MB1的16S rDNA序列（GenBank接受号：AY551321）,经鉴定为交替假单胞菌（Pseudoalt eromonas）,命名为Pseudoalteromonas sp.MB1。克隆了该菌适冷内切葡聚糖酶基因celA（GenBank接受号：AY551322）,并在大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）BL21中进行了表达。重组E.coli菌体破碎后,获取上清液,其中融合蛋白GSTCelA浓度约为78.5mg/L。分析了融合酶GSTCelA的性质,其最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应pH值为72,为中性适冷酶。实验结果为交替假单胞菌低温纤维素酶的基础理论和应用研究奠定了基础。     

椰毒假单胞菌的电镜观察

酵米面假单胞菌(Pseudomonas farinofermentans)系从食物中毒的变质酵米面中分离到的病原菌,它与揶毒假单胞菌(P.cocovenenans)为同种不同生物型,与洋葱假单胞菌(P.cepaia)有许多共同点。电镜观察表明,此3株假单胞菌在形态和结构上有以下共同特点：菌体呈短杆状,0．6-0．8×1．5—2．0μm。细胞壁由肽聚糖层和外膜(outer membrane)构成。有时可见丝状体(filaments) 甚至畸形细胞。无荚膜,无菌毛(pili)一端有多根鞭毛。细胞质内有电子透明的聚β-羟基丁酸盐(PHB)颗粒。核区内有电子致密体(e|ectron-densebodies)或层状体(laminar bodies)。细胞表面可见到wei7细胞(mlncells)。均能产生细胞外“丝状物质”,这一特点尚未见报道。     

降解硫氰酸和丙烯腈的一种新型混合细菌培养物

从腈纶废水生物粘膜中选育到能降解硫氰酸钠、丙烯腈、异丙醇和丙酮的新型混合细菌培养物。SAT13,其降解硫氰酸钠和丙烯腈的能力分别为1800mg／l和120 mg／l。该培养物由自养菌和异养菌组成,包括排硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thioparus)、中间硫杆菌(Thiobacillus interm-edius)、假单胞杆菌(Ptldomonas sp-)、节杆菌Arthrobacter sp和固氯菌(Az。Tobacter sp．)。这些细菌是净化腈纶废水中污染物的主要微生物,其中降解硫氰酸钠的主要细菌为排硫杆菌、中间硫杆菌和假单胞杆菌。降解丙烯腈的主要细菌是中间硫杆菌和节细菌。固氮菌对这两种污染物无降解作用。     

一株灰肉红菇内生真菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌活性研究

灰肉红菇（Russula griseocarnosa）是岭南地区著名的野生食药用真菌。本研究通过组织分离的方法,从灰肉红菇子实体分离获得一株内生真菌,经形态学和分子生物学分析鉴定为爪哇虫草（Cordyceps javanica）。以牛津杯抑菌圈法及二倍稀释法测试了其菌丝体胞内和胞外多糖粗提物对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）和铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）的抑菌活性。结果表明：水溶性胞内、胞外多糖对金黄色葡萄球菌及铜绿假单胞菌均具有抑菌活性,最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为37.5 mg/mL。     

应用聚合酶链式反应快速特异鉴定假单胞菌和伯克霍尔德氏菌（R）-3-羟基酯酰载酯蛋白-辅酶A转酰基酶基因

聚羟基脂肪酸酯 (PHA)是一类具有广泛应用前景的可降解生物塑料。因其可以以葡萄糖等廉价底物直接发酵生产PHA而日益受到重视。目前的研究表明在积累中长链PHA的假单胞菌中 ,由phaG基因编码的（R）3 羟基酯酰载酯蛋白 辅酶A转酰基酶 (PhaG)起关键作用 ,但目前为止对该蛋白还知之甚少。通过聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)建立了一种快速、特异鉴定phaG基因的方法 ,应用该方法成功地从两株积累不同PHA的假单胞菌Pseudomonasstutzeri 1317和Pseudomonasnitroreducens 080 2中分别克隆得到phaG基因 ,并在phaG基因突变株PseudomonasputidaPHAG_N-21中表达成功。同时 ,还首次报道了从非假单胞菌菌株Burkholderiacaryophylli AS 1.274 1中鉴定得到phaG基因 ,提示PhaG介导的中长链PHA合成途径作为一种通用的代谢模式在细菌中广泛存在 ,为进一步实现从廉价的非相关底物合成中长链PHA提供了必要的分子生物学基础。     

细菌超低温冻结保藏的研究

本文报道10属19种19株细菌超低温冻结保藏试验的结果。从细胞存活率看,冻结保藏8个月,10％甘油、10%二甲基亚砜保护剂保藏效果优于蒸馏水作保护剂,少数菌株三种保护剂保藏效果相近。快速冻结与慢速冻结对细咆存活率影响不显著。恶臭醋杆菌混浊变种(Acelobacter rancens var. turbidans) AS 1.41,产氨短杆菌 (Brevibacterium ammoniagenes) AS1．844,细胞悬液浓度大,细胞存活率有增高趋势。电镜观查,超低温冻结细胞死亡率高的产气气杆菌(Aerobacter aerogenes) AS 1.489有胞壁破裂、胞质溢出现象,是细胞死亡原因之一。冻结融化后直接测定,植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) AS 1.557乳酸生成力下降3．4—13.8％,溶壁小球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus) AS 1.634对溶菌酶敏感性下降14—23％。冻结融化后移接2代测定,钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebactertum crenatum) AS 1.998 产 L-异亮氨酸,大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) AS 1.76产青霉素酰化酶酶活力,铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) AS 1．647产2-酮基-L-古龙酸,植物乳杆菌产乳酸均与冻结前相近。     

食品抗氧剂-D-异抗坏血酸的研究——Ⅰ.2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸产生菌的筛

从199株细菌中筛选出产2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸的高产菌株2株。产物对葡萄糖的克分子转化率达85.93%、87.56%以上。经生物学鉴定,菌株E301为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida),菌株E54为产碱菌属的一个新种,为产酮产碱菌(Alcaligenes ketogenes nov.sp.)。将发酵产物及其转化成的D-异抗坏血酸钠样品经红外吸收光谱比较,结果均与标准品相同。可确定这两株菌的发酵产物确系2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸钙。     

Inhibitory effect against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria of Pseudomonas strains isolated from spoiled and fresh fish.

The antibacterial effects of 209 Pseudomonas strains isolated from spoiled iced fish and newly caught fish were assessed by screening target organisms in agar diffusion assays. One-third (67 strains) inhibited the growth of one or several of six target organisms (Escherichia coli, Shewanella putrefaciens, Aeromonas sobria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus), of which S. aureus and A. sobria were the most sensitive. The inhibitory action was most pronounced among the strains producing siderophores, and the presence of iron eliminated the antibacterial effect of two-thirds of the inhibitory strains. Siderophore-mediated competition for iron may explain the inhibitory activity of these strains. All but nine of the inhibiting strains were found to inhibit the growth of 38 psychrotrophic S. putrefaciens strains isolated from spoiling fish and fish products. Siderophore-containing Pseudomonas culture supernatants inhibited growth of S. putrefaciens, as did the addition of iron chelators (ethylenediamine dihydroxyphenylacetic acid [EDDHA]). In particular, Pseudomonas strains isolated from newly caught and spoiled Nile perch (Lates niloticus) inhibited S. putrefaciens. This suggests that microbial interaction (e.g., competition or antagonism) may influence the selection of a microflora for some chilled food products.     

Distribution of Aeromonas Species in the Intestinal Tracts of River Fish

Aeromonas isolates were obtained from fish intestines, water, and sediments from an urban river and identified by the DNA-DNA microplate hybridization method. The isolates were Aeromonas veronii (22%), Aeromonas caviae (18%), Aeromonas hydrophila (13%), Aeromonas sobria (8%), Aeromonas jandaei (7%), and other Aeromonas spp. (33%). Aeromonas species occurred at high densities with high incidences, regardless of season. The results strongly suggest that aeromonads are indigenous in fish intestines, water, and sediments of rivers and have the potential to be predominant in aquatic environments.     

Identification and characterization of pathogenic Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome in fish in Bangladesh

Sparse information is available on the virulence factors of Aeromonas strains isolated from diseased fish, from the environment, and from humans. In the present study, 52 Aeromonas isolates obtained from epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) lesions in fish, from the aquatic environment, and from children with diarrhea in Bangladesh were identified by biochemical phenotyping (i.e., PhenePlate [PhP] typing) and DNA fingerprinting and then characterized with respect to certain putative virulence factors. The isolates from the fish exhibiting EUS symptoms were identified to be Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria by fatty acid methyl ester analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting. Biochemical phenotyping revealed that all EUS-associated isolates belonged to a unique phenotype which was not identified among more than 1,600 environmental and diarrheal isolates in a previously collected database of PhP types of Bangladeshi Aeromonas isolates. The 52 Aeromonas isolates were investigated for the production of hemolysin and cytotoxin; for hemagglutination with erythrocytes from fish, human, and rabbit sources; for the presence of a cytolytic enterotoxin gene; and for adhesion to and invasion into fish cell lines. All of the EUS isolates produced all of the virulence factors investigated, as did also some of the environmental isolates, but the isolates from EUS were unique in their ability to agglutinate fish erythrocytes. Our results suggest that a clonal group of A. veronii biovar sobria is associated with, and may be a causative agent of, EUS in fish in Bangladesh.     

Virulence markers in Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria isolates from freshwater fish and from a diarrhoea case

AIMS: To evaluate the public health significance of representative strains of two Aeromonas spp., mainly from freshwater fish, on the basis of production of virulence-associated factors and presence of the haemolytic genes aerA and hlyA. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven strains of Aer. hydrophila, three strains of Aer. veronii biovar sobria (all from freshwater fish) and one strain of Aer. hydrophila from human diarrhoea were tested for potential virulence traits and for the presence of the haemolytic genes aerA and hlyA. Ten Aer. hydrophila isolates were aerA(+)hlyA(+) and two aerA(+)hlyA(-). Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria isolates were aerA(-)hlyA(-). Strains from the three genotypes showed enterotoxic activity in the suckling mouse assay. At 28 degrees C, four Aer. hydrophila fish strains could be considered as potentially virulent (possessing at least two of these characteristics: haemolytic, cytotoxic and enterotoxic). One Aer. veronii biovar sobria strain and the clinical isolate were cytotoxic on Vero cells. When grown at 4 degrees C, these six isolates fulfilled virulence criterion, but at 37 degrees C, only one fish strain, an Aer. hydrophila, did. CONCLUSIONS: The potential health risk derived from the presence of Aer. hydrophila and Aer. veronii biovar sobria in ice-stored freshwater fish should not be underestimated. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Expression of virulence factors is affected by temperature incubation and not always related to the presence of haemolytic genes.     

Rapid detection of virulence factors of Aeromonas isolated from a trout farm by hexaplex-PCR

The detection of virulence factors of Aeromonas is a key component in determining potential pathogenicity because these factors act multifunctionally and multifactorially. In this study water samples were collected from a trout farm on a seasonal basis, and diseased fish and Aeromonas species were isolated and identified. For rapid detection of six virulence factors of isolated Aeromonas, a hexaplex-polymerase chain reaction (hexaplex-PCR) assay was used. The detected virulence factors include aerolysin (aer), GCAT (gcat), serine protease (ser), nuclease (nuc) lipase (lip) and lateral flagella (laf). The dominant strain found in our isolates was Aeromonas sobria, and the dominant virulence factors were aer and nuc for all seasons. We confirmed that A. sobria and two of the virulence genes (aer and nuc) are related. We proposed a method by which one can identify the major strains of Aeromonas: A. hydrophila, A. sobria, A. caviae, and A. veronii, using hexaplex-PCR.     

Genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of motile aeromonads isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) farms

A total of 22 motile Aeromonas strains were detected in 48 (18.53%) of 259 fish and 6 (10.71%) of 56 water samples obtained from seven commercial rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss , Walbaum) farms in the province of Mersin, Turkey. These strains were identified by conventional microbiological techniques and by using an ID32GN system. Of these isolates 20 (91.3%) were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila and 2 (8.7%) as Aeromonas sobria . While 8 of the A. hydrophila strains were isolated from water samples, 12 isolates were from fish samples. Whereas A. hydrophila strains were found in all farms, A. sobria was detected in only two farms. Genetic diversity by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) and antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out on eight A. hydrophila isolates obtained from water samples, and isolates from seven A. hydrophila and one A. sobria from fish samples. The AP-PCR band patterns of motile aeromonads demonstrated weak similarity to the A. hydrophila reference strain ATCC 7966. Five A. hydrophila strains in the water samples displayed genetic similarity, but three others were different. Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from fish samples possessed slight similarities, and A. sobria was genetically distant to all A. hydrophila strains. An antimicrobial sensitivity test of 16 isolates revealed that 100% were sensitive to gentamicin, 87.5% to sulphamethoxazole–trimethoprim, 62.5% to enrofloxacin, 43.8% to oxytetracycline, 37.5% to neomycin, 18.75% to streptomycin and 6.25% to erythromycin. All isolates were resistant to novobiocin.     

The activity of ceftiofur sodium for Aeromonas spp. isolated from ornamental fish.

Our objective was to determine the activity of ceftiofur sodium against Aeromonas hydrophila and A. sobria isolated from a variety of domestic and imported tropical fish. Twelve antimicrobial drugs were tested for effectiveness against these aeromonads using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion technique and minimum inhibitory concentration determinations. Ceftiofur sodium was highly effective in vitro against aeromonads isolated from ornamental fish. Of the 42 isolates of Aeromonas spp. tested, none were resistant to ceftiofur sodium; however, all isolates were resistant to ampicillin, and 71% were resistant to tetracycline.     

几种中药单体和抗生素对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌的体外抑菌活性研究

考察没食子酸等6种中药单体和诺氟沙星等3种抗生素对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌的体外抑菌活性及其联合抑菌作用。通过琼脂扩散法测定受试物的抑菌作用,用微量二倍稀释法测定受试物最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,用棋盘法考察受试物的联合抑菌作用。6种中药单体中没食子酸和槲皮素对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌抑制作用较强,抑菌圈均达到20 mm以上,没食子酸对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌的MIC和MBC均为250 g/mL;槲皮素对嗜水气单胞菌的MIC和MBC均为500 g/mL,对温和气单胞菌的MIC和MBC分别为250和500 g/mL;而大黄素甲醚等4种中药单体无明显的抑菌作用。嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考等抗生素均极敏感。在联合药敏试验中,没食子酸与恩诺沙星或氟苯尼考、槲皮素与氟苯尼考联合用药对嗜水气单胞菌具有相加抑菌作用;没食子酸与恩诺沙星联合用药对温和气单胞菌具有协同抑菌作用,没食子酸与诺氟沙星或氟苯尼考、槲皮素与氟苯尼考联合用药对温和气单胞菌具有相加抑菌作用。没食子酸和槲皮素对嗜水气单胞菌及温和气单胞菌具有显著的抑制作用,二者与恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、氟苯尼考等抗生素联合应用具有相加或协同作用,有助于降低抗生素的用量及残留。       

黄沙鳖白底板病病原菌的分离鉴定及6种毒力基因检测

用常规方法从患典型白底板病黄沙鳖的心脏、肝脏等处进行细菌的接种分离, 通过人工感染确定分离菌株的致病性, API 20NE、16S rRNA基因序列分析进行病原菌鉴定和确定其系统发育地位, K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验, PCR检测病原菌的6种毒力基因。试验结果, 共分离到13株病原菌, 其中嗜水气单胞菌9株, 温和气单胞菌4株。在9株嗜水气单胞菌中, 有5株与Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966菌株亲源关系最近, 4株与Aeromonas hydrophila北京株QDC01的亲源关系最近; 而4株温和气单胞菌与Aeromonas sobria ATCC 43979的亲源关系最近。药敏试验结果, 仅头孢哌酮对13株病原菌都高度敏感, 来源于不同养殖区域的病原菌药敏结果相差较大。6种毒力基因的阳性率, Aer、Act和ahp均为100%, hly和Alt为92.31%, ahal为76.92%; 毒力基因型共有4种, 嗜水气单胞菌主要为hly+Aer+Alt+Act+ahal+ahp+基因型, 而温和气单胞菌主要为 hly+Aer+Alt－Act+ahal+ahp+基因型, 同时携带hly基因的菌株其致病力更强。       

Effect of Aeromonas proteases on the binding of Aeromonas hydrophila strains to connective tissue proteins

125I-labelled connective tissue protein binding to cells of Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. sobria strains isolated from diseased fish, was correlated with the Aeromonas protease degradation of 125I-labelled collagen types I and IV, fibronectin and laminin, immobilized on tissue culture microtitre plates. An inverse relation between 125I-labelled connective tissue protein binding to cells of Aeromonas strains and proteolytic degradation of immobilized connective tissue proteins by Aeromonas proteases was established. Inhibition of the Aeromonas proteolytic activity by protease inhibitors enhances the 125I-labelled connective tissue protein binding to cells of Aeromonas hydrophila strains. Culture conditions were found to influence both expression of proteolytic activity and binding properties.