骨髓间充质干细胞体内诱导分化为心肌细胞

观察骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)植入体内后,在心肌微环境诱导下分化为心肌细胞的能力。无菌条件下取出大鼠双侧股骨及胫骨,冲洗骨髓腔获得细胞,贴壁筛选法纯化MSCs,体外培养、扩增,4,6-二咪基-4-联苯基吲哚(4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)标记细胞,注入结扎冠脉左前降支所致心肌梗塞模型鼠的心肌组织。在不同时间点处死大鼠,获取心肌组织,采用HE染色和电镜技术对植入MSCs进行形态学观察和超微结构检测,荧光免疫组化检测植入MSCs肌球蛋白重链(MHC)和心肌特异性抗原Cx43的表达,同时应用RT-PCR技术检测心脏早期发育基因NKx2．5、GATA-4的表达。结果发现细胞标记效率为100％,通过连续检测MSCs植入后细胞形态从无规则状态、幼稚细胞表型逐渐向成熟心肌细胞方向转化,植入细胞排列同正常肌纤维方向平行,且植入四周后电镜检测到闰盘的存在;两周出现MHC的表达,后随时间延长表达逐渐增强。四周出现Cx43的表达,以后表达稳定,RT-PCR检测NKx2．5、GATA-4在一天即出现弱表达,两周～三周时表达最强,以后强度逐渐减弱。结果表明MSCs在体内微环境条件下能够转化为心肌细胞。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在大鼠体内的迁移研究

目的:将体外预先标记的骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs)移植到大鼠脑内观察细胞的存活和转归,从在体(invivo)角度阐明MSCs在中枢神经系统疾病细胞治疗中的潜在应用前景。首先用DiI在体外标记MSCs。将标记后的MSCs分别移植到大鼠纹状体和侧脑室,在移植后2w和4w灌杀动物,进行脑组织及脊髓的冰冻切片,在荧光显微镜下观察细胞的存活与转归。结果:移植到纹状体的MSCs可沿针道向周围实质迁移,迁移的最远距离可达0.2mm。并且,在大脑皮层及其他脑实质的血管壁、血管中以及血管周围还可见到标记细胞;而移植到侧脑室的MSCs则主要沿脑室系统迁移,细胞主要分布在移植侧侧脑室,对侧脑室与第四脑室也有分布,也有少量细胞沿侧脑室向周围实质迁移,迁移的最远距离为0.23mm。还可见到沿胼胝体向对侧脑室迁移的细胞流,甚至有个别细胞迁移至脊髓腰段。所有动物在细胞移植后4周均未发现肿瘤形成。结论:MSCs脑内移植后可以在中枢神经系统内存活并迁移,无致瘤性。结果提示骨髓间充质细胞是很多疾病细胞与基因治疗的有力工具。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化为脂肪细胞的免疫细胞化学研究

目的 探讨大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSC)分离、纯化和体外诱导分化为脂肪细胞。方法 用密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养、定期换液,分离纯化出生大鼠MSC,传代扩增,并用免疫细胞化学法鉴定大鼠MSC的表面抗原。含地塞米松、3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤和胰岛素的培养液诱导MSC分化后,油红O染色鉴定。结果 大鼠MSC体外扩增10代以上,稳定表达CD44、CD54、CD106。油红O染色显示诱导后,71.2％有脂滴积聚。结论 从大鼠骨髓分离、纯化、体外诱导培养MSC,可定向分化为脂肪细胞表型。     

氯化锂对人骨髓间充质干细胞迁移的影响

目的:探究氯化锂(Lithium chlorid,LiCl)对人骨髓间充质干细胞(human Mesenchymal Stem Cells,hMSCs)迁移的影响。方法:采用划痕试验、Transwell chamber等方法,在梯度浓度LiCl作用下,观察对hMSCs迁移效果的影响并进行分析。结果:1划痕试验显示hMSCs在梯度浓度LiCl作用下,细胞迁移距离逐渐减少,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。2 Transwell chamber实验显示hMSCs在梯度浓度LiCl作用下,穿梭至小室下方的细胞逐渐减少,锂剂作用组迁移细胞数差异与对照组比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:LiCl可抑制hMSCs的迁移且呈浓度依赖性。     

Rho GTPases与骨髓间充质干细胞的迁移和分化

Rho家族小分子鸟苷三磷酸酶（small GTPases of Rho family,Rho GTPases）是调节细胞许多生理病理活动的关键分子开关,参与细胞骨架、基因转录、细胞周期进程、细胞黏附的调控及多条信号通路的调节。骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的特殊细胞,通过增殖、迁移、分化等途径参与机体损伤组织的修复过程。研究表明,Rho GT-Pases在MSCs迁移、分化等过程中起着重要的调节作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化的研究

无论是在体外实验、还是在体内实验,MSCs都可以向中枢神经系统(CNS)神经细胞分化,但争议颇多。因为功能性神经元不仅要具有典型神经元的形态、特异性标记,还要求具有可兴奋性、能和其他神经元形成突触联系、产生突触电位等,所以对于骨髓间充质干细胞是否能诱导出真正具有功能的神经元存在很大分歧。在此对MSCs向神经细胞诱导分化研究的现况、存在的问题及发展前景给以综述。     

骨髓间充质干细胞的研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞是存在于骨髓中的具有高度自我更新能力和多向分化潜能的干细胞群体 ,具有支持造血、多向分化潜能以及在细胞和基因工程中具有潜在应用前景等特点 ,将在医学上具有重要的临床应用价值。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在大鼠实验中的移植途径及比较

骨髓间充质干细胞是具有自我更新能力和分化潜能的一类成体干细胞,经过局部微环境的诱导,可在体内外进行扩展,到晚期可分化成为多种细胞系。当组织受损伤时,可迅速到达损伤部位,分化为特异的组织细胞,参与组织修复。骨髓间充质干细胞这种惊人的分化及组织修复能力,为治疗退行性疾病和器官损伤性疾病提供广阔前景,故成为科研热点。国内外相关实验研究多以大鼠为动物模型,而骨髓间充质干细胞如何进入大鼠体内并定植,是实验成功的重要前提。因此如何找到最合适、最安全的移植途径将骨髓间充质干细胞有效地移植进入大鼠疾病模型体内的受损区域,是研究者关心的重点。本文就目前骨髓间充质干细胞在大鼠实验中不同移植途径进行综述,并比较各种途径的优缺点,希望能对临床科研工作提供参考,并期待能有更成熟的移植手段来推动骨髓间充质干细胞实验研究的进展。     

体外化学诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞

To investigate the potential of adult mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from human bone marrow to undergo cardiomyogenic differentiation after exposure of 5-azacytidine in vitro. A small bone marrow aspirate was taken from the iliac crest of human volunteers, and hMSCs were isolated by 1.073 g/mL Percoll and cultured in the right cell culturing medium as previously described. The phonotypes of hMSCs were identified by flow cytometry. The stem cells were cultured in cell culture medium (as control) and medium mixed with 5-azacytidine (5-aza, 3, 5, 10 micromol/L) (n=5, respectively) for cellular differentiation. We examined respectively with immunohischemistry at 21 days of inducement on desmin, cardiac-specific cardiac troponin I (cTnI), GATA4 & connexin43. The ultrastructures of induced cells were examined by transmission electron microscope. The results indicated that the hMSCs showed a fibroblast-like morphology with vortex distribution in their peak propagation, and express high level of CD44 but negative for CD34 and CD45. 20%-30% cells grown after 5, 10 microl/L 5-aza treatment connected with adjoining cells and coalesced into myotube structures after 14 days. After 21 days of culturing, immunohistochemistry revealed expression of desmin, GATA4, cTnI and connexin43 in 5, 10 micromol/L showed positive, but no cardiac specific protein were found in neither 3 micromol/L nor in control group. The ratio of cTnI positive stained cells in 10 micromol/L group were higher than that in 5 micromol/L group (65.3+/-4.7% vs 48.2+/-5.4%, p<0.05). Electron microscopy revealed myofilaments were formed. The results indicated that purified hMSCs from adult bone marrow can be differentiated into cardiac-like muscle cells with 5-aza inducement in vitro and the differentiation is in line with the 5-aza concentration.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的分离纯化与初步鉴定

目的：探讨体外分离、纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)的方法,分析其部分表型特点。方法：用密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法分离纯化大鼠骨髓MSCs,传代扩增,测定生长曲线,形态学观察,免疫细胞化学及图像分析测定细胞表面抗原和细胞外基质蛋白表达情况。结果：MSCs属骨髓中单个核细胞,密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法能有效分离纯化大鼠骨髓MSCs,MSCs在含10％小牛血清的L-DMEM中生长性状相对稳定,1、3、5代细胞生长曲线基本一致,增殖速度快。细胞呈均一的成纤维细胞样,均一表达CD44、CD54、纤维粘连蛋白(Fibronectin,FN)、Ⅰ型胶原(CollagenⅠ)。结论：本实验建立了一种体外分离纯化、培养扩增大鼠骨髓MSCs的方法,MSCs稳定表达CD44、CD54、FN、CollagenⅠ。     

鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及定向诱导分化为内皮样细胞

目的：探讨体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（rBMMSCs）的分离培养和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）对其定向诱导为内皮样细胞（ELCs）的可行性。方法：采用Percoll（1.073g/ml）分离液分离骨髓单个核细胞,用含10%胎牛血清（FBS）的LG-DMEM培养基贴壁纯化培养,倒置显微镜、免疫细胞化学法、流式细胞仪、MTT法、透射电镜（TEM）联合对rBMMSCs形态、表型、生长曲线、细胞周期以及超微结构进行鉴定;诱导后的细胞,采用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,免疫细胞化学法检测CD31、CD144（VE-cadherin）和CD34表达以及摄取Dil-ac-LDL、结合FITC-UEA-1的功能特点。结果：rBMMSCs呈长梭形,漩涡状排列。细胞生长曲线显示潜伏期、对数生长期和平台期,符合干细胞的生长规律。透射电镜结果表明：rBMMSCs有两种不同的形态结构,其中体积较小、核质比大、胞质内细胞器稀少者为处于未分化或分化较低状态的幼稚型rBMMSCs。细胞周期分析显示：第4代细胞G0/G1期为95.67%,表明绝大部分细胞处于非增殖状态;诱导后的部分细胞形态可见类似ELCs改变,表达血管内皮细胞（ECs）特异性表面标志CD31、CD34和CD144,具有摄取Dil-ac-LDL以及结合FITC-UEA-1的功能特点。结论：采用Percoll密度梯度离心与贴壁培养相结合的方法所培养的rBMMSCs在体外具有定向诱导分化为ELCs的潜能,可能成为血管组织工程理想的种子细胞来源。     

Cholinergic neuronal differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rhesus monkeys

The purpose of the present study was to determine the best cholinergic neuronal differentiation method of rhesus monkey bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).Four methods were used to induce differentiation,and the groups were assigned accordingly:basal inducing group(culture media,bFGF,and forskolin);SHH inducing group(SHH,inducing group);RA inducing group(RA,basal inducing group);and SHH+RA inducing group(SHH,RA,and basal inducing group).All groups displayed neuronal morphology and increased expressio...     

Leukemia inhibitory factor contributes to hepatocyte-like differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

The current majority of protocols for hepatocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are conducted using oncostatin M (OSM) as an inducer of hepatocyte-like maturation. As leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and OSM share similar signaling pathways, we examined whether LIF could play a role in the hepatocyte differentiation process. A differentiation protocol was designed using LIF as a maturation cytokine and this was compared with standard and control protocols applied to human MSCs of bone marrow origin. We observed that mesenchymal-derived hepatocyte-like cells (MDHLCs) acquired similar morphological changes when exposed to LIF or to OSM. Using protein and gene expression assays, we noticed a comparable hepatic marker expression in both differentiation conditions. Furthermore, LIF and OSM allowed the acquisition of equivalent levels of hepatocyte-like functionality as attested by evaluation of urea secretion and glycogen deposition. However, no increase in the expression of hepatocyte-like features could be observed in MDHLCs after a combined exposition to LIF and OSM. In conclusion, we demonstrated that LIF can play a similar role as OSM in the hepatocyte differentiation process of human MSCs.     

Differentiation potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in duck

The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） are multipotent stem cells which can differentiate into mesenchymal cells in vitro. In this study, MSCs in duck were isolated from bone marrow by density gradient centrifuge separation, purified and expanded in the me- dium. The primary MSCs were expanded for 11 passages. The different-passage MSCs were induced to differentiate into osteoblasts and neuron-like cells. Karyotype analysis indicated that MSCs kept diploid condition and the hereditary feature was stable. The different- passage MSCs expressed CD44, ICAM-1 and SSEA-4, but not CD34, CD45 and SSEA-1 when detected by immunofluorescence staining There was no significant difference among the positive rates of passages 2, 6 and 8 （P 〉 0.05）, but a significant difference existed among those of passages 2, 6, 8 and 11 （P 〈 0.05）. After the osteogenic inducement was added, the induced different-passage MSCs expressed high-level alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, and are positive for tetracycline staining, Alizarin Red staining and Von Kossa staining. After the neural inducement was added, about 70% cells exhibited typical neuron-like phenotype, the induced different-passage MSCs expressed Nestin, neuron-specific enolase （NSE） and glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） when detected by immunofluorescence staining. There was no significant difference among the positive rates of passages 3, 4 and 6 （P〉0.05）, but a significant difference existed among those of passages 3, 4, 6 and 8 （P〈0.05）. These results suggest that MSCs in duck were capable of differentiating into osteoblasts and neuron-like cells in vitro.     

Role of human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells in promoting osteogenic differentiation by influencing p38 MAPK signaling in lipopolysaccharide -induced human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by bacterial pathogens, which not only affect connective tissue attachments but also cause alveolar bone loss. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HAMSCs) on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs) under lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory conditions. Proliferation levels were measured by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU). Osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization were investigated using chromogenic alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) activity substrate assays, Alizarin red S staining, and RT-PCR analysis of HBMSCs osteogenic marker expression. Oxidative stress induced by LPS was investigated by assaying reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Here, we demonstrated that HAMSCs increased the proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, and SOD activity of LPS-induced HBMSCs, and down-regulated the ROS level. Moreover, our results suggested that the activation of p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway is essential for reversing the LPS-induced bone-destructive processes. SB203580, a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK signaling, significantly suppressed the anti-inflammatory effects in HAMSCs. In conclusion, HAMSCs show a strong potential in treating inflammation-induced bone loss by influencing p38 MAPK signaling.     

Culture and neural differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

Adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several types of mesenchymal cells, including osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes, but can also differentiate into non-mesenchymal cells, such as neural cells, under appropriate experimental conditions. Until now, many protocols for inducing neuro-differentiation in MSCs in vitro have been reported. But due to the differences in MSCs' isolation and culture conditions, the results of previous studies lacked consistency and comparability. In this study, we induced differentiation into neural phenotype in the same MSCs population by three different treatments: beta-mercaptoethanol, serum-free medium and co-cultivation with fetal mouse brain astrocytes. In all of the three treatments, MSCs could express neural markers such as NeuN or GFAP, associating with remarkable morphological modifications. But these treatments led to neural phenotype in a non-identical manner. In serum-free medium, MSCs mainly differentiated into neuron-like cells, expressing neuronal marker NeuN, and BME can promote this process. Differently, after co-culturing with astrocytes, MSCs leaned to differentiate into GFAP(+) cells. These data confirmed that MSCs can exhibit plastic neuro-differentiational potential in vitro, depending on the protocols of inducement.     

Cytokine-induced stable neuronal differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a serum/feeder cell-free condition

The characteristics and multilineage differentiation potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM MSC) remain controversial. This study aimed to characterize human BM MSC isolated by plastic adherent or antibody selection and their neuronal differentiation potential using growth factors or chemical inducing agents. MSC were found to express low levels of neuronal markers: neurofilament-M, beta tubulin III, and neuron specific enolase. Under a serum- and feeder cell-free condition, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor induced neuronal morphology in MSC. In addition to the above markers, these cells expressed neurotransmitters or associated proteins: gamma-aminobutyric acid, tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin. These changes were maintained for up to 3 months in all bone marrow specimens (N = 6). In contrast, butylated hydroxyanisole and dimethylsulfoxide were unable to induce sustained neuronal differentiation. Our results show that MSC isolated by two different procedures produced identical lineage differentiation with defined growth factors in a serum- and feeder cell-free condition.