三种生物源农药对桃树蚜虫的防治效果研究

为筛选生产上防治桃树蚜虫的生物源农药,开展了1.5%除虫菊素水剂、0.3%苦参碱水剂和5%桉油精可溶液剂对桃树蚜虫的田间防效试验。结果表明,3种生物源农药中以0.3%苦参碱水剂防治效果最好,药后1 d防效为70.12%,药后7 d防效为91.96%,与对照药剂70% 吡虫啉水分散粒剂防效相当,具有较好的速效性和持效性。苦参碱对桃树安全,是防治桃蚜的理想药剂,生产上推荐使用浓度为1 000倍液。     

八种杀虫剂对愈纹萤叶甲成虫的毒力及田间防控效果

【目的】为探索适用于愈纹萤叶甲Galeruca reichardti成虫的防治药剂室内毒力测定方法,并筛选其防治的有效药剂。【方法】分别采用浸虫法、浸叶法和胃毒触杀联合毒力法测定了8种药剂对其成虫的毒力,并通过大田试验进一步验证。【结果】浸虫法测得除虫菊素对愈纹萤叶甲成虫的毒力最高,其LC50值为68.24 mg/L;浸叶法测得氟啶虫胺腈的毒力最高,其LC50值为111.11 mg/L;胃毒触杀联合法测得氟啶虫胺腈的毒力最高,其LC50值为67.94 mg/L。其中,除虫菊素毒力值变化最大,浸虫法毒力是浸叶法的28.97倍,胃毒联合法毒力是浸叶法的17.83倍。蛇床子素、苦参碱在3种生测方法中毒力较低。田间试验结果显示,50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂562.5 g/hm2防治效果达94.90%,对韭菜苗保苗效果为81.45%,且显著高于其他药剂。【结论】3种毒力测定方法均可用于该虫的毒力测定,而从此虫的为害特点来看,胃毒触杀联合毒力法更能显示药剂的毒力性质。在愈纹萤叶甲成虫盛发期选择氟啶虫胺腈喷施可以有效减轻该虫为害。     

农药对农区生物多样性的影响

农药的大量使用,已造成了许多生态环境问题,其中对生物多样性的影响尤为重要．农药的不合理使用,对生物群落的结构与功能产生了严重影响,降低了生物多样性．从昆虫群落结构、土壤中无脊椎动物种群数量、微生物区系和植物群落等方面论述了农药对农业区域生物多样性的影响,并提出了合理使用农药。保护农业区域生物多样性的具体措施．     

温度对双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫寿命及繁殖的影响

双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica（Motschulsky）已成为新疆北疆棉区的一重大新害虫,在室内5个恒温下（19、22、25、28和31℃）研究了温度对双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫寿命及生殖力的影响。结果表明,在19、22、25、28和31℃下雌雄成虫平均寿命分别为64.1、60.8、55.6、42.1和34.7d,雌虫平均寿命明显长于雄虫;温度对雌成虫产卵前期、产卵期及产卵量有影响,在前述19～31℃5个温度下,其平均产卵量分别为29.2、82.1、93.8、73.4和63.1粒/雌。     

林木白蚁的生物防治和生物源农药防治研究进展

林木白蚁在我国南方林区危害严重.目前,林木白蚁的防治仍以化学防治为主.但化学农药残毒严重,对环境和人类健康已构成极大威胁.利用生物防治以及生物源农药对林木白蚁进行防治具有高效、低毒,与环境兼容的特性,极具发展潜力.本文综述了生物防治以及生物源农药防治林木白蚁的研究现状与进展,并对其目前存在的问题和未来应用前景进行了分析...     

低温胁迫对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫过冷却能力及生长发育的影响

【目的】低温是影响昆虫生长发育和存活的关键因子之一。通过研究低温胁迫对沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica Joannis幼虫过冷却能力及生长发育的影响,为进一步预测其种群动态及分布范围奠定必要的基础。【方法】在室内,沙葱萤叶甲1龄幼虫经不同的低温处理后,测定其过冷却点及后期幼虫和蛹的发育历期及存活率。【结果】快速冷驯化对1龄幼虫的过冷却点存在极显著的影响,其中在﹣10℃下处理2 h后的过冷却点显著低于对照,而在﹣6℃下处理2 h后与对照无显著性差异。经低温处理存活的1龄幼虫在25℃下继续饲养至蜕皮为2龄幼虫,测得的过冷却点与对照均无显著差异。1龄幼虫经历不同低温处理后,1龄和2龄幼虫发育历期和幼虫总发育历期与对照相比均显著延长;蛹期与对照相比差异不显著;短时低温处理(2 h)对3龄幼虫发育历期无显著影响,而较低温度(﹣5℃)的长时间(2~6 d)处理却显著缩短了3龄幼虫发育历期,但0℃处理对3龄幼虫发育历期影响不显著。低温处理对后期1龄和2龄幼虫死亡率存在显著的影响,但对3龄幼虫和蛹的死亡率影响不显著。通常在低温处理时间相同的情况下,胁迫温度越低,对后期幼虫发育历期和死亡率影响越大;在处理温度相同的情况下,胁迫时间越长,对后期幼虫发育历期和死亡率影响越大。【结论】低温胁迫可以显著地提高沙葱萤叶甲幼虫的过冷却能力,但却延长了后期幼虫的发育历期及降低了其存活率,胁迫温度越低、时间越长,影响程度越大。     

变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲发育速率的影响

沙葱萤叶甲为近年来在内蒙古草原猖獗成灾的新害虫,为明确温度对其发育速率的影响,分别设置5个变温组合(8/20℃,11/23℃,14/26℃,17/29℃和20/32℃)和6个恒温(13℃,17℃,21℃,25℃,29℃和33℃),比较了变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹发育速率的影响。结果表明,不同变温组合和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育速率有显著的影响。发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在变温条件下,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从最低温度组合(8/20℃,平均15℃)的11.00,13.44,23.18,46.42和16.89 d,缩短至最高温度组合(20/32℃,平均27℃)的4.92,4.63,9.17,17.83和5.83 d;在恒温条件下,13℃下幼虫不能发育和存活,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从17℃的14.50,10.75,20.63,45.50和11.00 d,缩短至33℃的6.10,5.47,10.60,22.17和5.33 d。在变温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7.44℃和8.48℃,有效积温分别为344.82日度和113.52日度;在恒温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为0.64℃和5.11℃,有效积温分别为714.28日度和147.06日度。变温促进了沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育,本研究结果为沙葱萤叶甲的预测预报及综合防控提供了科学依据。     

沙葱萤叶甲对蜕皮激素响应的转录组分析

为建立沙葱萤叶甲Gauleruca daurica成虫对蜕皮激素(20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E)响应的转录组数据库,挖掘对20E响应的基因以及代谢和信号通路,并在转录组水平探讨20E调控生殖滞育的分子机制,本研究采用Illumina HiSeqTM4000高通量测序平台对20E及二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)处理后的沙葱萤叶甲成虫进行了转录组测序,共获得80 313个unigene;与阴性对照DMSO相比,共获得201个差异表达基因,其中106个上调、95个下调。GO和KEGG富集分析表明,多数差异表达功能基因富集于各种代谢通路,其中核黄素代谢(riboflavin metabolism)、溶酶体(lysosome)和泛酸与乙酰辅酶A合成(pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis)通路显著富集(q<0.05)。结果表明,20E可能通过影响多种代谢通路调控沙葱萤叶甲的生殖滞育。     

泽漆乙醇提取物对十星瓢萤叶甲幼虫的拒食作用研究

研究结果表明泽漆乙醇提取物对十星瓢萤叶甲3龄幼虫有明显的拒食作用。拒食率随着浓度的增加而升高,而拒食效果随时间的延长而降低。选择性拒食作用中,24h和48h的AFC50分别为2600mg·L^-1和3698mg·L^-1;完全拒食作用中,24h和48h的AFC50分别为3749mg·L^-1和2754mg·L^-1。     

基于线粒体COⅡ基因序列的双斑长跗萤叶甲中国北方地理种群的遗传多样性研究

双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky)是自2001年以来在我国北方为害玉米呈加重趋势的一种害虫。为初步探讨中国北方不同地理种群间和种群内该害虫的遗传分化程度、 遗传多样性以及基因流水平, 对来自中国北方的26个不同地理种群的线粒体COⅡ (细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅱ) 基因片段序列的核苷酸多态性进行了研究。结果表明： 在515头个体的长度为484 bp COⅡ片段中共发现了28个变异位点和15种单倍型。单倍型间的系统进化分析发现, 15种单倍型主要分为两大分支。总种群单倍型多样性指数Hd为0.257, 种群内单倍型多样度在0.100～0.515范围内。总种群的Fst为0.585, Gst为0.417, 基因流Nm为0.35。AMOVA分子变异分析结果发现, 双斑长跗萤叶甲的遗传分化主要来自种群之间, 占方差比率的58.58%。实验总种群及大部分种群的中性检验符合中性突变, 说明我国北方双斑长跗萤叶甲在近期没有出现种群扩张现象。研究结果揭示中国北方双斑长跗萤叶甲不同地理种群间基因流水平低, 种群间已发生明显的遗传分化, 分化主要来自种群之间。     

不同杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力及田间药效

【目的】西花蓟马是一种世界性的危险性入侵害虫,筛选防治西花蓟马的有效药剂可为生产中科学用药提供依据。【方法】通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定了2种化学药剂和8种生物药剂对西花蓟马成虫的致死中浓度(LC_(50))和药后不同时期的防治效果。【结果】室内毒力测定依据LC_(50)值将各药剂对西花蓟马的敏感性由高到低依次排序为乙基多杀菌素(0.1958 mg·L~(-1))、印楝素(0.9399 mg·L~(-1))、苦参碱(1.2483 mg·L~(-1))、阿维菌素(1.8096 mg·L~(-1))、高效氯氰菊酯(4.4458 mg·L~(-1))、藜芦碱(10.7628 mg·L~(-1))、鱼藤酮(18.1898 mg·L~(-1))、吡虫啉(46.3964 mg·L~(-1))、松脂酸钠(131.5214 mg·L~(-1))、苏云金杆菌(446.2318 mg·L~(-1));田间药效试验发现,乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉防治西花蓟马均表现出较强的速效性和持效性,药后1～14 d的防效分别可达84%和73%以上;其次是藜芦碱,药后1～14 d的防效可达48.15%～61.37%;高效氯氰菊酯的防效较低,药后14 d的防效为46.22%;生物药剂阿维菌素、苏云金杆菌、苦参碱、印楝素的速效性均较低,但防效随施药后时间的延长而逐渐上升;鱼藤酮持效性最低。【结论】乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉可推荐为生产中防治西花蓟马的首选药剂,植物源药剂藜芦碱和生物药剂阿维菌素可作为交替使用药剂。     

Oviposition bioassay responses of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus to neem products containing azadirachtin

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) products have been shown to exert pesticidal properties against a variety of insect species. In mosquito control programs, such products may have the potential to be used successfully as larvicides. In exploring other advantages of neem products, we studied the oviposition responses of Culex tarsalis Coquillett and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say to two experimental azadirachtin (AZ) formulations, wettable powder Azad ^– WP10 (WP) and emulsifiable concentrate Azad ^– EC4.5 (EC). Gravid Cx. tarsalis exhibited a distinct preference for the neem suspension of the WP, where significantly more egg rafts were collected from the treatment than from the control. The minimum effective AZ concentration for this activity was 0.5 ppm. The aged suspensions from 1–7 days at 0.5 and 1 ppm AZ were more active in eliciting oviposition responses in Cx. tarsalis than the fresh preparations. This activity of the aged suspensions lasted up to 14 and 21 days at 0.5 and 1 ppm AZ, respectively. Negative ovipositional responses were indicated in the tests of the EC vs. Cx. tarsalis, as well as both neem formulations vs. Cx. quinquefasciatus. In the tests of the EC formulation, significantly less gravid females were trapped by oviposition cups in the treatment than in the control, and in the tests of the WP significantly less egg rafts were collected from the treatment than from the control. The minimum effective concentrations for oviposition avoidance activity were 5 ppm AZ for Cx. tarsalis and 10 ppm AZ for Cx. quinquefasciatus, which lasted up to 1 and 4 days for these two species respectively. Neem products potentially used as mosquito larvicides may have many additional benefits in mosquito control programs, the oviposition modification noted in the current studies is one such example.     

Male accessory gland substances and the control of sexual receptivity in female Culex tarsalis

ABSTRACT. Homogenates of accessory glands from male Culex tarsalis Coquillet (Diptera; Culicidae) were fractionated using gel filtration column chromatography. A component of low molecular weight capable of suppressing female sexual receptivity was obtained and partially characterized. Proteins present in homogenates of isolated accessory glands formed aggregates with other proteins in extracts of whole mosquitoes. Consequently, previous reports of the molecular weight of biologically active components in homogenates from accessory glands from other mosquito species may be inaccurate.
When female Cx. tarsalis were mated with ³H-leucine labelled males. radioactivity could be found throughout the body of the female 24 h after mating. Autoradiography showed that the radioactivity was incorporated into the cells of various organs, and was not specifically localized in a particular target tissue. Approximately 30% of the total radioactivity transferred to the female was found in the head and thoracic regions, and proteins from the head had a specific activity twice that of the thoracic proteins. Bioassay of isolated body parts from mated and virgin females showed that injections of head tissues from mated females into virgin females suppressed sexual receptivity. These results suggest that the head is involved in the physiological mechanisms resulting in refractory mating behaviour.     

降解有机氯农药的微生物菌株分离筛选及应用效果

以有机氯农药 (666、DDT)作为唯一碳源的Tonomura培养基分离筛选后,得到降解 666(BHC)的主要菌株有153号 (芽孢菌属Bacillus)、411号(无色杆菌属Achromobacter)和 512号 (假单孢菌属Pseudomonas),其对 666总量的降解率分别为 59.6%、56.9%和 56%,对 β-666的降解率分别为 55.9%、57.6%和56.9%.降解DDT的主要菌株有:288号(产碱杆菌属Alcaligenes)、410号和 411号 (均为无色杆菌属),其对DDT总量的降解率分别达 5 9.0%、47.5%和 45.1%,对PP′-DDT的降解率为 59.9%、57.6%和 49.6%.将这些分离出的菌株制成复合菌剂,应用于盆栽试验和田间试验,所得到的降解效应类似于纯培养试验,表明田间应用复合菌剂,对降解农药残留是可行的.     

Toxicity of pesticides to the citrus leafminer and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola evaluated to assess their suitability for an IPM program in citrus nurseries

The relative toxicity of pesticides to Phyllocnistis citrella and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola was compared by several bioassay methods. A clip-cage bioassay measured survival of adults exposed to fresh residues at 0.25-times (0.25×), 0.5×, 1×, and 2× the lowest recommended rate of each pesticide, a water control (0×), and 24- and 48-h aged residues of oil at 1.5% (1×) rate. A one-species cylinder bioassay determined the effects of pesticides on immature stages of the citrus leafminer after treating young citrus trees with the same rates of pesticides (except for avermectin, tested at 0×, 0.01×, 0.025×, 0.05×, 0.1×, and 0.25× rates). A sublethal rate of petroleum oil (0.4%) was added as an adjuvant in some treatments. The effect of pesticides on immature stages of A. citricola was determined with a two-species cylinder bioassay after treating young citrus trees with the same rates as above. An index of IPM compatibility was developed based on the efficacy of the pesticide as a control agent of the leafminer (or other pests) and its selectivity to the parasitoid at the lowest recommended field rate (0.25× the field rate for avermectin). Azadirachtin (Neemix) + oil, diflubenzuron (Micromite) + oil, fenoxycarb (Eclipse) + oil, and oil alone (FC 435-66) were classified as IPM-compatible insecticides. Sprays of azadirachtin (Align) + oil, neem oil (Neemgard), and drenched imidacloprid (Admire) were ranked as a semi-compatible insecticides. The fungicide copper hydroxide (Kocide 101) and a fish oil-based foliar fertilizer (Zapata HFE) were considered compatible. Avermectin (Agri-Mek) + oil, ethion (Ethion), and imidacloprid (Provado) applied as a spray were IPM-incompatible insecticides. These products should be tested under field conditions to confirm these ratings.     

对虾的不同发育阶段对有机磷农药的敏感性及其机理初探

对硫磷、甲基异柳磷和久效磷对中国对虾无节幼虫、蚤状幼虫、糠虾幼虫、仔虾的２４ｈＬＣ５０分别为６．０、４．０、３．８、１８×１０－３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１;８．０、３．５、３．５、３０×１０－３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１;２４、２４、２４、０．９ｍｇ·Ｌ－１;敌敌畏均为４８×１０－３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１;对硫磷对南美白对虾为８．６、８．２、８．０、２．０×１０－３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１．研究结果表明,对虾的幼虫前期对硫代磷酸酯类农药的抗性强,仔虾及以后各期抗性弱,而各幼虫期对磷酸酯类农药的敏感性基本相同．     

生源要素有效性及生物因子对湿地土壤碳矿化的影响

湿地土壤是全球碳存储的重要场所,湿地生态系统的碳循环过程对全球变化有重要指示作用。土壤碳矿化是湿地生态系统碳循环的重要环节,对于认知湿地生态系统生物地球化学循环过程具有重要的意义。综述了生源要素及生物因素对湿地土壤碳矿化的内在作用机制。土壤活性有机碳库通过调节土壤能源物质和微生物活性影响土壤碳库的有效性,是表征土壤碳矿化的敏感指标。湿地其它养分如N、P、S等元素的有效性也是影响土壤碳矿化的关键要素。电子受体(NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Fe³⁺、Mn⁴⁺等)对湿地土壤碳矿化和有机碳转变的影响主要通过电子受体的还原过程完成,在厌氧分解过程中,湿地土壤利用难溶性电子受体可能是土壤C矿化的更重要途径。动物、植物、微生物群落和区系等则是土壤碳矿化的主要驱动因子。土壤动物区系在有机态养分矿化为无机态养分的过程有着独特的功能,能显著增加土壤碳矿化。土壤微生物的活性,决定着土壤中有机碎屑的降解速率,是土壤有机碳分解周转的主要诱导因素。湿地植物则通过影响根系、微生物呼吸底物的供应以及对小气候和土壤因子的调节而影响土壤有机质的分解。湿地生源要素和生物因子还极易与土壤理化性质如温度、水分、pH值和质地等环境因素形成交互和制约,共同影响土壤碳矿化。最后,提出了进一步研究生源要素和生物因素与湿地土壤碳矿化关系需要解决的一些重要问题。     

Risks of pesticides to groundwater ecosystems

The current standard for pesticides in groundwater in the Netherlands is the same as that for drinking water: a maximum of 0.1 μg per liter for each individual pesticide and a maximum of 0.5 μg per liter for all agents collectively. This standard applies to water located at least ten meters below ground level. It is based on an old detection limit, which is out of date by now, and on the view that drinking water should be entirely free of pesticides. Recently, however, there are increasing calls for a system of standards underpinned by toxicological data. A committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands (please see note at the end of this article) has dealt with the question whether, apart from human health criteria, ecotoxicological criteria should be taken into consideration when evaluating the risks posed by pesticides in groundwater. This paper closely follows the executive summary of her report     

Combined approaches for evaluation of xenoestrogen neural toxicity and thyroid dysfunction: Screening of oxido‐nitrosative markers,DNA fragmentation,and biogenic amine degradation

Anthropogenic chemicals such as parabens and triclosan are used in personal care products. Due to their ability to decrease or prevent bacterial contamination and act as preservatives, these chemicals are used in cosmetic manufacturing processes to increase the shelf life of products. In this study, we assessed the side effects of environmental estrogens (such as the xenoestrogen butylparaben and the antimicrobial agent and preservative triclosan) on thyroid function, brain monoamine levels, and DNA aberration. Forty‐two male albino rats were divided into seven groups with six members each: the first group served as control; the second and the third groups were treated with butylparaben 10 and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively; the fourth and fifth groups were treated with triclosan 10 and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively; and the sixth and seventh groups were treated with butylparaben plus triclosan 10 and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively. After 60 days, blood samples were collected and brain specimens were divided into striatum, midbrain, cortex, and thalamus. Thyroid function and levels of monoamines and monoamine metabolites were determined for each brain area. Comet assay was used for brain tissue analysis. The results showed that butylparaben and triclosan and their combinations induced hypothyroidism and disrupted monoamine levels, leading to a decrease in catecholamine and serotonin levels, and accelerated production of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The obtained data indicate that anthropogenic chemicals such as butylparaben and triclosan have harmful effects on thyroid and brain function and accelerate cell destruction and mutation, as evidenced by single‐stranded DNA breaks in the comet assay.     

Degradation of biogenic amines by vineyard ecosystem fungi. Potential use in winemaking

Aims: To evaluate the ability of grapevine ecosystem fungi to degrade histamine, tyramine and putrescine in synthetic medium and in wines. Methods and Results: Grapevine and vineyard soil fungi were isolated from four locations of Spain and were subsequently identified by PCR. A total of 44 fungi were evaluated for in vitro amine degradation in a microfermentation system. Amine degradation by fungi was assayed by reversed‐phase (RP)‐HPLC. All fungi were able to degrade at least two different primary amines. Species of Pencillium citrinum, Alternaria sp., Phoma sp., Ulocladium chartarum and Epicoccum nigrum were found to exhibit the highest capacity for amine degradation. In a second experiment, cell‐free supernatants of P. citrinum CIAL‐274,760 (CECT 20782) grown in yeast carbon base with histamine, tyramine or putrescine, were tested for their ability to degrade amines in three different wines (red, white and synthetic). The highest levels of biogenic amine degradation were obtained with histamine‐induced enzymatic extract. Conclusion: The study highlighted the ability of grapevine ecosystem fungi to degrade biogenic amines and their potential application for biogenic amines removal in wine. Significance and Impact of Study: The fungi extracts described in this study may be useful in winemaking to reduce the biogenic amines content of wines, thereby preventing the possible adverse effects on health in sensitive individuals and the trade and export of wine.