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Climate change has been unprecedented in the last half-century. Tree growth dynamics and responses to climate warming at different elevations vary by study area due to regional diversity in site-specific climatic conditions in the central Hengduan Mountains. A. georgei is the dominant species in high-elevation montane forests in the central Hengduan Mountains. To study the response of A. georgei radial growth to climate and identify tree growth trends at different elevations, tree-ring width chronologies at four elevations across the subalpine A. georgei forest belt were built and growth-climate relationships were analyzed. The primary findings of this study were as follows: (1) radial growth rates of A. georgei decreased with elevation; (2) warming alleviated the limitation of low temperatures and abundant precipitation on tree radial growth at the highest sampling site; and (3) unlike at other elevations, the trend of trees basal area increment (BAI) at the lowest sampling site showed a significant decline over the past 20 years. This suggests the presence of an elevational inflection point, likely between 3800 m and 4000 m, where tree growth trends diverge. These results confirmed that A. georgei at higher elevation in the central Hengduan Mountains currently benefits from higher temperatures. However, the effects of drought on A. georgei at lower elevations would cause radial growth to decrease with climate warming. Therefore, it is critical to establish effective management strategies based on how A. georgei responds to climate change at various elevations. 相似文献
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Seed traits are related to several ecological attributes of a plant species, including its distribution. While the storage physiology of desiccation‐sensitive seeds has drawn considerable attention, their ecology has remained sidelined, particularly how the strong seasonality of precipitation in monsoonal climate affects their temporal and spatial distribution. We compiled data on seed mass, seed desiccation behavior, seed shedding, and germination periodicity in relation to monsoon and altitude for 198 native tree species of Indian Himalayas and adjoining plains to find out (1) the adaptive significance of seed mass and seed desiccation behavior in relation to monsoon and (2) the pattern of change in seed mass in relation to altitude, habitat moisture, and succession. The tree species fall into three categories with respect to seed shedding and germination periodicities: (1) species in which both seed shedding and germination are synchronized with monsoon, referred to as monsoon‐synchronized (MS, 46 species); (2) species in which seed germination is synchronized with monsoon, but seeds are shed several months before monsoon, referred to as partially monsoon‐synchronized (PMS, 112 species); and (3) species in which both shedding and germination occur outside of monsoon months, referred to as monsoon‐desynchronized (MD, 39 species). The seed mass of MS species (1,718 mg/seed) was greater than that of PMS (627 mg/seed) and MD (1,144 mg/seed). Of the 40 species with desiccation‐sensitive seeds, 45% belong to the MS category, almost similar (approx. 47%) to woody plants with desiccation‐sensitive seeds in evergreen rain forests. Seed mass differed significantly as per seed desiccation behavior and successional stage. No relationship of seed mass was found with altitude alone and on the basis of seed desiccation behavior. However, seed mass trend along the altitude differed among monsoon synchronization strategies. Based on our findings, we conclude that in the predicted climate change (warming and uncertain precipitation pattern) scenario, a delay or prolonged break‐spell of monsoon may adversely affect the regeneration ecology of desiccation‐sensitive seed‐bearing species dominant over large forest areas of monsoonal climate. 相似文献
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The distribution pattern of C3 and C4 grasses was studied in eight sites located between 350 m and 2100 m along an altitudinal gradient in Central Argentina. Of 139 taxa fifty-nine are C3 and eighty C4 . Species of the C3 tribes (Stipeae, Poeae, Meliceae, Aveneae, Bromeae and Triticeae) and C3 Paniceae species increase in number at higher elevations; only one C3 species was found below 650 m. C4 Aristideae, Pappophoreae, Eragrostideae, Cynodonteae, Andropogoneae and Paniceae increase at lower altitudes. The floristic crossover point is at about 1500 m; the ground cover cross-over point is at about 1000 m. Analysis of the relationships between % C4 species along the gradient and nine climatic and environmental variables showed the highest correlation with July mean temperature, but all temperature variables show highly significant correlations with % C4 . Correlation with annual rainfall is lower but also significant. These results are consistent with previous research showing the relative importance of C4 grasses as temperature increases. C3 species make a high contribution to relative grass coverage below the C3 /C4 floristic crossover point but are rare below 1000 m. 相似文献
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Kai Chen Kevin S. Burgess Xiang‐Yun Yang Ya‐Huang Luo Lian‐Ming Gao De‐Zhu Li 《Ecology and evolution》2018,8(4):2218-2230
The diversity of traits associated with plant regeneration is often shaped by functional trade‐offs where plants typically do not excel at every function because resources allocated to one function cannot be allocated to another. By analyzing correlations among seed traits, empirical studies have shown that there is a trade‐off between seedling development and the occupation of new habitats, although only a small range of taxa have been tested; whether such trade‐off exists in a biodiverse and complex landscape remains unclear. Here, we amassed seed trait data of 1,119 species from a biodiversity hotspot of the Mountains of Southwest China and analyzed the relationship between seed mass and the number of seeds and between seed mass and time to germination. Our results showed that seed mass was negatively correlated with seed number but positively correlated with time to germination. The same trend was found regardless of variation in life‐form and phylogenetic conservatism. Furthermore, the relation between seed mass and other seed traits was randomly dispersed across the phylogeny at both the order and family levels. Collectively, results suggest that there is a functional trade‐off between seedling development and new habitat occupation for seed plants in this region. Larger seeds tend to produce fewer seedlings but with greater fitness compared to those produced by smaller seeds, whereas smaller seeds tend to have a larger number of seeds that germinate faster compared to large‐seeded species. Apart from genetic constraints, species that produce large seeds will succeed in sites where resource availability is low, whereas species with high colonization ability (those that produce a high number of seeds per fruit) will succeed in new niches. This study provides a mechanistic explanation for the relatively high levels of plant diversity currently found in a heterogeneous region of the Mountains of Southwest China. 相似文献
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Susana P. Bravo 《Biotropica》2009,41(6):751-758
The most generalized mechanism of seed dispersal in tropical and subtropical forests is dispersal by vertebrates. The pattern of seed dispersal and germination capacity of dispersed seeds can determine the seed disperser quality because both affect the postdispersal fate of dispersed seeds. Animals' behavior is an important determinant of seed deposition pattern. One of most abundant frugivores of Neotropical forests are howler monkeys Alouatta spp., so my aim was to evaluate the potential quality of Alouatta caraya as a seed disperser, obtaining details of: (1) seed deposition pattern, (2) behavioral context of defecations, and (3) germination capacity of dispersed seeds. During 2 years the seed shadow created by howlers and the behavioral context of depositions was examined in the Paraná flooded forest, and germination tests were conducted in the laboratory. Black and gold howler monkeys consumed fruits of five canopy trees, three understory trees, one shrub, and two vines. Howlers dispersed seeds in a complex pattern: 35 percent (337 scats) of scats were deposited individually, and 65 percent were deposited in big latrines associated with the main sleeping trees and in small latrines associated with secondary sleeping trees and confrontations at territory edges. From 261 dispersal distances recorded, 20 and 40 m were the mode, but 57 percent of distances were >50 m and 31 percent were >100 m. Germination speed increased significantly in ingested seeds of Banara arguta, Ocotea diospyrifolia and Eugenia punicifolia . The seed deposition pattern generated by A. caraya may produce a diversification of environmental conditions for dispersed seeds that should be considered in future evaluations. 相似文献
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Marcelo Cabido Sebastián R. Zeballos Marcelo Zak María L. Carranza Melisa A. Giorgis Juan J. Cantero Alicia T. R. Acosta 《应用植被学》2018,21(2):298-311
Question
What are the composition and spatial patterns of native woody plant communities in the southern Great Chaco and Espinal?Location
Córdoba Province, central Argentina, an area of ca. 161,000 km2.Methods
We collected 351 geo‐referenced relevés representative of the geographic, topographic and ecological variation of the Chaco and Espinal woody vegetation in central Argentina. The relevés were classified into vegetation types using the hierarchical ISOPAM method. Forest and shrubland types were described on the basis of diagnostic species occurrences and their distribution in relation to environmental factors. A map of the actual vegetation derived from remote‐sensed images (Landsat) and field data was used to describe the current distribution and abundance of the different vegetation types.Results
The classification of the 351 plots × 837 species matrix revealed two major clusters comprising seven woody vegetation types corresponding to Chaco lowland and mountain forests and shrublands, Espinal forests and edaphic vegetation. The most important gradients in woody vegetation types are related to elevation, temperature and rainfall variables.Conclusions
Subtropical seasonally dry woody plant communities from the southern extreme of the Great Chaco and Espinal forests were described for the first time based on complete floristic data. Our results show that lowland Chaco native forests, as well as replacement communities, are still present in its southern distribution range and are well distinguishable from other vegetation types such as the Espinal and mountain forests. Overall, extensive Espinal forests have almost disappeared while Chaco vegetation is highly fragmented and degraded.9.
The hypothesis that reproductive cost differs between sexes was tested in Juniperus communis subsp. alpina along an altitudinal gradient. Sex ratio (male : female) increased significantly with elevation, and above 2,600 m it was significantly male-biased. The reproductive effort was markedly greater for females than for males at all elevations. However, over 3 years of study, the growth of the females, measured as elongation of the main axes, was similar to that of the males. In both sexes, growth decreased with increasing elevation. Neither size of the ripe seed cones, nor the number of developed seeds per cone varied with elevation. The percentage of filled seeds was significantly greater at higher elevations indicating more favourable conditions for wind pollination in these stands. However, cone production decreased with elevation and so, reproductive success of J. communis subsp. alpina in Sierra Nevada decreases towards both upper and lower altitudinal distribution limits. The results do not support the hypothesis of differential reproductive cost between sexes; thus, alternative arguments to explain the altitudinal variation of sex ratio are discussed. 相似文献
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Daniel Souto-Vilarós Mickal Houadria Jan Michalek Mentap Sisol Brus Isua Thomas Kuyaiva George D. Weiblen Vojtech Novotny Simon T. Segar 《Biotropica》2020,52(2):323-334
The fig (Moraceae) and pollinating fig wasp (Agaonidae) mutualism is best known as a model system for the study of coevolution in plant–pollinator interactions and its central role in shaping vertebrate communities in tropical forests. Figs also host myriad antagonistic parasitic fig wasps which impose costs on both partners threatening mutualism stability. Spatiotemporal variation in parasitic wasp abundance is a key factor in mitigating these effects. Because fig wasps are temperature sensitive and likely vary in their ability to traverse environmental gradients, we expect community assemblages and abundance of both pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps to respond to changes along an elevational gradient. In the present study, we compare the fig wasp communities and abundance of three fig species growing along the slopes of the Mount Wilhelm altitudinal gradient in Papua New Guinea. We quantified wasps from over 100 male fig trees and calculated seed set for 55 female trees along each of the species’ distribution on the transect. Our results show that the abundance of both pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps follow a mid-elevation peak, consistent with fig species richness found in the same transect. The patterns, however, are different according to the host's species distribution. Seed set remained relatively constant along the gradient for all species with some decrease along higher elevations, potentially affecting connectivity along the gradient. As suggested for insects in general, temperature and habitat diversity appear to play a fundamental role in the species richness and abundance of fig wasps. 相似文献
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以新疆天山山脉从西到东不同经度3个地点(昭苏、天池和奇台)的天山云杉林为对象,沿海拔梯度采集不同地点的天山云杉球果,分析其种子性状(种鳞长、种鳞宽、种鳞长宽比、种翅长、种翅宽、种翅长宽比、种子长、种子宽和种子长宽比)的变化.结果表明: 随海拔的升高,天山云杉种子性状(种子宽除外)总体呈现下降的趋势;除种翅宽、种子宽和种子长宽比与海拔的相关性不显著外,种子其他性状与海拔均呈显著负相关;种鳞长、种鳞宽、种鳞长宽比与经度呈现显著正相关;种鳞长、种鳞长宽比、种翅长宽比与坡度呈显著负相关;除种翅宽外,种子其他性状与坡向相关性均不显著.海拔是影响天山云杉种子的种鳞长、种鳞长宽比和种翅长宽比的主要因子. 相似文献
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滇西北地区是我国三大特有物种分化中心之一。作者利用地方植物志资料,结合数值高程模型(DEM)数据,研究了云南丽江地区种子植物物种丰富度的垂直分布格局,并分析了面积和中间膨胀效应(mid-domaineffect)对该格局的影响。研究结果表明:随着海拔的升高,各海拔段面积呈先增加后下降的分布格局;物种丰富度、物种密度和中间膨胀效应的物种丰富度预测值在海拔梯度上均呈单峰型变化格局。面积和中间膨胀效应对丽江地区物种丰富度的垂直分布格局有着显著的影响。其中,面积起主要作用,对物种丰富度的变异解释百分率达80.2%,而中间膨胀效应的影响作用相对较小,仅占11.3%。 相似文献
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深入探究山地生态系统植物群落多样性与关键土壤因子的关系及土壤因子在植物群落构建与多样性维持中的重要作用是区域生物多样性保护和生态系统服务功能综合提升的基础。本文采用冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）和相关分析揭示了贺兰山东坡典型植物群落多样性垂直分布格局与土壤因子的关系。结果表明：（1）贺兰山东坡植物群落多样性具有明显的垂直分布格局,针阔叶混交林植物物种组成最为丰富,中域效应明显;不同层次植物多样性随海拔升高变化趋势不一致且各自在不同海拔间差异显著（P<0.05）,植物多样性大体表现为草本层 > 灌木层 > 乔木层。（2）研究区土壤因子沿海拔梯度变化趋势不同,均存在显著差异（P<0.05）,其中土壤含水量（SM）、有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量空间变异性较大;高山灌丛草甸土壤养分含量最高,高海拔区土壤P限制高。（3）9个土壤因子解释了研究区总体植物多样性89.68%的生态信息,与植物多样性具有较强的相关性,影响不同层次植物多样性垂直分异的关键土壤因子略有不同。综上,土壤有机碳、pH、碳磷比、含水量是影响贺兰山东坡植物多样性空间分布的主要驱动因子。 相似文献
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不同光照对望天树种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
在不同光照梯度的人工遮荫和森林生境中,研究了西双版纳季节雨林标志树种望天树的种子萌发和幼苗早期生长特征.结果表明,裸地上的强光照和深度遮荫均不利于望天树种子的萌发,中等程度的遮荫有利于种子萌发.望天树种子萌发率在林窗中央最大,而且萌发迅速,林窗边缘和林下生境不利于种子萌发.幼苗株高、基径和单株叶面积等生长指标均在部分遮荫处理条件下最大;幼苗根冠比在裸地上最高,且随遮荫程度的增加而降低;幼苗比叶面积在一定光照强度范围内随遮荫程度的增加而增大,在3层遮荫最大.除幼苗根冠比以外的其它生长参数均在林窗中央最大.讨论了环境因子(主要是光照强度和光质)对望天树种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响. 相似文献
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Shigeru Mariko Hiroshi Koizumi Jun-ichirou Suzuki Akio Furukawa 《Ecological Research》1993,8(1):27-34
The authors examined altitudinal variations in the thermal responses of seed germination and seedling growth inReynoutria japonica (=Polygonum cuspidatum) under controlled environmental conditions. Seed populations were collected from different altitudes on Mt Fuji in Japan.
The mean seed weight of the upland populations (above 1500 m) was significantly (1.5-fold) heavier than that of the lowland
populations (below 1400 m). Under the lowest temperature regime of 15/10°C (day/night) the upland populations showed a significantly
higher percentage and speed of germination than the lowland populations; this was not significant under higher temperature
regimes. These results indicate that the germination traits of the upland populations on Mt Fuji are favorable for colonization
in their cold habitats (low temperature and short growing season). Growth and shoot development were compared between the
seedlings grown from seeds collected at altitudes of 700 and 2420 m. The upland seedlings showed a significantly larger biomass
and leaf area than the lowland seedlings at 15°C, but there was no difference at 25°C. The difference in biomass at 15°C was
attributed to the difference in seed weight. The upland seedlings produced a significantly larger number of branches with
smaller and more numerous leaves at both 15°C and 25°C. these developmental traits of the upland seedlings were considered
to represent the adaptation of the life form to upland environments. It was concluded that theR. japonica populations along an altitudinal gradient on Mt Fuji can be classified into two ecotypes, whose distribution border lies
at an altitude of about 1400–1500m. In this study, the seed weight and germination traits of twoR. japonica seed populations collected in Chiba Prefecture were briefly compared with those of the lowland populations on Mt Fuji. 相似文献
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植物功能性状是能够将植物个体特征、群落结构和生态系统功能结合起来的良好载体,但关于在环境梯度上如何通过植物功能性状的连续变化来构建群落、以及植物功能性状如何反映生态系统功能等问题尚有较多疑问。为探讨天山森林植物功能性状与其碳库在海拔梯度上的联系,分析了14个群落尺度上的植物功能性状指标和各组分碳密度沿海拔的变化规律及二者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)受海拔梯度上环境因子的影响,群落尺度上植物功能性状和碳密度的垂直分布并不一致:随海拔升高,叶片碳氮比(C/N)逐渐上升,叶片碳含量(C_(leaf))、比根长(SRL)和植株高度(H)升高后降低,叶绿素含量(Chl)、细根磷含量(P_(root))、叶片氮磷比(N/P)逐渐下降,细根碳含量(C_(root))先升高后趋于平缓,细根氮含量(N_(root))先下降后又有所回升,叶片氮含量(N_(leaf))、木质素含量(LLC)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、细根干物质含量(RDMC)在各海拔段间无显著差异;(2)比根长(SRL)和植株高度(H)通过影响资源的获取和利用,C与P通过对养分的限制和在器官中的分配,从而影响植被光合作用,与天山森林碳密度显著相关;高木质素含量(LLC)导致植物残体分解速率变慢而与土壤碳密度(SCD)和群落总碳密度(TCD)呈显著负相关关系。随海拔升高,植被碳密度(VCD)先升后降,土壤碳密度(SCD)和总碳密度(TCD)逐渐升高。植物功能性状与环境因子和森林的结构功能相互作用、相互影响,三者之间的关系还需在大尺度上进一步验证。 相似文献
17.
The ability to germinate under a variety of environmental conditions is essential for plant species inhabiting a wide range of altitudes and latitudes. Phacelia secunda J. F. Gmel. (Hydrophyllaceae) is a perennial herb with wide latitudinal and altitudinal distributional ranges. In the central Chilean Andes (33 °S) P. secunda can be found from 1600 m sealevel up to the vegetation limit at 3400 m. It has been suggested that seeds from populations encountering long periods with snow cover and adverse winter conditions would require longer periods of cold stratification for germination than those from populations exposed to milder winters. Given that the snow-free period decreases with elevation, seeds from high elevation populations could require longer period of cold stratification to germinate. Moreover, it has been shown that seeds from arctic and higher elevations environments are adapted to germinate better under high temperature conditions. Germination response with increasing periods of cold stratification (0–6 mo.) and under two contrasting thermoperiods (20 °/1O °C; 10 °/5 °C; 12 h day/night), were studied for 4 populations of P. secunda located at 1600, 2100, 2900 and 3400 m a.s.l. Initiation of germination required increasingly longer periods of stratification with elevation, and proportionately fewer seeds germinated for any one stratification treatment at the higher elevations. Seeds from higher elevations germinated to a higher percentage under the high than the low temperature thermoperiods. These results illustrates a significant variation in germination characteristics over a spatially short environmental gradient. 相似文献
18.
连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)是第三纪孑遗植物, 存在严重的幼苗更新限制。为验证生活史早期(种子萌发)限制中国分布区北缘连香树种群幼苗更新, 并探讨其主要成因, 本研究在秦岭和太行山脉采集不同种源地的种子, 测定其形态性状、营养元素含量和质量、不同贮存时间的活力及不同温度条件下的萌发性状, 通过方差分析、相关分析等方法对不同种源地的种子性状进行分析。结果表明: 在中国分布区北缘, 其种子长度(P < 0.001)、萌发率(P < 0.001)、平均萌发时间(P < 0.001)、氮(P < 0.05)和磷含量(P < 0.001)在不同种源间存在显著差异; 而在区域尺度上(秦岭与太行山), 仅种子碳含量存在显著差异(P < 0.01)。天水种群的种子萌发率最高(21.77%), 平均萌发时间最长(11.12 d); 栾川的萌发率最低(1.38%), 平均萌发时间最短(3.47 d)。在25℃条件下, 济源种群的种子萌发率显著高于10℃、15℃和20℃条件下(P < 0.05), 而其他种源地的萌发率在不同温度条件下无显著差异。在4个温度条件下, 栾川种群种子的初始萌发时间无显著差异, 而其他4个种源地的初始萌发时间都随温度升高而缩短。相关分析结果表明, 种子萌发率与种子活力密切相关, 而种子活力与种子质量、种子的氮和磷含量显著相关。在中国分布区北缘, 连香树种子的自身属性(质量、氮和磷含量)通过影响种子活力间接影响萌发率; 且种子萌发对温度的响应主要表现在萌发时间上。本研究证实种子萌发是限制连香树种群幼苗更新的关键阶段, 主要原因如下: (1)连香树种子在9月成熟后, 10月的温度仍适宜种子萌发, 但较短生长期的幼苗在冬季低温下不能存活; (2)连香树种子萌发率低(14.4%); (3)第二年春天种子活力骤降。 相似文献
19.
太白山南坡土壤种子库的物种组成与优势成分的垂直分布格局 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
本文通过野外植被调查和室内试验,采用物理方法从1220份土样中挑选种子,进行分类统计,研究了秦岭太白山南坡土壤种子库物种组成与优势成分的垂直格局。主要研究结果有：(1)从种子数量上看,在不同的海拔段,优势科不同;从物种数来看,海拔1600m和海拔2600m处的优势科数相对较多,有4个科;蔷薇科是种数最多的优势科。(2)桦木科的糙皮桦(Betula utilis)在16个海拔样地(海拔样地共有21个)中都是优势成分之一。糙皮桦和巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)的种子储量在中等海拔呈现峰值;较高海拔处,糙皮桦作为优势成分之一所占的比例较大;而在低海拔则相对较小。(3)从种子库中种类组成上来看,草本种类占优势;从各样地土壤种子库的生活型组成并结合优势种类来看,乔木不仅在个体组成上占优势,大部分单优种类也是来自于乔木种类。灌木种类在土壤种子库中无论是种类组成,还是在个体组成上都没有表现出优势。本文为研究太白山南坡植物群落演替动态及其沿海拔梯度的变化提供了基础。 相似文献
20.
长白山溪流河岸带森林木本植物多样性沿海拔梯度分布规律 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
采用样带网格调查方法和α、β多样性指数分析方法,研究了长白山河岸带原始林和次生林群落木本植物多样性沿海拔梯度分布规律及其对采伐干扰的响应.结果表明：不同海拔区域河岸带原始林群落均由11～13个树种组成,其在群落中的地位随海拔升高而发生变化,阔叶树种优势地位逐步被针叶树种所取代,采伐干扰不仅改变了群落树种丰富度及其在群落中的地位,而且使针叶树种取代阔叶树种的趋势有所增强;河岸带原始林群落物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈现出中、低海拔区域相对较高且比较恒定(2.454～2.544),高海拔区域(2.250)下降的分布规律,采伐干扰改变了其沿海拔梯度分布格局(波动型),加大了不同海拔区域群落间的波动性(2.174～2.692);河岸带原始林群落树种沿海拔梯度的变动速率相对较低(1.5～3.5),且群落相似性较高(0.85～0.94),采伐干扰使次生林群落树种沿海拔梯度的变动幅度增大(0.5～6.0),群落相似性下降(0.68～0.91),但次生林群落沿海拔梯度分布仍具有较高连续性. 相似文献