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《生物多样性》2017,(5)
生态系统红色名录作为物种红色名录的重要补充,是基于生态系统水平上的生物多样性评估,对于重要生物的生境保护至关重要。当前,世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)将IUCN生态系统红色名录评估方法作为生态系统受威胁状况评估的正式标准,广泛应用于全球生态系统的评估,在生物多样性保护和生态系统管理中发挥着重要作用。随着IUCN生态系统红色名录评估体系的修订和推广,其评估标准日趋完善,但生态系统制图、生态系统崩溃的概念以及实际操作层面仍面临挑战。本文回顾了生态系统红色名录的发展过程,归纳了IUCN生态系统红色名录评估方案中生境范围退化(标准A)、生境限制分布(标准B)、非生物环境退化(标准C)、生物过程退化(标准D)以及威胁定量分析(标准E)这5个指标的含义和评估过程,并围绕IUCN生态系统红色名录实际评估中面临的挑战,论述了利用遥感和生态模型可能提供的解决方案。文中指出,明确生态系统分类体系以及生态系统崩溃等基本概念对生态系统红色名录评估至关重要;尺度效应是评估过程的重要影响因素;多尺度评估是丰富生态系统红色名录空间信息的潜在方法;耦合遥感和生态模型等手段共同参与评估,是未来研究IUCN生态系统红色名录的重要方法。 相似文献
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IUCN揭示世界树木王国的危机 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
生物多样性的保护和持续利用已被国际上公认为是全球最重要的事情之一。确定生物多样性面临的威胁是规划保护行动的重要步骤。树木无论在生态、文化或经济上都是生物多样性有价值的成分,它的保护和发展对世界各国的环境改善、经济繁荣和人民生活福利都是重要的。由于各地生态系统遭受严重的破坏,许多树木已受到灭绝的威胁,但它们受威胁的程度和范围的信息很少,而且分散,残缺不全。经过长期的努力,一个世界受威胁的树木名录终于在1998年正式发表了。它是世界保护联盟(IUCN)继1996年和1997年先后公布的世界受威胁的动… 相似文献
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It would be very useful for conservation biologists to be able to predict threat status from ecological characteristics of
species, and past studies have shown promising results. Regarding one important threat indicator taxon, the butterflies, results
from a study on Finnish species by Kotiaho et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:1963–1967, 2005), suggested that threatened butterflies on average have narrower niches, more restricted distributions of the larval host
plants, poorer dispersal abilities and shorter flight periods. However, this study did not control for phylogenetic relatedness
of species. To examine the effects of phylogenetic control, and to see how far it is possible to generalize from specific
investigations, we compared the ecological characteristics of threatened and non-threatened butterfly species at two different
geographical scales: Sweden and Europe. Our results illustrate the difficulties of generalizing between sites, geographical
scales, scoring methods, and phylogenetic versus non-phylogenetic analyses. Controlling for phylogeny is shown to be essential.
The most robust result is that threatened species have narrower habitat ranges at the local scale. 相似文献
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IUCN受威胁物种红色名录已经成为世界上最全面的关于全球动物、真菌和植物物种灭绝风险状况的信息来源, 是生物多样性健康的关键指标, 是促进生物多样性保护和决策的有力工具。本文全面介绍IUCN受威胁物种红色名录(简称IUCN红色名录)的发展以及应用状况, 积极推动其在中国的物种评估和广泛应用。总结了IUCN红色名录从依赖于评估专家的主观意志决定物种濒危等级的濒危物种红皮书(Red Data Book)到IUCN受威胁物种等级和标准(3.1版)的客观量化和所有门类使用统一标准的过程。该等级体系可囊括全球所有物种, 其中“受威胁”的3个等级——极危(CR)、濒危(EN)或易危(VU)需使用5个标准进行量化评估, 对评估规范有非常严格的要求。该等级和标准体系不仅适用于全球层面, 同样也适用于地区层面物种评估, 只是在具体物种种群如果和周边其他地区(国家)存在种群交流情况时, 评估结果要进行调整。迄今为止, 全球层面使用该等级体系和标准评估了14万多种(其中在中国有分布的物种10,846种), 100多个国家和地方制定了地区/国家层面的红色名录, 中国红色名录评估了5.5万多种。IUCN红色名录已广泛应用于评估生物多样性变化速度; 为保护规划提供决策信息; 支持履行国际公约、修订国家/地区重点保护物种名录和自然保护地管理等; 指导资源有效合理分配和宣传教育等。广泛应用过程中, 讨论主要集中在获取数据的方法改进上; 另外, 一方面有专家认为标准存在缺陷需要完善, 另一方面有呼吁维持标准的长期相对稳定, 以便进行跨时间、跨区域、跨物种门类的比较。本文提出来了中国红色名录的持续机制和应用建议, 包括建立中国红色名录委员会、建立中国红色名录专业网站、发展评估专家队伍、建立中国红色名录评估更新机制, 以及加强国际协作、促进全球和中国红色名录的应用和发展。 相似文献
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关于IUCN红色名录类型和标准的应用 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
王献溥 《植物资源与环境学报》1996,(3)
1994年底,IUCN(世界保护联盟)正式公布了“红色名录类型”,对物种受威胁的情况作了比较客观的分类,提出了许多具体的数量标准以便进行分析判断。本文概略介绍该分类系统及其划分标准的实际应用,供开展物种受威胁的评估工作参考 相似文献
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随着人们对自然保护重要性的认识不断提高,各有关部门对自然保护的重视和积极参与的结果,出现各种各样保护实体的名称和相应的主管部门,各有一套的管理办法和章程,彼此联系和交流不多,经常在同一地域重复建立各种保护实体。不少人对这种情况不大理解和有点诧异,其实,这种现象应该说是正常的,随着自然保护工作不断的深入和发展,经过百花齐放的阶 相似文献
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生物圈保护区和IUCN保护区分类系统的关系 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
多年来,关于生物圈保护区和IUCN保护区分类系统中各个管理类型的含义和关系存在许多混淆和不明确之处。自从UNESCO和IUCN共同发表了题为“生物圈保护区及其与其它保护区的关系”一文以来,15年已经过去了。1994年在19届IUCN全体会员大会上,通过了一个经过修改的保护区管理类型系统,阐明了它们的含义和关系是及时的,但是其中仍有一些含 相似文献
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The aim of the present study was to question untested assumptions about the nature of the expression of Attentional Bias (AB) towards and away from threat stimuli. We tested the idea that high trait anxious individuals (N = 106; M(SD)age = 23.9(3.2) years; 68% women) show a stable AB towards multiple categories of threatening information using the emotional visual dot probe task. AB with respect to five categories of threat stimuli (i.e., angry faces, attacking dogs, attacking snakes, pointed weapons, violent scenes) was evaluated. In contrast with current theories, we found that 34% of participants expressed AB towards threat stimuli, 20.8% AB away from threat stimuli, and 34% AB towards some categories of threat stimuli and away from others. The multiple observed expressions of AB were not an artifact of a specific criterion AB score cut-off; not specific to certain categories of threat stimuli; not an artifact of differences in within-subject variability in reaction time; nor accounted for by individual differences in anxiety-related variables. Findings are conceptualized as reflecting the understudied dynamics of AB expression, with implications for AB measurement and quantification, etiology, relations, and intervention research. 相似文献
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关于IUCN红色名录类型和标准新的修改 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
在对1994年的《红色名录类型(版本2.3)》修改补充的基础上,《IUCN红色名录类型和标准(版本3.1)》于2001年由IUCN正式出版。修改的内容主要反映在类型等级系统的变动和等级划分标准的变化上。对于种群缩减不仅重视对过去的分析,而且要求推断或预测今后和任何时候的变化;同时,着重对缩减原因的分析,究竟是可以逆转的、被了解的和停止的或相反。 相似文献
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Henri Jupille Gon?alo Seixas Laurence Mousson Carla A. Sousa Anna-Bella Failloux 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2016,10(8)
BackgroundSince its emergence in 2007 in Micronesia and Polynesia, the arthropod-borne flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) has spread in the Americas and the Caribbean, following first detection in Brazil in May 2015. The risk of ZIKV emergence in Europe increases as imported cases are repeatedly reported. Together with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV), ZIKV is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Any countries where these mosquitoes are present could be potential sites for future ZIKV outbreak. We assessed the vector competence of European Aedes mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) for the currently circulating Asian genotype of ZIKV.Conclusions/SignificanceIn combination with the restricted distribution of European Ae. albopictus, our results on vector competence corroborate the low risk for ZIKV to expand into most parts of Europe with the possible exception of the warmest regions bordering the Mediterranean coastline. 相似文献
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IUCN对生物圈保护区行动计划(1984)执行情况的评估 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
MAB国际协调局及其特别计划委员会邀请IUCN对生物圈保护区行动计划执行情况进行评估,以保证其客观公正。为此,各国MAB委员会对自己的工作进行了认真总结,各种区域、亚区域、国家级的有关会议也为评估提供了大量素材。这份评估报告是本次西班牙大会起草“SEVILIA战略”的重要背景材料。下面简要介绍这份报告对国际生物圈保护区行动计划十年来 相似文献
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This paper presents an investigation into marginalizing racism, a form of prejudice whereby ingroup members claim that specific individuals belong to their group, but also exclude them by not granting them all of the privileges of a full ingroup member. One manifestation of this is that perceived degree of outgroup membership will covary negatively with degree of ingroup membership. That is, group membership may be treated as a zero-sum quantity (e.g., one cannot be both Australian and Iraqi). Study 1 demonstrated that judges allocate more zero-sum membership assignments and lower combined membership in their country of origin and their adopted country to high-threat migrants than low-threat migrants. Study 2 identified a subtle type of zero-sum reasoning which holds that stronger degree of membership in one’s original nationality constrains membership in a new nationality to a greater extent than stronger membership in the new nationality constrains membership in one’s original nationality. This pattern is quite general, being replicated in large samples from four nations (USA, UK, India, and China). Taken together, these studies suggest that marginalizing racism is more than a belief that people retain a “stain” from membership in their original group. Marginalizing racism also manifests itself as conditional zero-sum beliefs about multiple group memberships. 相似文献
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2000年5月8日至10日,IUCN(国际自然保护联盟)物种存活委员会羊亚科专家组会议在土耳其中东技术大学召开。参加会议的有来自美国、加拿大、俄罗斯、印度、中国、巴基斯坦、伊朗、荷兰、意大利、法国、西班牙、土耳其等20余个国家的代表。中国科学院动物研究所蒋志刚研究员应IUCN羊亚科专家组主席MarcoFestaBianchet博士的邀请,并得到IUCN物种存活委员会的资助,参加了这次会议。羊亚科是目前世界上战利品狩猎运动(trophyhunting)的重要动物种类。然而,目前羊亚科的种类和资源尚不清楚。中国是世界… 相似文献
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Knapp S 《PLoS biology》2011,9(5):e1001067
Assessment of conservation status is done both for areas or habitats and for species (or taxa). IUCN Red List categories have been the principal method of categorising species in terms of extinction risk, and have been shown to be robust and helpful in the groups for which they have been developed. A recent study highlights properties associated with extinction risk in flowering plants, focusing on the species-rich hot spot of the Cape region of South Africa, and concludes that merely following methods derived from studies of vertebrates may not provide the best estimates of extinction risk for plants. Biology, geography, and history all are important factors in risk, and the study poses many questions about how we categorise and assess species for conservation priorities. 相似文献