凹纹胡蜂与黑尾胡蜂蛋白氨基酸分析研究

为弄清胡蜂蛋白氨基酸(特别是人体必需氨基酸)的组成,探索利用胡蜂作食品,作者对凹纹胡蜂Vespa velutina auraria Smith与黑尾胡蜂Vespa tropica ducalisSmith成虫、蛹、幼虫、巢室、巢壳的氨基酸成分和含量进行了分析,结果报道如下:     

墨胸胡蜂生物学特性的观察

墨胸胡蜂VespanigrithoraxBuysson隶属膜翅目,胡蜂科。据记载国内主要分布在浙江、江西、福建、四1;D、广东、广西、云南、贵州、西藏。近年来长江以北地区数量增加,我们对安徽江淮地区的墨胸胡蜂的形态、筑巢、食性等生物学特性进行了初步观察,报道如下。l形态特征墨胸胡蜂是社会性昆虫,其群体由雌蜂、职蜂、雄蜂组成。雌蜂：头部略窄于胸部,两触角窝之间三角平面隆起,呈棕色。颊部上部1／3为墨色,下部2／3棕色。上颚粗壮,红棕色,端部呈黑色。胸部均呈黑色,翅呈棕色。前足基节前缘内侧呈棕色,其余黑色,转节、股节黑色,外侧…     

2种蜜蜂和3种胡蜂蜂毒前肥大细胞脱粒肽原基因的克隆及同源性分析

从中华蜜蜂、意大利蜜蜂、大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂和亚非马蜂5种雌成蜂毒腺中快速抽提总RNA,用RT-PCR方法分别扩增各得到大小约为350bp的cDNA片段,进一步将这5个片段克隆入pGEMT-easy载体,进行测序和序列分析。结果表明：所扩增得到的5个片段长度均为341bp,均包含一个完整的开放阅读框和3′端未编码区的188bp核苷酸序列,证实为5种蜂的蜂毒前肥大细胞脱粒肽原的cDNA。经序列比较,意大利蜜蜂、中华蜜蜂、大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂和亚非马蜂前肥大细胞脱粒肽原核苷酸序列彼此间的同源性都为90％以上。中华蜜蜂、大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂和亚非马蜂与意大利蜜蜂的前肥大细胞脱粒肽原氨基酸序列的同源性分别为96％、100％、94％和98％。尽管大胡蜂和墨胸胡蜂与意大利蜜蜂属于不同的科,但它们的肥大细胞脱粒肽却完全相同,而中华蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂属于同一个属,它们的肥大细胞脱粒肽却不相同。中华蜜蜂和亚非马蜂肥大细胞脱粒肽第5号位的氨基酸为精氨酸,替代了意大利蜜蜂5号位的半胱氨酸,该位置的半胱氨酸与19号位的半胱氨酸组成意大利蜜蜂肥大细胞脱粒肽分子的一个对蛋白活性起重要作用的二硫键。     

黄蜂蜇伤致低血钾症救治体会

黄蜂(wasp),俗称马蜂,成虫体型较大,色泽鲜艳,多呈黄、黑、棕色,有黑色及褐色斑点及条带。我国常见的黄蜂种类为斑胡蜂(Vespa mandarinia)、中华马蜂(Polistes chinen-sis)及黄星长脚胡蜂(Polistes mandarinus)等[1]。近年来,随着城市化建设加快,人居环境融于大自然,毒蜂伤人事件也日益增多。黄蜂有强烈护巢本能,若人、畜接近或误碰蜂巢,     

消除胡蜂蜂蛹等产品过敏现象试验初探

<正>在云南省的很多地方,人们喜欢吃胡蜂蜂蛹、喝胡蜂保健酒,但有一部分人吃了胡蜂蜂蛹、喝了胡蜂保健酒后会出现不同程度的过敏现象,用了胡蜂蜂毒喷液、胡蜂蜂毒渗透剂等药品、胡蜂蜂毒除痘剂、蜂毒蜂毒面膜剂等美容品后也会出现不同程度的过敏反应现象,为此解决胡蜂系列产品引起过敏的现象势在必行。吃了胡蜂蜂蛹、喝了胡蜂保健酒出现过敏反应后,民间都是把胡蜂的蜂巢放在水里煮,然后让过敏者喝蜂巢煮的水,基本上就可     

4种胡蜂前溶血肽原基因的克隆与序列比较

从雌性亚非马蜂、额斑黄胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂、大胡蜂毒腺中抽提总RNA,通过RT-PCR方法扩增得到4种胡蜂蜂毒前溶血肽原的cDNA,再将扩增产物克隆到pGEM⑥-Teasy vector上。测序结果表明：扩增得到的片段长度均为213bp,系蜂毒前溶血肽原编码区的cDNA。经序列比较,4种胡蜂蜂毒前溶血肽原之间的氨基酸序列同源性都超过95％。亚非马蜂、额斑黄胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂、大胡蜂各自与意大利蜜蜂蜂毒前溶血肽原氨基酸序列的同源性分别为95．8％、100％、97．2％、97．2％。结果表明：蜂毒前溶血肽原一级结构序列具有很高的保守性,尽管胡蜂和蜜蜂属于膜翅目不同的总科,但它们的前溶血肽原基因却非常相似。     

2种蜜蜂和4种胡蜂蜂毒明肽基因比较

从中华蜜蜂、意大利蜜蜂和大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂、额斑黄胡蜂、亚非马蜂6种蜂的雌成蜂毒腺中快速抽提总RNA,用RT—PCR方法分别扩增各得到大小约为150bp的cDNA片段,进一步将这6个片段克隆人pGEM^5—T easy载体,进行测序和序列分析。结果表明,所扩增得到的6个片段长度均为141bp,均为编码蜂毒apamin前体的cDNA。序列比较发现,中华蜜蜂、大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂和亚非马蜂序列完全一样,都与已发表意大利蜜蜂precursor of apamin核苷酸序列具有95％同源性,氨基酸序列具有95％的同源性。额斑黄胡蜂和意大利蜜蜂precursor of apamin核苷酸序列完全一样。本研究首次从中华蜜蜂与几种胡蜂中克隆到蜂毒precursor of apamin基因,并发现胡蜂科与蜜蜂科来源的蜂毒明肽序列是完全保守的。     

大胡蜂蜂毒中多肽和蛋白质结构和功能的多样性

为证明大胡蜂Vespa magnifica(Smith)蜂毒具有较大的药用开发价值,本研究采用超高效液相色谱-质谱和电泳技术对其多肽和蛋白质的分布进行分析,发现其蛋白质的相对分子质量主要分布在17~45kDa范围内。蜂毒多肽类物质的相对分子质量呈"单峰"式分布,61%在500~3000Da范围内,为大胡蜂蜂毒中多肽含量最为丰富的部分。通过牛津杯法对蜂毒的抑菌活性进行研究,且以HepG2人肝癌细胞及B16黑色素瘤细胞为研究对象,用MTT法检测蜂毒的细胞毒性活性,证明其具有良好的抑菌作用和细胞毒活性,其结果与已报道的其他蜂类既有相似性又存在具体差异,展示了大胡蜂蜂毒的分子多样性,为后续该毒素的物质基础研究及药用价值开发提供参考。     

凹纹胡蜂与黑尾胡蜂生物学初步研究：膜翅目：胡蜂科

本文首次介绍了凹纹胡蜂Vespa velutina auraria Smith与黑尾胡蜂V.tropica ducalis Smith在实验室内饲养和自然条件下的生物学习性观察情况。结果表明,两种胡蜂在室内温度14—25℃,相对湿度43—89％条件下完成一代发育所需时间为33—53天,其中卵期9—15天,幼虫期10—18天,蛹期15一20天,全年可发生三代。工蜂寿命为24—142天,雄蜂4—60天。 凹纹胡蜂可在人工控制条件下越冬和自行营巢。 两种胡蜂的主要天敌是蜂蝙科Stylopidae和寄绳科Tachinidae昆虫。     

八角金盘传粉昆虫及其访花行为

八角金盘(Fatsia japonica(Thunb.)Dccne.et Planch.)为冬季开花植物,探讨其访花昆虫种类及访花行为对研究冬季开花植物的传粉生物学规律具有重要意义。对八角金盘访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花时间、访花行为进行了初步研究。结果发现:八角金盘的传粉昆虫有2目、3科、3种,主要为膜翅目胡蜂科金环胡蜂Vespa mandarinia Smith、双翅目食蚜蝇科斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇Scaeva pyrastri(L.)及丽蝇科大头金蝇Chrysomya(Compsomyia)megacephala(Fabricius);八角金盘提供的酬物主要为花粉与花蜜,食蚜蝇舔食其花粉与花蜜,而金环胡蜂与大头金蝇主要吮吸花蜜;金环胡蜂、大头金蝇及斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇的访花高峰均在10:30—14:30;斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇访花时间较长,5～10min,金环胡蜂访花时间较短,8～30s,大头金蝇访花时间最短只有3～5s。八角金盘具有较低的自花授粉能力,但主要为异花授粉植物。     

浅论城市害蜂的危害与治理

蜂害是我国城市化发展过程中出现的新问题。该文综述了国内外螫人害蜂的种类、习性与危害 ,蜂毒的成分与毒理 ,被蜂螫伤者的救治及蜂害的治理方法 ,分析了目前我国所面临的城市蜂害问题 ,并提出了应采取的相应对策     

Shade Tree Diversity,Cocoa Pest Damage,Yield Compensating Inputs and Farmers' Net Returns in West Africa

Cocoa agroforests can significantly support biodiversity, yet intensification of farming practices is degrading agroforestry habitats and compromising ecosystem services such as biological pest control. Effective conservation strategies depend on the type of relationship between agricultural matrix, biodiversity and ecosystem services, but to date the shape of this relationship is unknown. We linked shade index calculated from eight vegetation variables, with insect pests and beneficial insects (ants, wasps and spiders) in 20 cocoa agroforests differing in woody and herbaceous vegetation diversity. We measured herbivory and predatory rates, and quantified resulting increases in cocoa yield and net returns. We found that number of spider webs and wasp nests significantly decreased with increasing density of exotic shade tree species. Greater species richness of native shade tree species was associated with a higher number of wasp nests and spider webs while species richness of understory plants did not have a strong impact on these beneficial species. Species richness of ants, wasp nests and spider webs peaked at higher levels of plant species richness. The number of herbivore species (mirid bugs and cocoa pod borers) and the rate of herbivory on cocoa pods decreased with increasing shade index. Shade index was negatively related to yield, with yield significantly higher at shade and herb covers<50%. However, higher inputs in the cocoa farms do not necessarily result in a higher net return. In conclusion, our study shows the importance of a diverse shade canopy in reducing damage caused by cocoa pests. It also highlights the importance of conservation initiatives in tropical agroforestry landscapes.     

Habitat structure components are effective predictors of trap-nesting Hymenoptera diversity

Habitat heterogeneity can be the major factor affecting species diversity in a community and measuring bee and wasp community habitat preferences in natural systems may provide insights for biodiversity management and conservation. In the present study, we investigate the effects of habitat structure components on solitary bee and wasp species richness and abundance. The research was conducted in an urban forest remnant in southeast Brazil. Our main questions were: (1) is similarity in habitat structure mirrored by similarity in Aculeate assemblage composition? and (2) what are the vegetation features that could be used as predictors of solitary bee and wasp richness and abundance? Aculeate bees and wasps were sampled using trap nests from February to November 2004. Trap nests were placed in sampling units located in 6 ha of secondary mesophytic forest. One hundred and thirty-seven trap nests were occupied by four species of wasps and seven species of bees. Altogether, our sampling units had a mean capture rate (relative to expected richness) of 72% during all the study period. The more similar sampling units were in terms of vegetation structure, the more similar they were in solitary bee and wasp species composition. The variance of tree abundance, shrub height and the abundance of wood logs were good predictors of solitary bee and wasp species richness and abundance in the study area. We demonstrate that even in a small scale it is possible to detect significant influences of habitat features on alpha diversity and that some of them are effective as predictors of trap-nesting Hymenoptera richness and abundance.     

COMPARISON OF CHITIN STRUCTURES DERIVED FROM THREE COMMON WASP SPECIES (Vespa crabro LINNAEUS, 1758, Vespa orientalis LINNAEUS, 1771 and Vespula germanica (FABRICIUS, 1793))

There has been no study on the chitin structure of wasp species. Here, we selected the three most common wasp species belonging to the family Vespidae for chitin extraction and characterization. Chitin was isolated from each wasp species and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), elemental analysis (EA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chitin contents of Vespa crabro, Vespa orientalis, and Vespula germanica were 8.3, 6.4, and 11.9%, respectively. The crystalline index (CrI) values for the chitin extracted from each species were 69.88, 53.92, and 50%, respectively. The most important finding of the study is that although the same method was used to extract chitin from each of the three wasp species, the degree of acetylation was different: for V. crabro and V. orientalis it was 96.85 and 99.82% (the chitin was extremely pure), respectively, whereas that for V. germanica the chitin was 79.83%.     

Comparative characteristics of nests of Vespula germanica (F.) and Vespula vulgaris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespinae) from Christchurch City,New Zealand

Abstract

From July 1987 to June 1989, 141 nests and 365 nests, respectively, of the adventive social vespines the German wasp, Vespula germanica (F.), and the common wasp V. vulgaris (L.), from the City of Christchurch, New Zealand, were evaluated for seven major characteristics.

There were few, if any, differences in nest sites, and from spring to early summer in nest traffic, nest size, and numbers of combs. However, Getman wasps showed no preference for direction of nest entrances, while common wasp nests were more numerous in areas most exposed to the morning sun. Some Getman wasp nests survived the winter and began producing new worker cells by late June, but all common wasp nests died by June. Because common wasp nests have been reported surviving the winter in beech forest, which produces honey dew, and honey dew is not available in Christchurch City, common wasp nest survival over winter may be more dependent upon carbohydrates and/or prey dependent upon carbohydrates than the survival of German wasp nests. The presence of large, expanding wasp nests from early spring must impose localised predation pressures virtually unknown in the Northern Hemisphere where overwintering nests are rare. Wasp population dynamics, and impacts of wasps on fauna, are likely to vary between different geographical areas of New Zealand, but as targets for biological control, the two wasp species can generally be considered to be quite similar.     

广西胡蜂的敌害初步调查

胡蜂Vespidae是重要的捕食性天敌和授粉昆虫,敌害是制约胡蜂种群存活与发育的主要因素之一,弄清胡蜂的敌害种类和危害,可以为下一步防治技术措施的研究提供参考.通过目测法和设监视器等方法对广西胡蜂标准蜂群培育及其野训成为经济蜂群阶段的敌害种类和危害情况进行了初步调查,结果发现,胡蜂的敌害共有33种,其中有害动物19种、有害微生物14种.在标准蜂群野训成为经济蜂群期,对胡蜂危害严重的有害动物为蚂蚁、鸟类、盗虻、蝙蝠及松鼠等,蚂蚁对蜂群的危害最严重、最普遍;在蜂王越冬及标准蜂群培育期,对胡蜂危害严重的病害种类较多,有以色列急性麻痹病毒病、白垩病、欧幼病等,其中危害最严重的是以色列急性麻痹病毒病.14种有害微生物中,有13种病害是蜜蜂群中常见的病害.     

Comparison of three liquid lures for trapping social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Two citrus-based sodas and a known wasp attractant were compared in a field trial to assess their attractiveness to local nuisance wasp species. The wasps captured included Vespula germanica (F.), Vespula maculifrons (Buysson), Vespula vulgaris (L.), Vespula flavopilosa Jacobson, Vespula squamosa (Drury), Dolichovespula maculata (L.), Polistes fuscatus (L.), Polistes metricus Say, and Polistes dominulus (Christ). Wasps in the genus Vespula were present in significantly higher numbers in traps than Dolichovespula and Polistes. Both citrus soda products were superior to the isobutanol-acetic acid mixture as attractants for almost all of the wasp species.     

Temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of social wasp cuticle: A comparative study

Resistance to electricity by social wasp cuticle is temperature dependent within the range of 1–40°C. This was measured on the species Vespa orientalis (the Oriental hornet), Vespa crabro (the European hornet) and the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica. The resistance at first decreases with increased temperature, reaching a nadir which differs according to species, and then rises again up to 40°C, the highest temperature tested. It is suggested that the cuticular changes in resistivity at different temperatures reflect the wasp's mechanism for detecting and regulating the temperature in their normal environment.     

Molecular phylogeny of the paper wasp subgenus Polistes (Polistella) Ashmead, 1904 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) from Vietnam

This study provides the first molecular phylogeny of the social wasp subgenus Polistella (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistes) from Vietnam. Fragments of the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA genes were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic trees among 38 Polistes species plus two out-group species (Vespa soror du Buysson and Ropalidia fasciata (Fabricius)). Our results support the existence of several species-groups, including two that are congruent with the previous stigma and Stenopolistes groups defined on the basis of morphology. Moreover, we recovered a clade including the stigma group and the two species P. humilis and P. variabilis that was sister to all other species of Polistella. However, the results also challenged the definition of other groups of Polistella based on morphological data, as well as the definition of two species: P. brunus and P. affinis. This first study calls for further analyses including morphological characters to clarify the taxonomy and the classification of the group.