NKT细胞亚群

经典的NKT细胞是一类表面既具有T细胞又具有NK细胞标志的T细胞亚群。与普通T细胞相比,1.NKT细胞不受经典MHC I类分子限制,而受非经典MHC I类分子、CD1d分子限制,不识别蛋白质抗原,而是识别脂类抗原;2.NKT细胞的TCR     

Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV—Ⅰ)体外抗体应答及IFNr的调节

以纯化、灭活的HSV-I为抗原,体外致敏洗涤过的健康成人外周血淋巴细胞,37℃孵育12天,细胞培养上清中的特异性抗体用ELISA法测定。11例血清HSV-I抗体阳性成人的淋巴细胞接受灭活HSV-I抗原致敏后,培养上清中均能检出特异性抗体,抗体类型为IgG(26.6土23ng/m1),体外产生的特异抗体水平与原血清抗体水平无相关性(R=0.45,P>0.05)。同法刺激新生儿淋巴细胞;不能诱生任何类型的HSV-I抗体。在本实验系统中,特异性抗体应答是一个蛋白质的全新(de novo)合成过程,应答水平和体外致敏用的病毒抗原量有明显剂量依赖关系,最适刺激抗原量为108ng/ml。HSV-I抗体应答需要T、B细胞的相互作用,两类细胞单独均不能诱导特异性HSV-I抗体应答。在本实验系统中加入适量重组人γ干扰素,能增强抗体应答水平,过高剂量起抑制作用。     

自身肽结合于HLA-A2分子上能够在体外诱导抗原肽特异性的同种T细胞

在同种反应性T细胞(同种T细胞)识别的配体中, 抗原肽的作用是免疫学长期争论的问题, 即同种T细胞识别是否具有抗原肽特异性. 为了证实通过长期混合淋巴细胞培养(LTMLC)方法能够诱生抗原肽/MHC复合物(pMHC)特异性的同种T细胞, 本研究利用仅表达HLA-A2, TAP缺陷的T2细胞, 将酪氨酸激酶来源的自身抗原肽(Tyr_369-377)和EB病毒来源的病毒抗原肽(LMP2A_426-434)分别加载到T2细胞上, 使T2细胞提呈单一的T细胞抗原识别表位, 并且选择4个HLA-A2阳性(HLA-A2+ve)与4个HLA-A2阴性(HLA-A2-ve)个体的PBL样本, 与加载上述抗原肽的T2细胞混合培养. 在此实验系统中, HLA-A2+ve PBL与加载病毒抗原肽的T2细胞(T2/LMP)混合培养代表T细胞对普通抗原的反应, 而HLA-A2-ve PBL与加载自身抗原肽的T2细胞(T2/Tyr)混合培养则为T细胞对同种抗原的反应. 利用特异性pMHC四聚体染色与特异性细胞毒试验检测LTMLC诱生CTL的特异性, 其中利用HIV抗原肽(Gag_77-85)作为对照. 结果显示: (ⅰ) T2/LMP与HLA-A2+ve个体的PBL混合培养产生CTL(CTL-T2/LMP), CTL-T2/LMP对T2/LMP的杀伤显著高于对照T2/HIV的杀伤(26.52%±3.72% vs 7.01%±0.87%, P<0.001); LMP四聚体对CTL-T2/LMP染色的阳性细胞数显著高于对照HIV四聚体 (0.98%±0.33% vs 0.05%±0.01%, P=0.0014); (ⅱ) 加载自身抗原肽的T2细胞(T2/Tyr)可诱导HLA-A2-ve个体的PBL产生CTL(CTL-T2/Tyr), CTL-T2/Tyr对T2/Tyr的杀伤显著高于对T2/HIV的杀伤(28.07%±2.58% vs 6.87±1.01%, P<0.001); Tyr四聚体对CTL-T2/Tyr染色的阳性细胞数显著高于HIV四聚体(0.88%±0.3% vs 0.06±0.03%, P=0.0018). 结果说明: 结合于自身MHC分子上的病毒抗原肽与结合于同种MHC分子上的自身抗原肽都能诱导产生抗原肽特异性的CTL; 在LTMLC诱生的同种CTL中, 有相当数量的CTL具有pMHC特异性, 这些同种CTL的识别机制与普通抗原反应性CTL一样, 识别的对象也是特异性的pMHC. 支持了同种抗原的pMHC种类繁多造成同种T细胞反应强度极高的假说. 利用LTMLC诱生抗原肽特异性同种T细胞方法对于T细胞过继治疗具有潜在的应用价值.     

以T细胞攻击的位点作为进攻目标的杂交抗体

<正>如能在某些疾病中于选择的靶子上集中强烈的T细胞应答,在诸如治疗已经逃过正常宿主应答的肿瘤和感染,将是非度有益的。目前由于T细胞特异性的主要组织相容性(MHC)的限制和排斥移植的效应细胞问题所致的复杂性,而使我们在应用抗原特异性效应T细胞系或克隆于上述目的时似乎是不可想像的。本文中我们介绍一种新型技术,它包括藉助T细胞的能力清除不要的细     

癌/睾丸抗原在多发性骨髓瘤免疫治疗中应用的研究进展

多发性骨髓瘤是一种常见的血液系统恶性肿瘤,经治疗后仍然有很多患者复发,严重威胁人类的健康.癌/睾丸抗原(C/T)抗原是只表达于睾丸和癌细胞的一类抗原,由于睾丸细胞缺少MHCⅠ类分子,不会受到特异性CTL的攻击,但C/T抗原本身具有一定的免疫原性,可以激活机体产生特异性的CTL应答,因此其被认为是目前肿瘤免疫治疗的理想靶分子之一.C/T抗原从1991年被首次报道以来就倍受关注,在此,本文主要综述了C/T抗原在骨髓瘤细胞中的表达及其在多发性骨髓瘤免疫治疗中的价值和前景.     

MHCI类分子四聚体技术的应用研究进展

主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)I类分子四聚体(tetramer)技术可直接对抗原特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocytes,CTL)进行标记,以检测能够识别特定抗原肽-MHC I的CTL,用于临床检测、疾病诊断及相关科学研究。综述了MHC I四聚体技术应用的最新研究进展,为开展四聚体的相关研究提供新的参考。     

自身抗原，动力之源

众所周知,辅助T细胞在淋巴结中识别树突细胞或B细胞表面的MHCⅡ分子呈递的抗原而被激活,从而启动免疫应答的后续步骤。但是MHCⅡ分子所呈递的绝大部分是自身抗原,大多数时候辅助T细胞只能遇到这样的MHCⅡ分子而不能激活。那么自身抗原在免疫应答中有什么意义呢？最近的一项研究中,Fischer及其同事首先报道了自身抗原在免疫应答中的作用。     

主要组织相容性复合体I类分子抗原肽

被主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)I类分子呈递在细胞表面的抗原肽大部分来源于细胞内新合成蛋白质的降解产物,抗原肽直接体现细胞内功能蛋白质的部分变化,蛋白酶体、氨肽酶和抗原转运体(TAP)参与调控抗原肽的生成。在MHC的组装、折叠过程中,抗原肽促进各亚基的结合和折叠进程;而在起始细胞的免疫应答过程中,抗原肽不仅诱导T细胞抗原受体的特异结合,更为重要的是延长MHC同T细胞抗原受体特异结合的作用时间。     

博尔纳病病毒抗原免疫的杂交瘤细胞系的评价

目的评价博尔纳病病毒(BDV)抗原免疫的杂交瘤细胞系的产生抗体能力与抗体特异性。方法随机抽取2株由BDV抗原免疫的杂交瘤细胞系H1和H2,通过体内和体外方法制备单克隆抗体,通过间接免疫荧光、免疫印迹和间接酶联免疫吸附3种试验方法对制备的抗体进行特异性鉴定及效价测定。结果杂交瘤细胞系H1和H2可以产生一定效价的单克隆抗体,并对BDV的P24和P40抗原具有特异性。结论由杂交瘤细胞系H1和H2产生的单克隆抗体可以用于检测BDV特异性抗原。     

高中教材中特异性免疫疑点的解答

高中生物学教材由于课时容量限制,对特异性免疫知识的介绍相对较少,导致学生对特异性免疫存在一些疑问。针对抗原递呈细胞、B细胞、T细胞的种类,抗原递呈的过程,T细胞、B细胞活化的条件以及二次免疫过程抗原递呈存在的疑点进行解答。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.