大肠杆菌乙酸耐受性菌株的构建及其耐受机制研究进展

乙酸是微生物发酵生产常见的副产物,也可作为碳源存在于木质纤维素水解液等非粮原料发酵培养基中。培养基中含有高浓度的乙酸/乙酸盐时会抑制细胞生长、降低生物量,影响目标产品的产量和产率。研究乙酸耐受性机制,改进菌株的乙酸耐受性,构建具有高乙酸耐受性工程菌株,对于以乙酸为碳源或利用含乙酸的原料进行高附加值产品发酵生产具有重要意义。本文综述了通过代谢工程、实验室适应性进化、全局转录机器工程和基于CRISPR可追踪基因组工程等方法构建大肠杆菌乙酸耐受性菌株的研究进展,进一步从乙酸同化代谢、氨基酸依赖型代谢、离子转运系统调节和细胞膜成分修饰等4个方面阐述了大肠杆菌乙酸耐受性菌株的耐受性应答机制,总结了大肠杆菌乙酸耐受菌株的生产应用,展望了提高大肠杆菌乙酸耐受方法和大肠杆菌乙酸耐受机制的研究方向。     

大肠杆菌DH5α耐乙酸突变株的选育及其代谢特性研究

大肠杆菌DH5α是基因工程常用的宿主菌之一,但由于对代谢副产物乙酸十分敏感,影响外源基因的表达效率。为了提高E. coli DH5α乙酸耐受力,采用60Co诱变结合连续培养,逐步提高稀释率和乙酸钠选择压力,于含乙酸钠平板进一步筛选,得到5株对乙酸耐受能力显著增强的突变菌株,具有良好的遗传稳定性,其中DA19显示最强的耐受性能。DA19与DH5α相比,在复合培养基YPS和YPS2G中菌体浓度分别提高17％和5％,最大比生长速率分别提高8％和27％,产乙酸分别减少为6％和59％;在基本培养基中的细胞浓度提高24倍,在含10g/L乙酸钠培养基中达到的细胞浓度与不加乙酸钠DH5α的细胞浓度相当。     

乙酸对重组大肠杆菌BL21产酶的影响及作用机理研究

旨在研究发酵过程中产生的乙酸对重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)/p ET15b-Tre S的生长以及重组海藻糖合酶基因表达的影响,并对其作用机理进行探讨。通过外源添加乙酸(钠)的方法,研究了乙酸钠对重组菌BL21(DE3)/p ET15b-Tre S生长曲线的影响;利用环境扫描电子显微镜,观察了重组菌形态的变化情况;通过测定菌液的电导率值变化、菌液上清中OD260的变化,研究了乙酸(钠)对菌体细胞膜渗透性、完整性的影响;通过测定菌液上清中β-半乳糖苷酶的活性检测了乙酸钠对菌体细胞内膜的影响;利用荧光分析法检测了乙酸对菌体膜蛋白构象的影响;采用SDS-PAGE电泳研究了乙酸钠对菌体重组海藻糖合酶表达量的影响。结果表明,乙酸(钠)会对重组菌的生长产生一定的抑制作用,可以导致菌体细胞的表面出现凹陷、皱缩;并会影响细胞膜的渗透性、完整性,使得一些细胞内容物发生泄漏;影响细胞膜上的膜蛋白构象,对膜的结构造成一定程度的破坏;对重组海藻糖合酶的表达产生影响。乙酸(钠)对重组菌菌体的生长及重组海藻糖合酶基因的表达有影响,并且菌体细胞膜是其作用的一个靶点。     

进化代谢选育高渗透压耐受型产琥珀酸大肠杆菌

在以碳酸钠为酸中和剂的大肠杆菌两阶段发酵产琥珀酸的过程中,由于Na+的积累造成发酵体系中渗透压的提高,严重抑制了琥珀酸的产物浓度。为了增强大肠杆菌对渗透压的耐受性,考察了利用进化代谢方法筛选高渗透压耐受型高产琥珀酸大肠杆菌菌株的可行性。进化代谢系统作为一种菌株突变装置,可以使菌体在连续培养条件下以最大的生长速率生长。以NaCl为渗透压调节剂,通过在连续培养装置中逐步提高NaCl浓度使菌体在高渗透压条件下快速生长,最终得到了一株高渗透压耐受型琥珀酸生产菌株Escherichia coli XB4。以碳酸钠为酸中和剂,在7 L发酵罐中利用Escherichia coli XB4进行两阶段发酵,厌氧培养60 h后,琥珀酸产量达到了69.5 g/L,琥珀酸生产速率达到了1.81 g/(L.h),分别比出发菌株提高了18.6%和20%。     

絮凝基因FLO1及FLO1c高表达提高工业酿酒酵母乙酸耐受性及发酵性能

乙酸是生物质乙醇发酵过程中酵母细胞面临的重要抑制剂之一,对细胞生长及发酵性能有强烈的抑制作用。增强酵母菌对乙酸胁迫的耐受性对提高乙醇产率具有重要意义。用分别带有完整絮凝基因FLO1及其重复序列单元C发生缺失的衍生基因FLO1c的重组表达质粒分别转化非絮凝型工业酿酒酵母CE6,获得絮凝型重组酵母菌株6-AF1和6-AF1c。同时以空载体p YCPGA1转化CE6的菌株CE6-V为对照菌株。与CE6-V相比,絮凝酵母明显提高了对乙酸胁迫的耐受性。在0.6%(V/V)乙酸胁迫下,6-AF1和6-AF1c的乙醇产率分别为对照菌株CE6-V的1.56倍和1.62倍;在1.0%(V/V)乙酸胁迫下,6-AF1和6-AF1c的乙醇产率分别为对照菌株CE6-V的1.21倍和1.78倍。可见絮凝能力改造能明显提高工业酿酒酵母的乙酸胁迫耐受性及发酵性能,而且FLO1内重复序列单元C缺失具有更加明显的效果。     

过表达MRP8提高酿酒酵母乙酸耐性及乙醇发酵效率

乙酸是木质纤维素水解液中含量较多的抑制物,因此提高酿酒酵母菌株对乙酸的耐受性有助于提高纤维素乙醇生产效率。本文中,笔者利用基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的基因组编辑技术过表达了酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)S288c线粒体核糖体蛋白编码基因MRP8,并比较了过表达MRP8的菌株与对照菌株的生长和发酵特性。平板耐性检测发现,MRP8过表达明显提高了菌株的乙酸胁迫耐受性;乙醇发酵结果表明,在4.8 g/L乙酸胁迫条件下,过表达菌株MRP8-3在51 h消耗全部的葡萄糖,发酵时间缩短了25 h,显著优于相同时间的对照菌株。本研究结果为构建高效纤维素乙醇发酵的酿酒酵母菌株提供了新思路。     

类植物乳杆菌的耐酸、耐胆盐及降胆固醇特性

摘要：【目的】研究了类植物乳杆菌Ⅱ32的酸、胆盐耐受性和胆固醇去除能力,并通过菌株生长和胆固醇去除的关系探讨可能的机理。【方法】菌株Ⅱ32生长在高胆固醇MRS培养基中,胆固醇的检测通过气相色谱法。检测菌株在不同生长阶段对胆固醇的去除情况。【结果】菌株Ⅱ32具有酸耐受性、胆盐耐受性和一定的胆固醇清除能力。菌株在pH2.0培养2 h后仍能达到104 cfu/mL;加胆盐（0.3%～0.4%）对菌株生长量达到OD值0.6的时间延迟在0.5 h以内;热杀死的和休眠的细胞能去除很少的胆固醇,分别是5.64、5.90 mg/g细胞干重,而生长的细胞去除的胆固醇达到16.98 mg/g细胞干重。另外,研究表明胆固醇去除与菌体的生长有一定的相关性。【结论】菌株Ⅱ32去除胆固醇可能的机理是菌体对胆固醇的吸附及菌体在生长过程中对胆固醇的吸收利用,为此该菌株具有添加到食品中来降低血液胆固醇的潜能。     

过表达长链鞘氨醇激酶基因LCB4提高酿酒酵母抑制物耐受性

木质纤维素预处理过程中产生的有毒副产物严重影响了纤维素乙醇发酵,提高酿酒酵母抑制物耐受性是提高纤维素乙醇发酵效率的有效方法。文中通过过表达LCB4基因,研究了重组菌株S288C-LCB4在乙酸、糠醛和香草醛胁迫下的细胞生长和乙醇发酵性能。结果表明,LCB4过表达菌株在分别含有10 g/L乙酸、1.5 g/L糠醛和1 g/L香草醛的平板中生长均优于对照菌株;在分别含有10 g/L乙酸、3 g/L糠醛和2 g/L香草醛的液体乙醇发酵过程中,重组菌株S288C-LCB4乙醇发酵产率分别为0.85 g/(L·h)、0.76 g/(L·h)和1.12 g/(L·h),比对照菌株提高了34.9%、85.4%和330.8%;且糠醛和香草醛胁迫下发酵时间分别缩短了30 h和44 h。根据发酵终点发酵液代谢物分析发现重组菌株比对照菌株产生了更多甘油、海藻糖和琥珀酸,这些物质有利于增强菌株的抑制物耐受性。综上所述,LCB4基因过表达可显著提高酿酒酵母S288C在乙酸、糠醛和香草醛胁迫下的乙醇发酵性能。     

过表达tRNA基因tL(CAA)K提高酿酒酵母乙酸耐受性

乙酸是木质纤维素类生物质水解液中的常见毒性抑制物,选育乙酸耐受性好的酿酒酵母菌株,有利于高效利用木质纤维素类生物质,发酵生产生物燃料和生物基化学品。目前对酿酒酵母抗逆性的研究多集中在转录水平,但对转运RNA (Transfer RNA,tRNA) 在耐受性中的作用研究较少。在对酿酒酵母抗逆性研究过程中发现,一些转运RNA基因在耐受性好的酿酒酵母菌株中转录明显上调。本文深入分析了精氨酸tRNA基因tR(ACG)D和亮氨酸tRNA基因tL(CAA)K过表达对酿酒酵母耐受木质纤维素水解液的影响。结果表明,在4.2 g/L乙酸胁迫条件下进行乙醇发酵时,过表达tL(CAA)K的菌株生长和发酵性能均优于对照酵母菌株,乙醇生产强度比对照菌株提高了29.41%,但过表达tR(ACG)D基因的菌株生长和代谢能力较对照菌株明显降低,体现了不同tRNA的不同调控作用。进一步分析发现,过表达tL(CAA)K的重组酵母菌株乙酸耐受性调控相关基因HAA1、MSN2和MSN4等胁迫耐受性相关转录因子编码基因的转录水平上调。本文的研究为选育高效利用木质纤维素资源进行生物炼制的酵母菌株提供了新的改造策略,也为进一步揭示酿酒酵母tRNA基因表达调控对抗逆性的影响提供了基础。     

微量元素对大肠杆菌生长和乙酸生成的影响研究

大肠杆菌DA19的代谢特性与培养基中添加微量元素有较大的关系。在基本培养基中,当氮源限制时,添加微量元素可以在一定程度上改善DA19菌体的生长,提高菌体得率YX/G,大大减少乙酸的生成;当氮源充分时,与不添加微量元素相比,DA19在添加微量元素后,菌体浓度大大增加,虽然葡萄糖消耗速率加快,但产乙酸仍然很少,只有不添加时的13％,YX/G提高至少60％。基本培养基中添加0.1～1mL/L的微量元素混合溶液对DA19菌体生长、乙酸生成及葡萄糖消耗没有显著影响。在单独添加不同种类的微量元素时, BO33-、Zn2+、MoO42+、Cu2+没有特别明显的影响,Al3+会抑制菌体生长和葡萄糖利用,而Co2+、Mn2+、Fe2+可以改善细胞生长,特别是添加Fe2+时,细胞生长及乙酸生成等培养结果与添加微量元素混合溶液几乎相同。     

Comparison of growth, acetate production, and acetate inhibition of Escherichia coli strains in batch and fed-batch fermentations.

The growth characteristics and acetate production of several Escherichia coli strains were compared by using shake flasks, batch fermentations, and glucose-feedback-controlled fed-batch fermentations to assess the potential of each strain to grow at high cell densities. Of the E. coli strains tested, including JM105, B, W3110, W3100, HB101, DH1, CSH50, MC1060, JRG1046, and JRG1061, strains JM105 and B were found to have the greatest relative biomass accumulation, strain MC1060 accumulated the highest concentrations of acetic acid, and strain B had the highest growth rates under the conditions tested. In glucose-feedback-controlled fed-batch fermentations, strains B and JM105 produced only 2 g of acetate.liter-1 while accumulating up to 30 g of biomass.liter-1. Under identical conditions, strains HB101 and MC1060 accumulated less than 10 g of biomass.liter-1 and strain MC1060 produced 8 g of acetate.liter-1. The addition of various concentrations of sodium acetate to the growth medium resulted in a logarithmic decrease, with respect to acetate concentration, in the growth rates of E. coli JM105, JM105(pOS4201), and JRG1061. These data indicated that the growth of the E. coli strains was likely to be inhibited by the acetate they produced when grown on media containing glucose. A model for the inhibition of growth of E. coli by acetate was derived from these experiments to explain the inhibition of acetate on E. coli strains at neutral pH.     

Comparison of growth, acetate production, and acetate inhibition of Escherichia coli strains in batch and fed-batch fermentations

The growth characteristics and acetate production of several Escherichia coli strains were compared by using shake flasks, batch fermentations, and glucose-feedback-controlled fed-batch fermentations to assess the potential of each strain to grow at high cell densities. Of the E. coli strains tested, including JM105, B, W3110, W3100, HB101, DH1, CSH50, MC1060, JRG1046, and JRG1061, strains JM105 and B were found to have the greatest relative biomass accumulation, strain MC1060 accumulated the highest concentrations of acetic acid, and strain B had the highest growth rates under the conditions tested. In glucose-feedback-controlled fed-batch fermentations, strains B and JM105 produced only 2 g of acetate.liter-1 while accumulating up to 30 g of biomass.liter-1. Under identical conditions, strains HB101 and MC1060 accumulated less than 10 g of biomass.liter-1 and strain MC1060 produced 8 g of acetate.liter-1. The addition of various concentrations of sodium acetate to the growth medium resulted in a logarithmic decrease, with respect to acetate concentration, in the growth rates of E. coli JM105, JM105(pOS4201), and JRG1061. These data indicated that the growth of the E. coli strains was likely to be inhibited by the acetate they produced when grown on media containing glucose. A model for the inhibition of growth of E. coli by acetate was derived from these experiments to explain the inhibition of acetate on E. coli strains at neutral pH.     

Acetate metabolism in Escherichia coli strains lacking phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system; evidence of carbon recycling strategies and futile cycles

The ptsHIcrr operon was deleted from Escherichia coli wild-type JM101 to generate strain PB11 (PTS(-)). In a mutant derived from PB11 that partially recovered its growth capacity on glucose by an adaptive evolution process (PB12, PTS(-)Glc(+)), part of the phosphoenolpyruvate not used in glucose transport has been utilized for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. In this report, it is shown that on acetate as a carbon source, PB11 displayed a specific growth rate (mu) higher than PB12 (0.21 and 0.13 h(-1), respectively) while JM101 had a mu of 0.28 h(-1). To understand these growth differences on acetate, we compared the expression profiles of central metabolic genes by RT-PCR analysis. Obtained data revealed that some gluconeogenic genes were downregulated in both PTS(-) strains as compared to JM101, while most glycolytic genes were upregulated in PB12 in contrast to PB11 and JM101. Furthermore, inactivation of gluconeogenic genes, like ppsA, sfcA, and maeB,and poxB gene that codes for pyruvate oxidase, has differential impacts in the acetate metabolism of these strains. Results indicate that growth differences on acetate in the PTS(-) derivatives are due to potential carbon recycling strategies, mainly in PB11, and futile carbon cycles, especially in PB12.     

Measuring bacterial growth by tapered fiber and changes in evanescent field

Single mode continuous tapered fibers were fabricated with waist diameters of 6-8 microm and of 11 mm waist lengths. The tapered surface was coated with poly-l-lysine and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (JM 101) expressing green fluorescent protein was immobilized. Growth of this culture at 22 and 32 degrees C was monitored by 480 nm light transmission through the tapered fiber. Change in transmission is a measure of change in absorption of the evanescent field. The transmission decreased exponentially with cell growth on the tapered surface. Growth rate was determined and compared favorably with cells grown on the same medium in multiwell plates. Significance of the results is that a tapered fiber sensor can be used effectively for rapid assessment to determine the presence of bacteria by growth.     

Overexpression of bacterial hemoglobin causes incorporation of pre-beta-lactamase into cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.

The expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) in Escherichia coli JM101 (pRED2) causes the incorporation of the TEM beta-lactamase precursor into cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs). Less pre-beta-lactamase is translocated and processed to its mature, periplasmic form in the strain coexpressing VHb than in the control strain E. coli JM101(pUC19) not expressing VHb. When cells are grown in a special fed-batch procedure, the formation of cytoplasmic IBs consisting of pre-beta-lactamase is also inducible in the control strain. Comparative microscopic and compositional analyses of IBs generated in E. coli JM101(pUC19) and JM101(pRED2) under identical growth conditions strongly suggest that pre-beta-lactamase and VHb coaggregate into common IBs in E. coli JM101 (pRED2).     

大肠杆菌ptsG基因敲除及其缺陷株生长特性研究

在大肠杆菌磷酸转移酶系统中,葡萄糖主要由ptsG基因编码的酶ⅡCB^Glc转运入细胞。利用代谢工程技术构建ptsG基因缺陷株,有望降低葡萄糖的摄取速率,减少乙酸累积,促进菌体生长。运用PCR技术,扩增出两翼与ptsG基因上下游序列同源,中间为氯霉素抗性基因的DNA片段。经电转化,将外源DNA片段分别转入Escherichia coli DH5a、JM109中。在Red重组酶的作用下,外源DNA片段与染色体上同源区域重组,将基因ptsG敲除,构建ptsG基因缺陷株：DH5αP,JM109P。在LB培养基中,ptsG基因缺陷株的生长状况与亲株无明显差异。在含有葡萄糖的LB培养基中,DH5αP、JM109P的最高菌密度分别是对照菌株DH5α,JM109的3．47倍和4．25倍,ptsG基因缺陷株对葡萄糖的摄入量也明显高于对照菌株。重组蛋白肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)在DH5αP、JM109P中的表达量分别占全菌蛋白的24．3％、20．8％,A600分别为8．28、7．62,TNF在缺陷株中单位体积的表达量明显高于对照菌株。以上结果说明,大肠杆菌ptsG基因缺陷株具有良好的生长能力和表达外源蛋白的能力,在大肠杆菌高密度发酵研究方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Participation of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Escherichia coli strains with an inactive phosphotransferase system (PTS- Glc+) in gluconate and glucose batch cultures

The activity of the enzymes of the central metabolic pathways has been the subject of intensive analysis; however, the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway has only recently begun to attract attention. The metabolic response to edd gene knockout in Escherichia coli JM101 and PTS- Glc+ was investigated in gluconate and glucose batch cultures and compared with other pyruvate kinase and PTS mutants previously constructed. Even though the specific growth rates between the strain carrying the edd gene knockout and its parent JM101 and PTS- Glc+ edd and its parent PTS- Glc+ were very similar, reproducible changes in the specific consumption rates and biomass yields were obtained when grown on glucose. These results support the participation of the ED pathway not only on gluconate metabolism but on other metabolic and biochemical processes in E. coli. Despite that gluconate is a non-PTS carbohydrate, the PTS- Glc+ and derived strains showed important reductions in the specific growth and gluconate consumption rates. Moreover, the overall activity of the ED pathway on gluconate resulted in important increments in PTS- Glc+ and PTS- Glc+ pykF mutants. Additional results obtained with the pykA pykF mutant indicate the important contribution of the pyruvate kinase enzymes to pyruvate synthesis and energy production in both carbon sources.     

Enhanced heterologous gene expression in novel rpoH mutants of Escherichia coli.

Extragenic temperature-resistant suppressor mutants of an rpoD800 derivative of Escherichia coli W3110 were selected at 43.5 degrees C. Two of the mutants were shown to have a phenotype of enhanced accumulation of heterologous proteins. Genetic mapping of the two mutants showed that the mutation conferring temperature resistance resided in the rpoH gene. P1-mediated transduction of the rpoD+ gene into both of the rpoD800 rpoH double mutants resulted in viable rpoH mutants, MON102 and MON105, that retained temperature resistance at 46 degrees C, the maximum growth temperature of W3110. The complete rpoH gene, including the regulatory region, from MON102, MON105, and the parental W3110 was cloned and sequenced. Sequencing results showed that a single C----T transition at nucleotide 802 was present in both MON102 and MON105, resulting in an Arg(CGC)----Cys(TGC) substitution at amino acid residue 268 (R-268-C; this gene was designated rpoH358). Heterologous protein accumulation levels in both MON102 and MON105, as well as in rpoH358 mutants constructed in previously unmanipulated W3110 and JM101, were assessed and compared with parental W3110 and JM101 levels. Expression studies utilizing the recA or araBAD promoter and the phage T7 gene 10L ribosome-binding site (g10L) showed that increased accumulation levels of a number of representative heterologous proteins (i.e., human or bovine insulin-like growth factor-1, bovine insulin-like growth factor-2, prohormone of human atrial natriuretic factor, bovine placental lactogen, and/or bovine prolactin) were obtained in the rpoH358 mutants compared with the levels in the parental W3110 and JM101. The mechanism of enhanced heterologous protein accumulation in MON102 and MON105 was unique compared with those of previously described rpoH mutants. Pulse-chase and Northern (RNA) blot analyses showed that the enhanced accumulation of heterologous proteins was not due to decreased proteolysis but was instead due to increased levels of the respective heterologous mRNAs accompanied by increased synthesis of the respective heterologous proteins. The plasmid copy number remained unaltered.     

Enhanced heterologous gene expression in novel rpoH mutants of Escherichia coli.

Extragenic temperature-resistant suppressor mutants of an rpoD800 derivative of Escherichia coli W3110 were selected at 43.5 degrees C. Two of the mutants were shown to have a phenotype of enhanced accumulation of heterologous proteins. Genetic mapping of the two mutants showed that the mutation conferring temperature resistance resided in the rpoH gene. P1-mediated transduction of the rpoD+ gene into both of the rpoD800 rpoH double mutants resulted in viable rpoH mutants, MON102 and MON105, that retained temperature resistance at 46 degrees C, the maximum growth temperature of W3110. The complete rpoH gene, including the regulatory region, from MON102, MON105, and the parental W3110 was cloned and sequenced. Sequencing results showed that a single C----T transition at nucleotide 802 was present in both MON102 and MON105, resulting in an Arg(CGC)----Cys(TGC) substitution at amino acid residue 268 (R-268-C; this gene was designated rpoH358). Heterologous protein accumulation levels in both MON102 and MON105, as well as in rpoH358 mutants constructed in previously unmanipulated W3110 and JM101, were assessed and compared with parental W3110 and JM101 levels. Expression studies utilizing the recA or araBAD promoter and the phage T7 gene 10L ribosome-binding site (g10L) showed that increased accumulation levels of a number of representative heterologous proteins (i.e., human or bovine insulin-like growth factor-1, bovine insulin-like growth factor-2, prohormone of human atrial natriuretic factor, bovine placental lactogen, and/or bovine prolactin) were obtained in the rpoH358 mutants compared with the levels in the parental W3110 and JM101. The mechanism of enhanced heterologous protein accumulation in MON102 and MON105 was unique compared with those of previously described rpoH mutants. Pulse-chase and Northern (RNA) blot analyses showed that the enhanced accumulation of heterologous proteins was not due to decreased proteolysis but was instead due to increased levels of the respective heterologous mRNAs accompanied by increased synthesis of the respective heterologous proteins. The plasmid copy number remained unaltered.