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1.
When Azotobacter chroococcum cells grown in batch culture under N2-fixing conditions were transferred to a medium lacking a nitrogen source, the cellular C/N ratio, the amount of alginic acid released into the external medium and the rate of endogenous respiration increased appreciably after 6 h to the exclusion of dinitrogen, whereas nitrogenase activity did not undergo any significant change. Nitrogen deficiency caused a decrease in the ammonium inhibition of nitrogenase activity from 95% inhibition at zero time to 14% after 6 h incubation under dinitrogen starvation, with no difference in the rate of ammonium utilization by N2-fixing and N2-starved cells being observed. This suggests that a balance of nitrogen and carbon assimilation is necessary for the ammonium inhibition of nitrogenase activity in A. chroococcum to take place. 相似文献
2.
Undulatory light cycles synchronize the endogenous periodicity of activity without masking the activity simultaneously. The primary range of entrainment ranges from 17 to 36 hr. This remarkable width indicates that the self-sustained circadian oscillation of Carabus tends to a relaxation type. The phase angle differences measured at both the borders of the range of entrainment differ by 180°. In the case of resonance (τ ~ T) the phase angle difference is rearly zero. Short rectangular light-dark cycles () frequently mask the activity. Simultaneously they entrain the endogenous rhythm by frequency reduction. Masking by short light-dark cycles was constant in some individuals, but between individuals variable ‘phase angle differences’ were observed. 相似文献
3.
Uma K. Aryal Stephen J. Callister Sujata Mishra Xiaohui Zhang Janani I. Shutthanandan Thomas E. Angel Anil K. Shukla Matthew E. Monroe Ronald J. Moore David W. Koppenaal Richard D. Smith Louis Sherman 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2013,79(4):1070-1077
Cultures of the cyanobacterial genus Cyanothece have been shown to produce high levels of biohydrogen. These strains are diazotrophic and undergo pronounced diurnal cycles when grown under N2-fixing conditions in light-dark cycles. We seek to better understand the way in which proteins respond to these diurnal changes, and we performed quantitative proteome analysis of Cyanothece sp. strains ATCC 51142 and PCC 7822 grown under 8 different nutritional conditions. Nitrogenase expression was limited to N2-fixing conditions, and in the absence of glycerol, nitrogenase gene expression was linked to the dark period. However, glycerol induced expression of nitrogenase during part of the light period, together with cytochrome c oxidase (Cox), glycogen phosphorylase (Glp), and glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzymes. This indicated that nitrogenase expression in the light was facilitated via higher levels of respiration and glycogen breakdown. Key enzymes of the Calvin cycle were inhibited in Cyanothece ATCC 51142 in the presence of glycerol under H2-producing conditions, suggesting a competition between these sources of carbon. However, in Cyanothece PCC 7822, the Calvin cycle still played a role in cofactor recycling during H2 production. Our data comprise the first comprehensive profiling of proteome changes in Cyanothece PCC 7822 and allow an in-depth comparative analysis of major physiological and biochemical processes that influence H2 production in both strains. Our results revealed many previously uncharacterized proteins that may play a role in nitrogenase activity and in other metabolic pathways and may provide suitable targets for genetic manipulation that would lead to improvement of large-scale H2 production. 相似文献
4.
Nitrogen-Fixing (Acetylene Redution) Activity and Population of Aerobic Heterotrophic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Associated with Wetland Rice 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
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Iwao Watanabe Wilfredo L. Barraquio Marcelino R. De Guzman Delfin A. Cabrera 《Applied microbiology》1979,37(5):813-819
Nitrogen-fixing activity associated with different wetland rice varieties was measured at various growth stages by an in situ acetylene reduction method after the activities of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in the flood water and on the lower portion of the rice stem were eliminated. Nitrogen-fixing activities associated with rice varieties differed with plant growth stages. The activities increased with plant age, and the maximum was about at heading stage. The nitrogen fixed during the whole cropping period was estimated at 5.9 kg of N per ha for variety IR26 (7 days) and 4.8 kg of N per ha for variety IR36 (95 days). The population of aerobic heterotrophic N2-fixing bacteria associated with rice roots and stems was determined by the most-probable-number method, using semisolid glucose-yeast extract and semisolid malate-yeast extract media. The addition of yeast extract to the glucose medium increased the number and activity of aerobic heterotrophic N2-fixing bacteria. The glucose-yeast extract medium gave higher counts of aerobic N2-fixing bacteria associated with rice roots than did the malate-yeast extract medium, on which Spirillum-like bacteria were usually observed. The lower portion of the rice stem was also inhabited by N2-fixing bacteria and was an active site of N2 fixation. 相似文献
5.
Under N2-fixing conditions, Azotobacter vinelandii expresses a specific transport system for methylammonium (ammonium) [E. M. Barnes, Jr. and P. Zimniak (1981) J. Bacteriol. 146, 512–516]. This activity is decreased markedly by culture of cells in the presence of 10 mm ammonium or 2 mm methylammonium; in both cases, the Vmax values for methylammonium uptake were 25% of those of N2-fixing cells. Mixing experiments with assay medium indicate that transport activity is controlled by intracellular rather than extracellular metabolites. Glutamine synthetase activity of cells cultured with ammonium was 33% that of N2-fixing cultures, but activity was unaffected by incubation with methylammonium. Thus ammonium transport and ammonium fixation are regulated independently. When ammonium was removed from the medium, cells recovered over 90% of the initial transport activity after 1 h; this recovery was not affected by addition of chloramphenicol. The loss of uptake activity in cells incubated with ammonium or methylammonium correlated with over sixfold increases in intracellular levels of glutamine and γ-glutamylmethylamide, respectively. Recovery of transport was accompanied by similar reductions in pools of these compounds. Over one-half of methylammonium transport activity could be blocked by direct addition of 10 mm glutamine or γ-glutamylmethylamide to transport assays; these concentrations were similar to those observed in vivo. The glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine, was the most potent inhibitor found (68% inhibition at 10 μm). These results indicate that the regulation of ammonium transport by ammonium and methylammonium is due to inhibition of the transporter by intracellular γ-glutamyl amides rather than by repression of transporter synthesis. 相似文献
6.
S.N. Bagchi A.N. Rai H.N. Singh 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》1985,838(3):370-373
The repression-derepression control of Nostoc muscorum nitrate reductase was studied with regard to the Mo-cofactor and apoprotein levels. It was found that the synthesis of Mo-cofactor is constitutive but the apoprotein is subject to the repression-derepression control. In NH4+ medium apoprotein synthesis was repressed and in N2 and NO3? media apoprotein synthesis was derepressed. The apoprotein levels were similar in NO3? and N2 media; however, the nitrate reductase activity was lower in N2 medium due to lower Mo-cofactor activity. The lower Mo-cofactor activity in N2-fixing conditions as compared to that in non-N2-fixing conditions was consistent with the earlier view that the Mo-cofactor of nitrate reductase may be a precursor for FeMo-cofactor of nitrogenase. 相似文献
7.
Tit-Yee Wong 《Applied microbiology》1988,54(2):473-475
Mannose is not a suitable substrate for N2-fixing Azotobacter vinelandii. However, when H2 gas is provided, A. vinelandii can grow mixotrophically with H2 as the energy source and mannose as the carbon source (T.-Y. Wong and R. J. Maier, J. Bacteriol. 163:528-533, 1985). In this report, seven sugars were used to determine whether A. vinelandii could derive energy from these sugars for mannose utilization. Supplementation of fructose- or galactose-limited medium with mannose did not influence the biomass produced by N2-fixing A. vinelandii. The presence of mannose in glucose- or maltose-limited cultures increased cell yield slightly. The addition of mannose decreased the total biomass in the melibiose-limited culture slightly. Mannose was a potent inhibitor of growth when sucrose or turanose was used as the primary sugar. The inhibitory effect of mannose on utilization of sucrose and turanose seems to be related to the energy requirement of the N2-fixing processes. 相似文献
8.
Enumeration and Localization of N2-Fixing Bacteria Associated with Roots of Spartina alterniflora Loisel 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
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C. Robertson McClung Peter van Berkum Robert E. Davis Charles Sloger 《Applied microbiology》1983,45(6):1914-1920
Numbers and possible locations of N2-fixing bacteria were investigated in roots of Spartina alterniflora Loisel, which support nitrogenase activity in the undisturbed native habitat. N2-fixing bacteria were recovered in cultures both from S. alterniflora roots and from the surrounding sediment, and they formed a greater proportion of the bacteria recovered from root homogenates than from salt-marsh sediment. N2-fixing bacteria were recovered in high numbers from the rhizoplane of S. alterniflora after roots were treated with 1 or 5% chloramine-T for 1 h or with 1% NaOCl for 1 or 2 h. Immersing S. alterniflora roots in 5% NaOCl for 1 h was more effective in distinguishing bacteria inside the roots since this treatment nearly eliminated N2-fixing bacteria recoverable from the rhizoplane, although high numbers of N2-fixing bacteria were recovered from homogenates of roots treated with 5% NaOCl for 1 h. However, this treatment was less effective with roots of Zea mays L. (Funks G4646) and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (CK-60 A), indicating that techniques to surface sterilize roots should be evaluated for different plants. Bacteria were observed by light and electron microscopy inter- and intracellularly in the cortex and in the aerenchyma of S. alterniflora roots. This study clearly shows that bacteria, including N2 fixers, colonize the interior of roots of S. alterniflora growing in a Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, salt marsh. 相似文献
9.
Marine dinitrogen (N2)-fixing cyanobacteria have large impacts on global biogeochemistry as they fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and fertilize oligotrophic ocean waters with new nitrogen. Iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) are the two most important limiting nutrients for marine biological N2 fixation, and their availabilities vary between major ocean basins and regions. A long-standing question concerns the ability of two globally dominant N2-fixing cyanobacteria, unicellular Crocosphaera and filamentous Trichodesmium, to maintain relatively high N2-fixation rates in these regimes where both Fe and P are typically scarce. We show that under P-deficient conditions, cultures of these two cyanobacteria are able to grow and fix N2 faster when Fe deficient than when Fe replete. In addition, growth affinities relative to P increase while minimum concentrations of P that support growth decrease at low Fe concentrations. In Crocosphaera, this effect is accompanied by a reduction in cell sizes and elemental quotas. Relatively high growth rates of these two biogeochemically critical cyanobacteria in low-P, low-Fe environments such as those that characterize much of the oligotrophic ocean challenge the common assumption that low Fe levels can have only negative effects on marine primary producers. The closely interdependent influence of Fe and P on N2-fixing cyanobacteria suggests that even subtle shifts in their supply ratio in the past, present and future oceans could have large consequences for global carbon and nitrogen cycles. 相似文献
10.
Soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Williams), which were symbiotic with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and which grew well upon reduced nitrogen supplied solely through N2 fixation processes, often exhibited excess accumulation of starch and sucrose and diminished soluble protein in their source leaves. Nitrate and ammonia, when supplied to the nodulated roots of N2-fixing plants, mediated a reduction of foliar starch accumulation and a corresponding increase in soluble protein in the source leaves. This provided an opportunity to examine the potential metabolic adjustments by which NO3− and NH4+ (N) sufficiency or deficiency exerted an influence upon soybean leaf starch synthesis. When compared with soybean plants supplied with N, elevated starch accumulation was focused in leaf palisade parenchyma tissue of N2-fixing plants. Foliar activities of starch synthesis pathway enzymes including fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase, phosphohexoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase (PGM), as well as adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (in some leaves) exhibited highest activities in leaf extracts of N2-fixing plants when expressed on a leaf protein basis. This was interpreted to mean that there was an adaptation of these enzyme activities in the leaves of N2-fixing plants, and this contributed to an increase in starch accumulation. Another major causal factor associated with increased starch accumulation was the elevation in foliar levels of fructose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, and glucose-1-phosphate (G1P), which had risen to chloroplast concentrations considerably in excess of the Km values for their respective target enzymes associated with starch synthesis, e.g. elevated G1P with respect to adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPG-PPiase) binding sites. The cofactor glucose-1,6-bisphosphate (G1,6BP) was found to be obligate for maximal PGM activity in soybean leaf extracts of N2-fixing as well as N-supplemented plants, and G1,6BP levels in N2-fixing plant leaves was twice that of levels in N-supplied treatments. However the concentration of chloroplastic G1,6BP in illuminated leaves was computed to be saturating with respect to PGM in both N2-fixing and N-supplemented plants. This suggested that the higher level of this cofactor in N2-fixing plant leaves did not confer any higher PGM activation and was not a factor in higher starch synthesis rates. Relative to plants supplied with NO3− and NH4+, the source leaf glycerate-3-phosphate (3-PGA) and orthophosphate (Pi) concentrations in leaves of N2-fixing plants were two to four times higher. Although Pi is a physiological competitive inhibitor of leaf chloroplast ADPG-PPiase, and hence, starch synthesis, elevated chloroplast 3-PGA levels in N2-fixing plant leaves apparently prevented interference of Pi with ADPG-PPiase catalysis and starch synthesis. 相似文献
11.
Jian-Bo Xie Zhenglin Du Lanqing Bai Changfu Tian Yunzhi Zhang Jiu-Yan Xie Tianshu Wang Xiaomeng Liu Xi Chen Qi Cheng Sanfeng Chen Jilun Li 《PLoS genetics》2014,10(3)
We provide here a comparative genome analysis of 31 strains within the genus Paenibacillus including 11 new genomic sequences of N2-fixing strains. The heterogeneity of the 31 genomes (15 N2-fixing and 16 non-N2-fixing Paenibacillus strains) was reflected in the large size of the shell genome, which makes up approximately 65.2% of the genes in pan genome. Large numbers of transposable elements might be related to the heterogeneity. We discovered that a minimal and compact nif cluster comprising nine genes nifB, nifH, nifD, nifK, nifE, nifN, nifX, hesA and nifV encoding Mo-nitrogenase is conserved in the 15 N2-fixing strains. The nif cluster is under control of a σ70-depedent promoter and possesses a GlnR/TnrA-binding site in the promoter. Suf system encoding [Fe–S] cluster is highly conserved in N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing strains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the nif cluster enabled Escherichia coli JM109 to fix nitrogen. Phylogeny of the concatenated NifHDK sequences indicates that Paenibacillus and Frankia are sister groups. Phylogeny of the concatenated 275 single-copy core genes suggests that the ancestral Paenibacillus did not fix nitrogen. The N2-fixing Paenibacillus strains were generated by acquiring the nif cluster via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from a source related to Frankia. During the history of evolution, the nif cluster was lost, producing some non-N2-fixing strains, and vnf encoding V-nitrogenase or anf encoding Fe-nitrogenase was acquired, causing further diversification of some strains. In addition, some N2-fixing strains have additional nif and nif-like genes which may result from gene duplications. The evolution of nitrogen fixation in Paenibacillus involves a mix of gain, loss, HGT and duplication of nif/anf/vnf genes. This study not only reveals the organization and distribution of nitrogen fixation genes in Paenibacillus, but also provides insight into the complex evolutionary history of nitrogen fixation. 相似文献
12.
Interaction of the Circadian Cycle with the Cell Cycle in Pyrocystis fusiformis 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
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Sweeney BM 《Plant physiology》1982,70(1):272-276
Dividing pairs or single cells of the large dinoflagellate, Pyrocystis fusiformis Murray, were isolated in capillary tubes and their morphology was observed over a number of days, either in a light-dark cycle or in constant darkness. Morphological stages were correlated with the first growth stage, G1, DNA synthesis, S, the second growth stage, G2, mitosis, M, and cytokinesis, C, segments of the cell division cycle. The S phase was identified by measuring the nuclear DNA content of cells of different morphologies by the fluorescence of 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dichloride.
Cells changed from one morphological stage to the next only during the night phase of the circadian cycle, both under light-dark conditions and in continuous darkness. Cells in all segments of the cell division cycle displayed a circadian rhythm in bioluminescence. These findings are incompatible with a mechanism for circadian oscillations that invokes cycling in Gq, an hypothesized side loop from G1. All morphological stages, not only division, appear to be phased by the circadian clock.
相似文献13.
Effects of L-methionine-DL-sulphoximine on the assimilation of newly fixed NH3, acetylene reduction and heterocyst production in Anabaena cylindrica. 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
The addition of exogenous L-methionine-DL-sulphoximine (MSO) to N2-fixing cultures of the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica results in over half of the newly fixed NH3 being released into the medium. MSO also inhibits glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, has negligible effect on alanine dehydrogenase activity, and glutamate dehydrogenase activity under N2-fixing conditions is negligible. In the presence of MSO, intracellular pools of glutamate and glutamine decrease, those of aspartate and alanine + glycine show little change, and the NH3 pool increases. MSO alleviates the inhibitory effect of exogenous NH4+ on nitrogenase synthesis and heterocyst production. The results suggest that in N2-fixing cultures of A. cylindrica the primary NH3 assimilating pathway involves GS, and probably glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and that the repressor of nitrogenase synthesis and heterocyst production is not NH4+ but is GS, GOGAT, or a product of their reactions. 相似文献
14.
In the circannual pupation rhythm of the varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci, entrainment to annual cycles is achieved by phase resetting of the circannual oscillator in response to photoperiodic changes. In order to examine whether a circadian system is involved in expression of the periodic pattern and phase resetting of the circannual rhythm as photoperiodic responses, we exposed larvae to light-dark cycles with a short photophase followed by a variable scotophase (the Nanda-Hamner protocol). When the cycle length (T) was a multiple of 24 h, i.e., 24, 48, or 72 h, short-day effects were clearer than when T was far from a multiple of 24 h, i.e., 36 or 60 h. Exposure to light-dark cycles of T = 36 h had effects similar to exposure to long-day cycles of T = 24 h. The magnitude of phase shifts depended on the duration and the phase of exposure to the cycles of T = 36 or 60 h. It was therefore concluded that a circadian system is involved in photoperiodic time measurement for phase resetting of the circannual oscillator of A. verbasci. 相似文献
15.
Effect of Bentazon, a Hill Reaction Inhibitor, on Symbiotic Nitrogen-fixing Capability and Apparent Photosynthesis 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
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Symbiotic associations of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Blue Lake) and Rhizobium phaseoli strain 127K17 were treated with the Hill reaction inhibitor bentazon (3-isopropyl-1 H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide). Plants receiving foliar and root treatments of 1.8 kilograms per hectare bentazon were assayed at 6 hour intervals for N2-fixing capacity by measuring C2H2-dependent C2H4 production and H2 evolution and for CO2 exchange rates. In foliar treated plants greatest measured inhibition of CO2 exchange rates and N2-fixing capacity occurred 6 and 12 hours after treatment, respectively. In root-treated plants maximum inhibition of both processes was delayed by 6 hours, and was less severe than in foliar treated plants. Nitrogen-fixing capacity and CO2 exchange rate recovered to control levels in all plants. Application of higher rates of bentazon resulted in greater inhibition of CO2 exchange rate and N2-fixing capacity. Inhibition of the two processes was positively correlated (r = 0.985). The results indicate that inhibition of N2-fixing capacity was not caused by bentazon directly, but indirectly through limiting the availability of photosynthate to support root nodule activity. 相似文献
16.
Shintaro Hara Yasuyuki Hashidoko Roman V. Desyatkin Ryusuke Hatano Satoshi Tahara 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2009,75(9):2811-2819
For evaluating N2 fixation of diazotrophic bacteria, nitrogen-poor liquid media supplemented with at least 0.5% sugar and 0.2% agar are widely used for acetylene reduction assays. In such a soft gel medium, however, many N2-fixing soil bacteria generally show only trace acetylene reduction activity. Here, we report that use of a N2 fixation medium solidified with gellan gum instead of agar promoted growth of some gellan-preferring soil bacteria. In a soft gel medium solidified with 0.3% gellan gum under appropriate culture conditions, bacterial microbiota from boreal forest bed soils and some free-living N2-fixing soil bacteria isolated from the microbiota exhibited 10- to 200-fold-higher acetylene reduction than those cultured in 0.2% agar medium. To determine the N2 fixation-activating mechanism of gellan gum medium, qualitative differences in the colony-forming bacterial components from tested soil microbiota were investigated in plate cultures solidified with either agar or gellan gum for use with modified Winogradsky''s medium. On 1.5% agar plates, apparently cryophilic bacterial microbiota showed strictly distinguishable microbiota according to the depth of soil in samples from an eastern Siberian Taiga forest bed. Some pure cultures of proteobacteria, such as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Burkholderia xenovorans, showed remarkable acetylene reduction. On plates solidified with 1.0% gellan gum, some soil bacteria, including Luteibacter sp., Janthinobacterium sp., Paenibacillus sp., and Arthrobacter sp., uniquely grew that had not grown in the presence of the same inoculants on agar plates. In contrast, Pseudomonas spp. and Burkholderia spp. were apparent only as minor colonies on the gellan gum plates. Moreover, only gellan gum plates allowed some bacteria, particularly those isolated from the shallow organic soil layer, to actively swarm. In consequence, gellan gum is a useful gel matrix to bring out growth potential capabilities of many soil diazotrophs and their consortia in communities of soil bacteria.In 1967, Schöllhorn and Burris discovered that nitrogenase from an N2-fixing rhizobium of soybean can reduce acetylene to produce ethylene (C2H4) (32), a reaction analogous to the conversion of the natural substrate N2 into ammonia. Shortly afterwards, it was shown that this acetylene reduction activity parallels N2 reduction by nitrogenase (13), and since then, acetylene reduction assays have been widely used in the evaluation of biological N2 fixation. An acetylene reduction assay is generally performed under the following conditions: precultured bacterial cells are suspended into N-free or -deficient liquid medium containing a carbon source, usually d-glucose or d-mannitol (35) at 0.5 to 2.0%, and exposed for 24 h or less at a representative room temperature, e.g., 25°C (2). However, this method is not applicable to free-living, microaerobic N2-fixing bacteria, which have been regarded as notoriously difficult to culture. To solve this problem, Döbereiner and her group developed a soft gel method (7), which used 0.2% agar as a gel matrix for the medium. Due to a vertical gradient of dissolved oxygen concentrations, these microaerobes formed a thin layer at the particular depth of the medium that contained an ideal level of dissolved oxygen (10). Also, significant activities in acetylene reduction assays were observed for N2-fixing microaerobes, particularly those from the rhizoplane of monocotyledonous crop plants (e.g., Azospirillum and Herbaspirillum spp.) (1, 9, 40). To date, these soft gel media solidified with 0.2% agar have been widely used as the most basic method for the screening of free-living or difficult-to-culture N2-fixing bacteria (2, 16).In an agar composed of soft gel, however, the layer formation of highly transparent colony-forming bacteria is often obscured and is more difficult to observe than comparable layer formation in water due to the higher turbidity of the agar gel, and some members of the soil bacterial community do not show any positive response in acetylene reduction assays under these conditions. These drawbacks to the usage of agar as a soft gel matrix delayed the recognition that free-living N2 fixers make a potent contribution to the support of ecosystems under adverse soil conditions. Hashidoko et al. developed an improved soft gel medium for growth of N2-fixing bacteria in 2002 (15). In their study, 0.2% agar was replaced with 0.3% gellan gum, a bacterial extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by Sphingomonas elodea (a synonym of Sphingomonas paucimobilis) ATCC 31461 (12, 17, 18). Initially, gellan gum was used for the purpose of preparing a highly transparent soft gel medium that was better for culturing microaerobic N2-fixing rhizobacteria. It had other favorable physical properties: when 0.3% gellan gum containing Winogradsky''s mineral mixture was autoclaved, the medium remained in a liquid form over a period of several hours while cooling to room temperature. Even after the gellan gum had been solidified, the soft gel was easily liquefied upon mechanical agitation. The liquefied medium was able to resolidify after a short period of time, so it was easy to uniformly disperse inoculants into the soft gel medium. The outstanding transparency (14) and other properties of this gel matrix enable easy visualization of transparent colony-forming N2-fixing bacteria and also allow observation of their responses to various concentrations of dissolved oxygen and cell motilities (15).In many preliminary experiments, nitrogen-poor gellan gum media allowed high growth of diazotrophs, but this study was needed to compare gellan gum with agar as a gel matrix for N2 fixation. Because Siberian boreal forest soils have been noted for their low N2-fixing capability (3), we first cultured bacterial microbiota from the eastern Siberian Taiga forest bed in gellan gum medium. A quantitative comparison of N2 fixation behaviors of free-living soil bacteria was attempted to investigate gellan gum as a potential N2 fixation-promoting soft gel matrix. We here first report on the efficacy of gellan gum as a soft gel matrix for monitoring acetylene reduction by the use of free-living N2-fixing soil bacteria. 相似文献
17.
The semilunar eclosion of the intertidal chironomid Clunio is controlled by a semilunar timing of pupation in combination with a daily timing of emergence. This results in reproductive activities of a laboratory population every 15 days at a distinct time of day (in nature mostly in correlation with the afternoon low water time on days with spring tides). The entrainment of the timing processes has been tested under various periods of the daily light-dark cycle in order to check the circadian organization of the timing mechanisms as suggested for the perception of the semilunar zeitgeber situation (a distinct phase relationship between the 24 h light-dark cycle and the 12.4 h tidal cycle recurring after every 15th light-dark cycle, named semimonthly zeitgeber cycle) as well as for the daily zeitgeber (the 24 h light-dark cycle). With respect to the semilunar timing, a strong entrainment was only possible in semimonthly zeitgeber cycles with light-dark cycle periods close to the 24-h day (light-dark cycles of 10:10 to 14:14). This limited circadian range of entrainment of an endogenous circasemilunar long-term rhythm (syn. oscillator) conforms with the hypothesis for a circadian clock component as an intrinsic part of the semilunar zeitgeber perception.The range of entrainment for the daily timing was obviously wider which may be discussed either in relation to a multioscillatory circadian organization of the midges or in relation to different coupling characteristics of one circadian oscillator during semilunar and daily timing. 相似文献
18.
Imen Louati Noémie Pascault Didier Debroas Cécile Bernard Jean-Fran?ois Humbert Julie Leloup 《PloS one》2015,10(11)
The factors and processes driving cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems have been extensively studied in the past decade. A growing number of these studies concern the direct or indirect interactions between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. The presence of bacteria that are directly attached or immediately adjacent to cyanobacterial cells suggests that intense nutrient exchanges occur between these microorganisms. In order to determine if there is a specific association between cyanobacteria and bacteria, we compared the bacterial community composition during two cyanobacteria blooms of Anabaena (filamentous and N2-fixing) and Microcystis (colonial and non-N2 fixing) that occurred successively within the same lake. Using high-throughput sequencing, we revealed a clear distinction between associated and free-living communities and between cyanobacterial genera. The interactions between cyanobacteria and bacteria appeared to be based on dissolved organic matter degradation and on N recycling, both for N2-fixing and non N2-fixing cyanobacteria. Thus, the genus and potentially the species of cyanobacteria and its metabolic capacities appeared to select for the bacterial community in the phycosphere. 相似文献
19.
Helena Illnerová Gian Paolo Trentini Larisa Maslova 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1989,166(1):97-102
Summary The rhythm in melatonin production in the rat is driven by a circadian rhythm in the pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity. Rats adapted to an artificial lighting regime of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness per day were exposed to an 8-h advance of the light-dark regime accomplished by the shortening of one dark period; the effect of melatonin, triazolam and fluoxetine, together with 5-hydroxytryptophan, on the reentrainment of the NAT rhythm was studied.In control rats, the NAT rhythm was abolished during the first 3 cycles following the advance shift. It reappeared during the 4th cycle; however, the phase relationship between the evening rise in activity and the morning decline was still compressed.Melatonin accelerated the NAT rhythm reentrainment. In rats treated chronically with melatonin at the new dark onset, the rhythm had already reappeared during the 3rd cycle, in the middle of the advanced night, and during the 4th cycle, the phase relationship between the evening onset and the morning decline of the NAT activity was the same as before the advance shift. In rats treated chronically with melatonin at the old dark onset or in those treated with melatonin 8 h, 5 h and 2 h after the new dark onset during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cycle, respectively, following the advance shift, the NAT rhythm reappeared during the 3rd cycle as well but in the last third of the advanced night only.Neither triazolam nor fluoxetine together with 5-hydroxytryptophan administered around the new dark onset facilitated NAT rhythm reentrainment after the 8-h advance of the light-dark cycle.Abbreviations
NAT
N-acetyltransferase
-
LD cycle
light-dark cycle
-
CT
circadian time
-
LD xy
light dark cycle comprising x h of light and y h of darkness 相似文献
20.
W. T. De Nobel Jacky L. Snoep Hans V. Westerhoff Luuc R. Mur 《Journal of phycology》1997,33(5):794-799
The effect of simultaneous nitrogen fixation and phosphorus limitation on the physiological adaptation and growth performance of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs PCC 7905 was studied in continuous culture. In the absence of ammonia, N2 fixation occurred and the maximum growth rate (as determined in diluted batch cultures) was lower. However, no distinction could be made between the steady-state N uptake rates (based on cellular N contents) of N2-fixing cells and cells grown with ammonia. At the higher dilution rates, the residual P concentration increased with increasing dilution rate, more so under N2-fixing conditions, compared to the cultures grown in the presence of ammonia. More generally, the yield of biomass per consumed P, as the biomass concentration itself, decreased with increasing dilution rate, and both were lower under N2-fixing conditions. The restricted biomass production under N2-fixing conditions suggests that reduction of N loading may benefit lake restoration projects. The influence of N2-fixation on the severity of P limitation is discussed in terms of metabolic control analysis. From the increase of the residual P concentration on switching from ammonium to N2-fixing conditions, it is deduced that under N2-fixing and P-limited conditions, control of growth is shared by N and P metabolism. 相似文献