起源于籼稻体细胞培养的联会消失变异的细胞遗传学研究

对表现不育的体细胞培养再生植株作减数分裂细胞遗传学分析发现,一株由IR54幼穗外植体起源的不育株(二倍体)为部分联会消失变异。其减数分裂早前期染色体配对正常,在终变期及中期Ⅰ观察到了数目不等的单价染色体,后期Ⅰ出现各种数目的落后染色体。由于减数分裂时染色体不平衡而导致该再生植株不育。     

起源于组织培养的籼稻雄性不育体细胞无性系变异

IR8及IR54的成熟种子与幼穗培养在MS培养基,蔗糖6％附加生长刺激素及其它成分的条件下,在再分化植株第一代(R_1)中各发现了1株雄性不育突变(其中来自IR54的1株为育性嵌合体)。在IR24及IR54体细胞无性系第二代(R_2)各发现1个株系分离出雄性不育与育性正常两类植株。上述雄性不育有花粉败育与无花粉型两类。IR24对无花粉型的雄性不育(来自IR54)为半恢复。F_1及R_2代的育性分离完全符合15/16∶1/16的模式,表明雄性不育为两对独立的核基因所控制。通常雄性不育是通过杂交(包括远缘与品种间)理化诱变或自发突变产生的。最近在烟草上通过原生质体融合也获得了雄性不育。但从体细胞培养的无性系及其后代中获得雄性不育的突变,本研究乃属首次。     

理化诱变引起的小麦再生株染色体变异

小麦幼胚和愈伤组织经理化诱变后形成的再生株M_1R_1和C_1R_1,具有比R_1株高的染色体变异频率,其染色体数目变化于35—46之间,但无倍数变异。理化诱变处理提高了再生株中含非整倍体、棒状二价体、单价体、等臂环和四价体的细胞频率,其中以1000伦琴γ射线照射未成熟胚处理的再生株染色体变异频率为最高。其次为2 mmol/L叠氮化钠处理愈伤组织的再生株。经过二倍体和单倍体选择,染色体变异大为减少,但仍保有较高频率的单价体。     

籼稻体细胞无性系雄性不育突变的类型

1984—1988年5年间所获得的由体细胞无性系变异起源的雄性不育突变,按它们的性质,可分为花粉败育型,无花粉型和花药退化(或部分退化)型3类。在IR54中,于不同年份(1985和1986年)及不同世代(R_1和R_2代)发现了表型基本相似,基因型可能也相似的两例无花粉型雄性不育突变。在花粉败育型雄性不育突变中,发现1例(54257)为核质互作型雄性不育。以多个品种与之测交,杂种一代中有的表现为育性恢复,有的仍然为雄性不育。能保持其雄性不育的品种有珍汕97、二九矮、新锦粘、162-5(来自IR 52的稳定的体细胞无性系),连续回交3代以上均能基本保持不育(但桂朝2号的回交后代不育性尚不稳定)。能使其育性恢复的品种有IR 24、IR 36、IR 54、双二粘、测64等。初步遗传研究表明,54257表现出十分复杂的核质关系,看来可能具有与野败细胞质完全不同的特性。     

植物体细胞无性系变异研究进展

组织培养技术的日益成熟,使数以千计的植物通过器官或胚胎发生形成了再生植株。按照Haberlandt的细胞全能性学说,即植物的每个体细胞具有相同的遗传信息,因此人们起先认为本质是无性繁殖的组织培养所得到的再生植株应与原来植株的基因型是一致的。但是,随着有人首先注意到培养的细胞和再生植株有形态及染色体变异以来(Blakely等,1964),已有众多的报道发现植物离体培养物和再生植株会发生各种各样的变异。其中许多变异在品种改良上颇有价值,引起了研究者们的广泛兴趣。一些研究者从不同的角度对体细胞无性系变异现象作了很好的综述(Larkinand Scowcroft,1981;Orton,1983;Maliga,1984;商效民,1984;朱至清,1991)。本文结合近些年的新进展,对植物体细胞无性系变异研究领域进行较系统的评述,以丰富体细胞遗传学的内容,促进其在植物改良上应用研究的发展。     

小麦再生植株的变异研究 Ⅱ.再生植株当代(R_1代)的细胞学和形态学变异

再生植株具有高频率的染色体异常,其中有20.61％表现为染色体数量变异,最常见的为2n—1类型,其次为2n—2类型,也有2n 1、2n—3个体以及染色体数嵌合株。再生植株减数分裂各期均有染色体异常行为,可以见到的有落后染色体、染色体桥、断片、二分体延迟、微核,还有粗线期十字型配对等结构变异,以及五分体、六分体和畸型四分体等异常现象。微核率随培养时间延长而增加,可用作染色体伤害的一个指标。再生植株R_1代存在着许多形态学变异。性状变异与染色体数目变异没有明显关系。     

植物体细胞无性系变异的分子基础

TheMoleculBasicofSomaclonalVariationinPlantsZhangChunyiYangHanmin(BiologyDepartmentofLanzhouUniversityLanzhou730000)近年来,随着植物细胞和组织培养技术的迅速发展与广泛应用,不断发现在培养细胞和再生植株中存在着各种不同的变异,其中有些是可以遗传的,这种可遗传的变异被称为体细胞无性系变异[39]．变异的发生有其遗传学基础,具体表现在显微水平上的染色体数目和结构变异与分子水平上的基因突变、碱基修饰、基因扩增或丢失、基因重排以及转座因子的激活而影响核及细胞质基因的表达等等．目前,人们在已经积累的大量有…     

水稻体细胞无性系变异

水稻体细胞无性系变异研究取得了很大进展 ,获得了大量抗病、抗逆、优质、矮杆等突变体。对这些突变体遗传分析表明 ,大多数突变性状由 1对或 2对基因控制。水稻体细胞无性系变异的发生与基因型、性状、继代时间、培养方式等有关 ,并具有内在的机制 ,点突变和反转录转座子插入可能是引起水稻无性系变异的两个重要原因。     

Direct Differentiation of Plants from Small Cell Clusters of Indica Rice in Suspension Culture

The major factors affecting plant regeneration in suspension culture were investigated.The resultsshow that,in order for cell clusters to differentiate directly in liquid medium,it is essential toestablish an embryogenic callus line with high potential for plant regeneration.Embryogenic calliwere suspended in AA basic medium supplemented with 2,4-D 1 mg/L,6-benzylaminopurine 0.5mg/L,CH 300 mg/L,sucrose 3％ and mannitol 3％ and subcultured 7 days for each passage.Aftermore than 6 months of culturing,a fine suspension culture of small cell clusters(SCC)wasestablished.The SCC,80-270μin diameter,were then transferred to a liquid medium(MSsupplemented with NAA 0.01 mg/L and 4-pyridylurae(4-PU)0.5 mg/L)and allowed to grow instationary culture.Finally direct differentiation from SCC was observed.Several factors in suspension-subculture exerted strong after-effects on differentiation ofSCC.Basicmedia,kinds and concentration combinations of auxin and cytokinin in the subculture media,duration of shaking at each subculture passage,and amount of packed cell volume transferred to newmedium at each subculture passage and so on,all these affected the frequency of differentiation ofSCC.Higher concentrations of NAA and kinetin in the differentiation medium inhibited the directdifferentiation of SCC.Low concentrations(0.01-0.1 mg/L)of NAA with 4-PU in thedifferentiation medium were helpful for the direct differentiation of SCC.The differentiated clusterspossessed typical embryogenic structure from which normal plantlets could develop after transferringto agar medium.     

悬浮细胞再生表达外壳蛋白的转基因Indica水稻对水稻条纹病毒的抗病性(英文)

合成、克隆了水稻条纹病毒中国株的外壳蛋白基因并进行了序列分析,由Indica水稻成熟胚的愈伤组织形成胚性运浮细胞。用含有CP基因的pROK2表达载体的DNA包被1.09μm直径钨粉颗粒轰击培养细胞。被轰击的培养物在含有G418（40mg／mL,）的培养基中进行选择培养,由对G418抵抗的愈伤组织中获得10株再生株。用32P－dCTP标记的CP基因作为探针,以Southernblot测定其转化特性。由抗病的和对照的植株抽提基因组DNA用EcoRI和BamHI进行酶切,其中两个植株显示出0.6kh和0.7kb两条条交带．其大小与CP基因相对应。Westernblot和ELISA测定进步证明CP（32kDa）在转基因水稻中表达。16株转基因植株和100株对照植株用带毒的叶蝉接种,接种病毒后24d只有37.5％的CP转基因植株产生病毒症状,而对照植株为96％。进一步证明转基因水稻植株具有对RSV的抗病性。转基因植株T1代CP的表达分离比例为3.6:1。     

Analysis of Chromosome Variation of Plants (R1) Regenerated from Somatic Cell of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Abnormal behaviors were observed throughout the whole melosis process of regenerated plants (R0 from somatic cell of Triticum aestivum cv. Ningmai 3. There was variation of chromosome numbers. The type of 2n–2 was frequently found, then the type of 2n–l, while the 2n+l and 2n–4 types were rarely observed. Anomalous ph-nomena such as univalent, multivalent, lagging chromosome, chromosome bridge, fragment and micronuclei were emerged at the meiotic stage of pollen mother cells of the regenerated plants (R1). These variations were different in degree in the 5 tested genotypes.     

籼稻花粉无性系变异的研究

对７个籼稻品种通过花药培养获得的１６１个花粉植株进行了花粉无性系变异的研究。结果表明：（１）所有花粉无性系在遗传上都是纯合的,其整齐度与起始亲本相近或超过起始亲本;（２）花粉无性系的变异主要在数量性状上有一定变幅,变异方向有负向也有正向的。同一来源的无性系间的变异系数略高于起始亲本,仅千粒重达到显著标准。以所考查的性状为基数,变异的频率为１２．５％,同时有３－４个性状发生变异的无性系数占总数的４．３％;（３）少数变异体性状有重大变异,并具有育种价值;（４）根据１０种同工酶和ＲＦＬＰ分析,仅从３个性状发生重大变化的变异体中检测出与起始亲本的差异。     

不定胚再生植株的染色体数目变异

本实验以甜瓜“小麦瓜”和“青皮绿肉”品种为试材,经不定胚诱导再生植株。分别调查了不同继代培养时间后形成再生植株的染色体数目,并将之与对照染色体数目相比较,发现通过诱导不定胚所得到的再生植株中存在着一定的变异,而且经过不同继代培养时间后,所得到的不定胚再生植株的变异程度不同,随着时间的增加,染色体数目的变异率从3.3%增加到30%,变异幅度也从2n=23~24增加到2n=13~48。从而得出结论：不定胚再生植株染色体数目变异程度随着培养时间的增加而增加;培养时间在1~2个月内所得到的不定胚再生植株的变异较少。此外,不定胚再生植株的染色体数目变异程度也因品种而异。 Abstract:Chromosomal number of different of somatic embryos regenerated plants were investigated in melon variety “xiaomaigua” and “Qingpilurou”.Certain variations of chromosomal number were found among the regenerated plants compared with normal sample,and range of variation covered from 2n=23～24 to 2n=13～48 with the increase of generation,the rate from 3.3% to 30%.The results indicated that degree of variation in chromosomal number of somatic embryos regenerated melon plants increased with the time of culture,and those cultured in one to two months had the least variation.It was also found that degree of chromosomal number variations varied with melon varieties.     

Cytology and Histology in Somatic Embryogenesis of Indica Rice

The somatic embryogenesis was established from mature dehulled seeds. The histological research showed that embryogenic calli were initiated first from absorbed cells of scutellum of mature seed. And then the embryoids derived from the surface of embryogenic callus. Having been the same structure like a zygotic embryo of rice, the embryoids possessed the major parts of scutellum, coleoptile and coleorhiza. In an embryoid, several developmental stages of pro-embryoid, including single embryogenic cells, two, four and multiple cell stage pro-embryeids and some abnormal embryoids were observed. It could be concluded from this experiment that the embryoid from somatic cell culture in Indica rice possessed an original form of a plant in structure like a zygotic did and derived from a single cell.