抗霉素A抑制琥珀酸细胞色素c还原酶的动力学特征

用邹承鲁关于酶不可逆抑制动力学方法研究了抗霉素A(AA)对琥珀酸细胞色素c还原酶(SCR)抑制的动力学行为,发现AA与SCR的结合表现为快慢两相动力学特征。本文就此两相动力学行为的意义进行了分析,得出功能状态SCR是双体酶的结论,并提出了描写AA与SCR结合的动力学机制。     

2-氯汞-4-硝基苯酚对人肌肌酸激酶巯基的修饰

本文用含汞试剂MNP修饰人肌肌酸激酶,结果表明,人肌肌酸激酶有6个可反应巯基。MNP首先修饰了一对与活力无关的非必需巯基,增大MNP摩尔比,则进一步修饰另外四个与活性有关的巯基。修饰酶的差吸收光谱、荧光光谱表明这三对巯基的微环境各不相同。其中第二对巯基很可能是位于活性部位的必需巯基,而第三对巯基则是由于第二对巯基,也就是必需巯基,被修饰后,微区构象发生改变而暴露出来的。比较MNP修饰人肌肌酸激酶、鸡胸脯肌肌酸激酶、兔肌肌酸激酶的结果,探讨了MNP对肌酸激酶的修饰以及人肌肌酸激酶可反应巯基的化学微环境。     

蛇肌醛缩酶中巯基的研究

用DTNB为修饰试剂,较为详细地研究了蛇肌醛缩酶各类巯基的反应性能与作用。蛇肌醛缩酶由四个亚基组成,在尿素存在下,酶分子总的巯基数为32;而天然醛缩酶中仅测定到16个巯基,同时酶活性丧失。此外观察到天然醛缩酶中有4个对DTNB呈快速反应的巯基,它们的被修饰并不影响活性。底物存在情况下,天然蛇肌醛缩酶中,仅测到10个巯基,而酶活性基本上不受影响,这表明有6个巯基被底物所保护,这6个巯基可能就是表现酶催化活性所必需的巯基。在底物存在情况下,用NEMI修饰蛇肌醛缩酶,然后加入巯基乙醇停止反应,过量的试剂借透析除去,此时修饰了的酶制剂仍保留着绝大部分活性。再用DTNB去检测巯基,可测定到6个,同时活性也丧失了。当可逆地除去DTNB时,酶活性又重新逐渐恢复。此实验进一步支持蛇肌醛缩酶中有6个巯基是表现活性所必需的。我们过去工作指出蛇肌醛缩酶构型稍不同于兔肌醛缩酶,目前结果表明蛇肌醛缩酶的四个亚基的对称性可能不是完全相同的。     

蛇肌醛缩酶中巯基的研究

用DTNB为修饰试剂,较为详细地研究了蛇肌醛缩酶各类巯基的反应性能与作用。蛇肌醛缩酶由四个亚基组成,在尿素存在下,酶分子总的巯基数为32;而天然醛缩酶中仅测定到16个巯基,同时酶活性丧失。此外观察到天然醛缩酶中有4个对DTNB 呈快速反应的巯基,它们的被修饰并不影响活性。底物存在情况下,天然蛇肌醛缩酶中,仅测到10个巯基,而酶活性基本上不受影响,这表明有6个巯基被底物所保护,这6个巯基可能就是表现酶催化活性所必需的巯基。在底物存在情况下,用NEMI 修饰蛇肌醛缩酶,然后加入巯基乙醇停止反应,过量的试剂借透析除去,此时修饰了的酶制剂仍保留着绝大部分活性。再用DTNB 去检测巯基,可测定到6个,同时活性也丧失了。当可逆地除去DTNB 时,酶活性又重新逐渐恢复。此实验进一步支持蛇肌醛缩酶中有6个巯基是表现活性所必需的。我们过去工作指出蛇肌醛缩酶构型稍不同于兔肌醛缩酶,目前结果表明蛇肌醛缩酶的四个亚基的对称性可能不是完全相同的。     

认识不可逆抑制酶促反应

认识不可逆抑制酶促反应任维栋,张桂春（潍坊医学院生化教研室,山东潍坊２６１０４２）关键词不可逆抑制作用,酶,动力学不可逆抑制剂对研究酶的活性中心、药物毒物的作用机理及物质代谢途径与调节起着重要作用。１９６５年,邹承鲁发表了不可逆抑制酶促反应动力学的论...     

OPTA对乳酸脱氢酶的抑制动力学

邹承鲁建立的酶活性不可逆改变动力学理论已为实验所验证,它不仅适用于单底物酶的抑制和激活的动力学研究,而且也适用于双底物酶反应系统.但在双底物酶反应系统中,底物和酶的结合方式有四种机制,即随机机制、有序机制、强制有序机制和乒乓机制,迄今为止这一动力学方法仅对随机机制的肌酸激酶进行了实验研究.而其它机制的实验研究尚未见诸报道.我们选用了有序机制的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),用邻苯二甲醛(OPTA)为抑制剂对该酶的抑制过程进行了实验研究.结果表明,OPTA对该酶的抑制为不可逆抑制.其产物生成与时间的关系曲线符合邹氏方程:[P]=[P]_x(1-e~(-A[OPTA]).由ln([P]_x-[P])对t作图为一直线,表明它的抑制作用为单相动力学过程,抑制剂与酶的结合为一步反应.由直线的斜率A[OPTA]对[OPTA]作图为一过原点的直线.说明表观速度常数A与OPTA的浓度无关.OPTA与酶的结合为非络合型.测得的OPTA与EE-NADH结合的微观速度常数分别为:K(?)=49.6(mmol L)~(-1)min,(?)=2.31(mmol L)min~(-1)(?).明显小于(?)的事实表明.NADH对失活有明显的保护作用.OPTA是一个竞争性的不可逆抑制剂.用传统的方法测得的(?)为42.5(mmol L)min~(-1).与邹氏方法测得的结果非常接近.     

氨基酰化酶Ⅰ的必需半胱氨酸巯基

本文用DTNB和IAM修饰了猪肾氨基酰化酶Ⅰ的半胱氨酸巯基,用Koshland和邹承鲁作图法定量处理的结果都表明,酶分子中有二个巯基为酶的必需巯基。     

人胎盘谷胱甘肽S-转移酶中巯基的研究

 用巯基试剂5.5'-二硫双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)测得人胎盘谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST-π)的总巯基数为每亚基2个,均为表面巯基,,其中一个与DTNB反应快,被修饰后可导致酶活力全部丧失。另一巯基与DTNB反应较慢,可能与酶活力无关。用在12℃测定剩余巯基和Stallcup-Koshland作图法求得DTNB修饰快反应和慢反应巯基的速度常数分别为44056和162min~(-1)(mol/L)~(-1)。底物谷胱甘肽的衍生物S-正辛烷谷胱甘肽(S-o-GSH)能保护GST-π能保护的快反应巯基免受DTNB的修饰,使反应速度常数随着S-o-GSH浓度的增高而降低。S-o-GSH也能保护酶被N-乙基马来酰亚胺(NEMI)修饰失活,但不能保护慢反应巯基被DTNB修饰。另一底物2,4-二硝基氯苯(CDNB)对NEMI的修饰失活没有保护作用。上述结果提示快反应巯基参与GST-π和谷胱甘肽的结合,是组成活性中心的重要基因。     

一种新的抑制能力的比较指标

本文根据邹承鲁提出的酶活性不可逆改变的动力学原理,导出了以下新的定量衡量不可逆抑制剂抑制能力的比较指标来代替传统的I_(50)初抑制力,J=(1-k'_( 2)/k_( 2))·A;和终抑制力,。根据此指标比较了胰凝乳蛋白酶的抑制剂DFP、PMSF、TPCK的抑制能力。和传统的I_(50)相比,此指标的动力学意义清楚,与各动力学参数以及底物和抑制剂浓度等量的关系明确。同时可以用在抑制剂存在下的底物反应法方便地测定这些指标。     

人亲环素18抑制肌酸激酶的去折叠

新生肽链折叠过程中容易出现错误折叠与聚沉,从而导致折叠病等病理现象. 分子伴侣具有辅助其他蛋白质正确折叠,保护蛋白质分子结构的功能.本文选用人肌肌酸激酶为靶蛋白,研究了肽基脯氨酰顺反异构酶人亲环素18（human cyclophilin 18,hCyp18）对人肌肌酸激酶去折叠的作用,发现hCyp18能够抑制人肌肌酸激酶在热变性与化学变性过程中的失活与构象变化,并抑制人肌肌酸激酶在化学变性过程中的聚沉,因此推断hCyp18具有针对人肌肌酸激酶的分子伴侣功能.本文同时研究了hCyp18与人肌肌酸激酶的结合作用,对hCyp18的作用机制进行了初步探讨.     

DTNB modification of SH groups of isocitrate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus purified by affinity chromatography.

A new method of affinity chromatography using blue dextran-Sepharose 4B resin was established to purify NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.42] from Bacillus stearothermophilus in high yield. The purified preparation was found to be homogeneous on disc gel electrophoresis. The SH groups of the enzyme were modified with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to determine the number of SH groups per molecule and their contribution to the enzyme activity. One SH group was titrated with DTNB per subunit (the native enzyme consisted of two subunits) and after complete denaturation with 4 M guanidine-HCl the number of titratable SH groups remained unchanged. ORD and CD measurements showed that the alpha-helical conformation of the polypeptide backbone was unaffected by DTNB modification, though the near ultraviolet CD spectrum was evidently altered. The fluorescence derived from tryptophanyl residue(s) was quenched by the modification to 30% of the native level, which may indicate the presence of SH in the vicinity of tryptophanyl residue(s). A remarkable decrease of the enzyme activity was detected upon modification with DTNB, but there was some discrepancy between the rate of inactivation and that of modification of SH groups. The presence of substrate and Mg2+ gave partial protection against modification of the SH groups by DTNB. Complete protection of the native enzyme activity against heating at 65 degrees was observed in the presence of substrate and Mg2+, but the thermostability of the enzyme was markedly reduced by modification of the SH groups.     

Reactive sulfhydryl groups of coenzyme B12-dependent diol dehydrase: Differential modification of essential and nonessential ones

The apoenzyme of diol dehydrase was inactivated by four sulfhydryl-modifying reagents, p-chloromercuribenzoate, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB), iodoacetamide, and N-ethylmaleimide. In each case pseudo-first-order kinetics was observed. p-Chloromercuribenzoate modified two sulfhydryl groups per enzyme molecule and modification of the first one resulted in complete inactivation of the enzyme. DTNB also modified two sulfhydryl groups, but modification of the second one essentially corresponded to the inactivation. In both cases, the inactivation was reversed by incubation with dithiothreitol. Cyanocobalamin, a potent competitive inhibitor of adenosylcobalamin, protected the essential residue, but not the nonessential one, against the modification by these reagents. By resolving the sulfhydryl-modified cyanocobalamin-enzyme complex, the enzyme activity was recovered, irrespective of treatment with dithiothreitol. From these results, we can conclude that diol dehydrase has two reactive sulfhydryl groups, one of which is essential for catalytic activity and located at or in close proximity to the coenzyme binding site. The other is nonessential for activity. Neitherp-chloromercuribenzoate- nor DTNB-modified apoenzyme was able to bind cyanocobalamin, whereas the iodoacetamide- and N-ethylmaleimide-modified apoenzyme only partially lost the ability to bind cyanocobalamin. The inactivation of diol dehydrase by p-chloromercuribenzoate and DTNB did not bring about dissociation of the enzyme into subunits. Total number of the sulfhydryl groups of this enzyme was 14 when determined in the presence of 6 m guanidine hydrochloride. No disulfide bond was detected.     

Studies on regulatory functions of malic enzymes. VII. Structural and functional characteristics of sulfhydryl groups in NADP-linked malic enzyme from Escherichia coli W.

NADP-linked malic enzyme from Escherichia coli W contains 7 cysteinyl residues per enzyme subunit. The reactivity of sulfhydryl (SH) groups of the enzyme was examined using several SH reagents, including 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). 1. Two SH groups in the native enzyme subunit reacted with DTNB (or NEM) with different reaction rates, accompanied by a complete loss of the enzyme activity. The second-order modification rate constant of the "fast SH group" with DTNB coincided with the second-order inactivation rate constant of the enzyme by the reagent, suggesting that modification of the "fast SH group" is responsible for the inactivation. When the enzyme was denatured in 4 M guanidine HCl, all the SH groups reacted with the two reagents. 2. Althoug the inactivation rate constant was increased by the addition of Mg2+, an essential cofactor in the enzyme reaction, the modification rate constant of the "fast SH group" was unaffected. The relationship between the number of SH groups modified with DTNB or NEM and the residual enzyme activity in the absence of Mg2+ was linear, whereas that in the presence of Mg2+ was concave-upwards. These results suggest that the Mg2+-dependent increase in the inactivation rate constant is not the result of an increase in the rate constant of the "fast FH group" modification. 3. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme in the ultraviolet region was changed by addition of Mg2+. The dissociation constant of the Mg2+-enzyme complex obtained from the Mg2+- dependent increment of the difference absorption coincided with that obtained from the Mg2+- dependent enhancement of NEM inactivation. 4. Both the inactivation rate constant and the modification rate constant of the "fast SH group" were decreased by the addition of NADP+. The protective effect of NADP+ was increased by the addition of Mg2+. Based on the above results, the effects of Mg2+ on the SH-group modification are discussed from the viewpoint of conformational alteration of the enzyme.     

Number and function of sulphydryl groups of N-acetylneuraminate lyase

The reaction between DTNB and the SH groups of N-acetylneuraminate lyase has been investigated in the presence and absence of pyruvic acid, substrate of the enzyme. It was found that DTNB inactivates N-acetylneuraminate lyase, while pyruvic acid protects the enzyme against this inactivation. When the enzyme was fully inactivated, two SH groups have reacted with DTNB. This result supports previous suggestions, that there is one cystein residue per active site responsible for enzyme activity. In the presence of SDS, approx. 6 SH groups reacted with DTNB suggesting the existence of 3 SH groups per enzyme subunit.     

An essential tryptophan residue for rabbit muscle creatine kinase

The tryptophan residues in rabbit muscle creatine kinase (ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) have been modified by dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl) sulfonium bromide after reversible protection of the reactive SH groups. The modification of two tryptophan residues as measured by spectrophotometric titration leads to complete loss of enzymatic activity. Control experiments show that reversible protection of the reactive SH groups as S-sulfonates followed by reduction results in nearly quantitative recovery of enzyme activity. The presence of a 410 nm absorption maximum and the decrease in fluorescence of the modified enzyme indicate the modification of tryptophan residues. At the same time, SH determinations after reduction of the modified enzyme show that the reagent has not affected the protected SH groups. Quantitative treatment of the data (Tsou, C.-L. (1962) Sci. Sin. 11, 1535 1558) shows that among the tryptophan residues modified, one is essential for its catalytic activity. The presence of substrates partially protects the modification of tryptophan residues as well as the inactivation, suggesting that the essential tryptophan residue is situated at the active site of this enzyme.     

Effect of thiol reagents on the activity of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase isolated from bovine adrenal cortex cytoplasm

NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase was rapidly inactivated in the presence of mercurous chloride. Titration of malate dehydrogenase by 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in a solution of 8 M urea revealed 18 SH groups per molecule of the enzyme. Eight sulphydryl groups reacted with DTNB in native malate dehydrogenase and their modification was not accompanied by a loss of the enzyme activity. The interaction of p-chloromercury benzoate (PCMB) with malate dehydrogenase resulted in a 70% decrease in the enzyme activity. The binding of the thiol reagents by the malate dehydrogenase molecule appreciably increased the Michaelis constant value for the substrate. In the presence of magnesium ions, NADP and malate did not affect the process of malate dehydrogenase modification by DTNB and did not protect the enzyme from the inactivation by PCMB. It is suggested from the data obtained that the sulphyryl groups are involved in maintaining the active conformation of the enzyme.     

Chemical modification of tryptophanase by chloramine T: a possible involvement of the methionine residue in enzyme activity

Tryptophanase purified from Escherichia coli B/1t7-A was irreversibly inactivated by chloramine T (sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide). The mode of inactivation was rather complex and did not follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The inactivation of the apoenzyme was much faster than that of the holoenzyme. The Km value for the synthetic substrate S-o-nitrophenyl-L-cysteine (SOPC) increased concomitantly with the modification. In contrast, the Km value for the coenzyme, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), was not altered. L-Serine, another substrate, and L-alanine, a competitive inhibitor, protected the enzyme from inactivation. Determination of SH groups in the enzyme protein with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) showed that modification of two SH groups per enzyme subunit resulted in a complete inactivation. When the enzyme was subjected to chloramine T-modification following the SH group modification with DTNB, further inactivation was still observed, even after the addition of dithiothreitol. The SH-blocked enzyme preparation thus obtained, however, exhibited less pH dependency of inactivation by chloramine T than that of the native enzyme. The amino acid analysis of the chloramine T-modified enzyme showed that modification of four or five methionine residues among the 16 residues per subunit proceeded concomitantly with the complete inactivation. Modification of the enzyme with chloramine T quenched the absorption peak near 500 nm, characteristic of a quinoidal structure formed by labilization of the alpha-proton. These results suggest the possibility that chloramine T modifies not only the SH groups, but also methionine residues important for the catalytic activity of the enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Characterization of fumarate reductase from baker's yeast: essential sulfhydryl group for binding of FAD

Fumarate reductase apoenzyme having the ability to reconstitute active enzyme was obtained by dialyzing the holoenzyme against 1 M KBr. The dissociation constant of the FAD-apoenzyme complex was 2.3 X 10(-8) M. The denatured holoenzyme and apoenzyme possessed seven sulfhydryl (SH) groups as determined with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). In the native apoenzyme, five SH-groups reacted with DTNB, and four of them were completely protected by the addition of FAD, while in the native holoenzyme, one was modified without inactivation. These results indicate that one SH-group is located on the surface of the enzyme molecule, four at or near the FAD-binding site, and two deeply embedded in the molecule. The modification of the apoenzyme caused inhibition of binding of FAD, resulting in loss of the ability to reconstitute enzymatic activity. Analyses of the data by statistical and kinetic methods suggested that a reactive SH-group is involved among the four SH-groups in the binding of FAD to the apoenzyme.