黑暗诱导衰老对不同年代冬小麦品种旗叶光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

小麦品种的更新换代是小麦产量不断提高的重要因素,阐明小麦品种演替过程中不同生理特性的变化对新品种选育具有重要参考价值.旗叶衰老速率快慢是影响小麦产量水平的关键因素,目前对于不同小麦品种衰老过程中旗叶光系统Ⅱ功能的变化规律尚不清楚.本试验选用1941-2014年间河南地区不同时期种植的31个品种,通过黑暗诱导离体叶片衰老,测定旗叶叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数、叶绿素相对含量的变化,分析了光系统Ⅱ功能的变化规律.结果表明:品种演替过程中旗叶的叶绿素含量逐渐提高,衰老过程中近代品种叶绿素的降解速率低于较早年代品种;旗叶衰老过程中,近代品种荧光诱导动力学曲线的J点上升幅度小于I点;品种更替过程中光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和单位面积有活性反应中心数目逐渐增加,但是近代品种降低速率低于较早年代品种.叶绿素含量的变化与未衰老叶片中F_v/F_m没有显著相关性,但是随着衰老程度增加,相关性逐渐增大,且趋势线斜率逐渐提高;光系统Ⅱ单位面积有活性反应中心数目与品种育成时间呈显著正相关,且随着衰老程度增加,相关程度和趋势线斜率均显著提高.综上,小麦品种演替过程中,旗叶叶绿素含量逐渐升高,降解速率逐渐减缓,光合电子传递过程中Q_A到Q_B电子传递的抗衰老能力得到改善,从而减缓了衰老过程中光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和有活性反应中心的衰减速率,同时,叶绿素含量的提高和旗叶光系统Ⅱ抗衰老能力的增强也是品种更替过程中产量逐渐提高的重要因素.     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用FACE系统在大田条件下通过盆栽试验研究了大气CO₂浓度升高\[CO₂浓度平均为（550±60) μmol·mol^-1\]对绿豆叶片光合生理和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明： 与对照\[CO₂浓度平均为（389±40）μmol·mol^-1左右\]相比,大气CO₂浓度升高使花荚期绿豆叶片净光合速率(P_n)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)分别升高11.7%和9.8%,气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别下降32.0%和24.6%, 水分利用效率(WUE)提高83.5%;在蕾期,CO₂浓度升高对绿豆叶片叶绿素初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光（F_m）、可变荧光（F_v）、F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o没有显著影响;在鼓粒期,CO₂浓度升高使绿豆叶片F_o增加19.1%,F_m和F_v分别下降9.0%和14.3%,F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m分别下降25.8%和6.2%.表明大气CO₂浓度升高可能使绿豆生长后期光系统Ⅱ反应中心结构受到破坏,叶片的光合能力下降.     

交替呼吸途径对CuCl2胁迫下菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ的保护作用

以“农普”12号菜豆幼苗为材料,采用1mmol·L^-1的水杨基氧肟酸（SHAM）抑制交替呼吸途径活性,探讨了在CuCl₂胁迫下交替呼吸途径对菜豆幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ的保护作用。结果表明,随着CuCl₂胁迫浓度的增加,菜豆幼苗叶片潜在最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、光适应下叶片的最大光化学效率F_v'/F_m'、PSⅡ的实际光化学效率Y（Ⅱ）以及光化学猝灭系数qP、叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势,而非光学猝灭系数NPQ和交替呼吸途径的容量水平则呈上升趋势。较之在CuCl₂处理下的菜豆幼苗,用交替呼吸途径抑制剂预处理后的菜豆再置于CuCl₂的胁迫下,则会导致F_v/F_m、F_v'/F_m'、Y（Ⅱ）、qP以及叶绿素含量的进一步下降和NPQ的进一步上升。上述观察表明,在CuCl₂胁迫下交替呼吸途径可以缓解PSⅡ光化学效率的下降、维持PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度、减少天线色素的热耗散以及缓解叶绿素含量的降低,从而保护菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ免受CuCl₂胁迫的伤害。     

不同光强下细胞外三磷酸腺苷对菜豆叶片光化学反应特性的影响

三磷酸腺苷(ATP)不但分布在细胞内部, 而且广泛存在于动物和植物细胞的细胞外基质中。细胞外ATP (eATP)可与细胞膜表面相应的受体结合并激发细胞内的第二信使, 从而调节细胞的多种生理学功能。但目前对于eATP是否也能对植物的光合作用产生影响则研究较少。该文以菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)叶片为实验材料, 研究了在不同光强下eATP对菜豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性和光合放氧速率的影响。结果显示, 随着光强的增加, 叶片的光适应下最大光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)、光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率(Y(II))、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均呈现下降趋势, 而电子传递速率(ETR)、非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)以及调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Y(NPQ))随着光强的增加呈上升趋势。与对照相比, eATP的处理可以显著提高菜豆叶片PSII的潜在最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、Y(II)、q_P、ETR和光合放氧速率; 但eATP的处理对F_v′/F_m′、q_N以及Y(NPQ)没有显著影响。AMP-PCP (β,γ-亚甲基三磷酸腺苷, eATP细胞外受体的抑制剂)的处理显著降低了F_v/F_m、F_v′/F_m′、Y(II)、ETR和光合放氧速率, 同时也显著增加了q_N以及Y(NPQ)的水平。以上结果显示, 植物eATP水平的变化对植物光合作用的光化学反应有着重要的影响。     

Enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in leaf development.

Enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation has been implicated in programmed cell death, which is a major process of leaf senescence. To test this hypothesis we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for a simultaneous analysis of the major hydro(pero)xy polyenoic fatty acids. Quantities of lipid peroxidation products in leaves of different stages of development including natural senescence indicated a strong increase in the level of oxygenated polyenoic fatty acids (PUFAs) during the late stages of leaf senescence. Comprehensive structural elucidation of the oxygenation products by means of HPLC, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance suggested a non-enzymatic origin. However, in some cases a small share of specifically oxidized PUFAs was identified suggesting involvement of lipid peroxidizing enzymes. To inspect the possible role of enzymatic lipid peroxidation in leaf senescence, we analyzed the abundance of lipoxygenases (LOXs) in rosette leaves of Arabidopsis. LOXs and their product (9Z,11E,13S,15Z)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid were exclusively detected in young green leaves. In contrast, in senescing leaves the specific LOX products were overlaid by large amounts of stereo-random lipid peroxidation products originating from non-enzymatic oxidation. These data indicate a limited contribution of LOXs to total lipid peroxidation, and a dominant role of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in late stages of leaf development.     

酸雨胁迫对秃瓣杜英幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性和生长的影响

采用盆栽试验和模拟酸雨喷淋的试验方法,研究了重度酸雨(pH 2.5)、中度酸雨(pH 4.0)和对照(pH 5.6)处理下,不同季节秃瓣杜英幼苗叶片的叶绿素荧光特性及其生长差异.结果表明：不同季节相同处理下,秃瓣杜英幼苗叶片的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)、株高和地径均为10月＞7月＞4月＞1月;同一季节不同处理中,SPAD、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、株高和地径为重度酸雨＞中度酸雨＞对照;不同pH酸雨梯度处理和季节的交互作用对秃瓣杜英的SPAD、F_v/F_m、株高和地径的影响显著,而对Φ_PSⅡ、光化学淬灭系数和非光化学淬灭系数的影响不显著.     

叶黄素循环和D1蛋白周转在毛竹叶片光保护中的作用

利用叶绿素荧光技术,对强光胁迫下以及叶黄素循环抑制剂-二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和D1蛋白合成抑制剂-硫酸链霉素(SM)处理后毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) Lehaie)的光抑制特征进行研究。结果显示:在夏季中午强光或人为强光胁迫下,毛竹叶片最大光化学效率Fv/Fm均显著降低;在下午光强减弱或黑暗、弱光条件下,Fv/Fm可有效恢复。DTT和SM均可抑制毛竹叶片非光化学淬灭(NPQ),且DTT效果明显优于SM。另外,在强光下,DTT和SM处理均能使毛竹叶片Fv/Fm、实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)和光化学淬灭qP等荧光参数下降幅度增大。研究结果表明毛竹叶片具有完善的光破坏防御机制,NPQ与叶黄素循环和D1蛋白周转紧密关联,在叶片光保护机制中具有重要作用。     

毛竹叶片衰老过程的叶重量、叶面积及元素内吸收率的动态

对福建永春毛竹(Phyllostachyspubescens Mazel ex H.de Lehaie)叶片衰老过程的叶重量、叶面积及元素内吸收率的动态进行了研究,并对元素内吸收率RE1(以元素的干重含量为计算单位,mg/g)、RE2(以单位叶片的元素含量为计算单位,mg/leaf)以及RE3(以单位叶面积的元素含量为计算单位,mg/cm2)进行了比较.叶片衰老过程中,平均叶重量、叶面积及比叶重分别下降了19.55%、15.16%和5.07%.叶重量与叶面积下降百分率的季节变化趋势一致,说明毛竹叶片存在一定的重量与面积比率.在不同的元素内吸收率比较中,N和K的元素内吸收率均为正,Ca均为负,表明叶片衰老过程中N和K的元素含量从衰老叶片中转移至植株的其他部位,而Ca在老叶中累积.N、P、K、Ca和Mg5种元素平均的元素内吸收率高低顺序均为RE2＞RE3＞RE1,反映出以元素的干重含量为计算单位和以单位叶面积的元素含量为计算单位的元素内吸收率偏低.     

两种不同生境苦苣苔科植物的复苏特性及其对水分的光合和生理响应

复苏植物可以耐受极度干旱的环境,脱水至10％相对水分含量后仍然可以复苏.苦苣苔科植物包含有较多复苏植物,不同类群的复苏机理可能存在差异.该文选择分布在亚热带和温带石灰岩地区的锈色蛛毛苣苔(Paraboea rufescens)和心叶马铃苣苔(Oreocharis cordatula)两种苦苣苔科植物,并对这两个物种的叶...     

Extended leaf senescence promotes carbon gain and nutrient resorption: importance of maintaining winter photosynthesis in subtropical forests

The relative advantages of being deciduous or evergreen in subtropical forests and the relationship between leaf phenology and nutrient resorption efficiency are not well understood. The most successful deciduous species (Lyonia ovalifolia) in an evergreen-dominated subtropical montane cloud forest in southwest (SW) China maintains red senescing leaves throughout much of the winter. The aim of this study was to investigate whether red senescing leaves of this species were able to assimilate carbon in winter, to infer the importance of maintaining a positive winter carbon balance in subtropical forests, and to test whether an extended leaf life span is associated with enhanced nutrient resorption and yearly carbon gain. The red senescing leaves of L. ovalifolia assimilated considerable carbon during part of the winter, resulting in a higher yearly carbon gain than co-occurring deciduous species. Its leaf N and P resorption efficiency was higher than for co-occurring non-anthocyanic deciduous species that dropped leaves in autumn, supporting the hypothesis that anthocyanin accumulation and/or extended leaf senescence help in nutrient resorption. Substantial winter carbon gain and efficient nutrient resorption may partially explain the success of L. ovalifolia versus that of the other deciduous species in this subtropical forest. The importance of maintaining a positive carbon balance for ecological success in this forest also provides indirect evidence for the dominance of evergreen species in the subtropical forests of SW China.     

不同光质LED光源对草莓光合特性、产量及品质的影响

以‘妙香7号’草莓品种为材料,利用LED精量调制光源,设红光、蓝光、黄光、白光、红/蓝/黄(7/2/1)、红/蓝(7/2) 5个处理,以白光为对照,测定了草莓叶片的光合与荧光参数、色素含量、果实产量、品质和根系活力指标,研究 500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强下不同光质处理对草莓光合特性、果实产量及品质的影响.结果表明： 红光处理有利于提高草莓叶片的净光合速率与蒸腾速率,而蓝光有减弱作用;气孔导度与胞间CO₂浓度均以蓝光处理效果最为显著.叶绿素荧光参数(F_o、F_m、Φ_PSⅡ)均在红光处理下最大,而F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_m/F_o均在红/蓝/黄处理下最大;红/蓝/黄处理下草莓色素含量、果实产量和根系活力均显著高于其他处理.红光处理的可溶性固形物和维生素C含量均最高,且与红/蓝/黄处理差异不显著;蓝光处理有利于提高可滴定酸和蛋白质含量,而红/蓝/黄处理的固酸比最大.红/蓝/黄处理最有利于增加光合色素含量,提高果实产量,促进部分品质改善.     

施氮和大气CO2浓度升高对小麦旗叶光合电子传递和分配的影响

采用开顶式气室盆栽培养小麦,设计2个大气CO₂浓度（正常：400 μmol·mol^-1;高：760 μmol·mol^-1）、2个氮素水平（0和200 mg·kg^-1土）的组合处理,通过测定小麦抽穗期旗叶氮素和叶绿素浓度、光合速率（P_n）-胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）响应曲线及荧光动力学参数,来测算小麦叶片光合电子传递速率等,研究了高大气CO₂浓度下施氮对小麦旗叶光合能量分配的影响.结果表明：与正常大气CO₂浓度相比,高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片氮浓度和叶绿素浓度降低,高氮处理的小麦叶片叶绿素a/b升高.施氮后小麦叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ反应中心最大量子产额（F_v′/F_m′）、PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例（q_p）和PSⅡ反应中心实际光化学效率（Φ_PSⅡ）在大气CO₂浓度升高后无明显变化,虽然叶片非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）显著降低,但PSⅡ总电子传递速率（J_F）无明显增加;不施氮处理的F_v′/F_m′、Φ_PSⅡ和NPQ在高大气CO₂浓度下显著降低,尽管F_v/F_m和q_P无明显变化,J_F仍显著下降.施氮后小麦叶片J_F增加,参与光化学反应的非环式电子流传递速率(J_C)明显升高.大气CO₂浓度升高使参与光呼吸的非环式电子流传递速率(J₀)、Rubisco氧化速率（V₀）、光合电子的光呼吸/光化学传递速率比（J₀/J_C）和Rubisco氧化/羧化比（V₀/V_C）降低,但使J_C和Rubisco羧化速率（V_C）增加.因此,高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片氮浓度和叶绿素浓度降低,而增施氮素使通过PSⅡ反应中心的电子流速率显著增加,促进了光合电子流向光化学方向的传递,使更多的电子进入Rubisco羧化过程,P_n显著升高.     

青藏高原春小麦叶片光合作用的光抑制及PSII反应中心光化学效率的恢复分析

在青海省都兰县香日德镇东盛村, 以中国科学院西北高原生物研究所培育的春小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种为材料, 主要采用调制叶绿素荧光分析手段, 研究了抽穗期旗叶光合作用的光抑制现象, 并分析了非光化学猝灭组分的光诱导和非光诱导耗散的量子产量变化。结果表明, 高原春小麦各品种间旗叶光合色素含量和比叶重存在差异; 全晴天3个典型时段准确暗适应20 min后的PSII最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)的比较分析证实, 高原春小麦存在着光合作用的光抑制现象, F_v/F_m的降低是由于PSII反应中心的可逆失活; 稳态作用光下PSII有效光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)易受持续强光胁迫的影响, 而PSII实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)在各春小麦品种间的差异略为明显; 上下午间4个春小麦品种的光化学猝灭系数(q_P)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)呈较一致的变化趋势, 显然q_P和NPQ既属品种的内禀特性, 又与强太阳光胁迫的累积密切相关; 非光化学猝灭组分中光诱导的PSII调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Φ_NPQ)所占比例较大, 下午时分Φ_NPQ的上调反映了高原春小麦对青藏高原持续强光胁迫的驯化适应。     

Protective cytokinin action switches to damaging during senescence of detached wheat leaves in continuous light

The effect of exogenous application of the cytokinin meta -topolin [mT; N⁶-( meta -hydroxybenzyl)adenine] on artificial senescence of detached wheat leaves ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hereward) was studied and compared in leaves senescing under continuous light (100 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) and darkness. Senescence-induced deterioration in structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus was characterized by reduction in chlorophyll content, maximal efficiency of photosystem (PS) II photochemistry ( F _v/ F _m) and the rate of CO₂ assimilation, by increase in the excitation pressure on PSII (1 −  q _P) and a level of lipid peroxidation and by modifications in chloroplast ultrastructure. While in darkened leaf segments mT effectively slowed senescence-induced changes in all measured parameters, in light-senescing segments the effect of mT changed into opposite a few days after detachment. We observed an overexcitation of photosynthetic apparatus, as indicated by pronounced increases in the excitation pressure on PSII and in a deepoxidation state of xanthophyll cycle pigments, marked starch grain accumulation in chloroplasts and stimulation of lipid peroxidation in light-senescing leaf segments in mT. Possible mechanisms of acceleration of senescence-accompanying decrease in photosynthetic function and increase in lipid peroxidation during mT influence are discussed. We propose that protective mT action in darkness becomes damaging during artificial senescence in continuous light due to overexcitation of photosynthetic apparatus resulting in oxidative damage.     

间伐改形对陇东旱塬密闭苹果园树体冠层结构和发育后期叶片质量的影响

为研究间伐改形对红富士成龄乔化密植果园树体冠层特征、生育后期叶片生理特性、养分积累分配规律、光合生产力和土壤水分时空分布动态的影响,以18年生‘红富士’苹果密闭园为试材,对苹果树单株结构参数、枝量、枝类组成、覆盖率、叶片光合速率等参数进行测定.结果表明: 密闭果园叶片光合作用受非气孔因素限制,导致PSII最大光化学效率、PSII光合潜能、光合性能指数下降了1.2%、11.5%、13.9%.间伐改形后,叶面积指数、树冠覆盖率有所降低,使得冠层直射光透过系数增加了79.0%,树形结构有所改善.苹果园总枝数降低到约1100400条·hm^-2,单株枝量增加了5.0%,短枝比例提高至73.0%.由于冠层光照条件的改善,叶面积、比叶质量、百叶重、叶绿素含量有不同程度的提高.叶片光合速率的提高促进了光合产物的积累,淀粉、蛋白质含量为密闭果园的143.5%、107.8%.叶片的发育质量与其所处的光照辐射环境有着密切联系,密闭果园经间伐、改形后,果园群体结构和冠层光照得以改善,促进了叶片生长发育,提高了叶片光合效能,降低了果园土壤水分的无效消耗,是陇东旱塬苹果产区密闭果园适宜的调整、优化方案.     

模拟酸雨对青冈光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在重度酸雨(pH 2.5)、中度酸雨(pH 4.0)和弱酸性酸雨(pH 5.6)3个酸雨梯度下,研究地上酸雨、全淋酸雨、土壤酸雨3种处理方式对青冈幼苗叶绿素荧光和光合参数的影响,并以空白为对照.结果表明: 在重度酸雨条件下,地上酸雨处理显著阻碍青冈幼苗叶绿素合成,降低PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和实际光化学量子产量(Y),以及净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)等光合参数,提高光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,全淋酸雨处理下青冈幼苗受到抑制作用其次,而土壤酸雨处理对其有一定的促进作用;中度酸雨和弱酸性酸雨条件下,不同处理方式除暗呼吸速率(R_d)低于对照外,其余均高于对照,并且全淋酸雨＞土壤酸雨＞地上酸雨处理.可见,在重度酸雨条件下,地上酸雨处理对幼苗的抑制作用最强;中度和弱酸性酸雨条件下,全淋酸雨处理对于幼苗的促进作用最强.不同酸雨强度对青冈幼苗叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、实际光化学量子产量(Y)、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和最大净光合速率(A_max)影响显著,不同酸雨处理方式对幼苗SPAD、F_v/F_m、Y、P_n、T_r、A_max和光饱和点(LSP)影响显著,二者交互作用对SPAD、F_v/F_m、Y、P_n和A_max影响显著.     

Responses of stomata of senescing and nonsenescing leaves of Nicotians glauca to changes in intercellular concentrations of leaf carbon dioxide

Abstract. Gas exchange measurements were performed to test the hypothesis that failure of stomata to open in senescing leaves of Nicotiana glauca is caused by elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide in the intercellular spaces of leaf mesophyll tissue (c_i). Senescing leaves selected for experiments were completely chlorotic and lacked positive rates of photosynthesis. When stomata in detached epidermis from senescing leaves were illuminated in CO2-free air, they opened to similar apertures as those in detached epidermis from nonsenescing leaves. To compare the effects of changes in c_i on stomatal responses of the two leaf types, leaf 'flags' of either nonsenescing or senescing leaves were illuminated at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in a gas exchange cuvette. Leaf temperatures were maintained at 23.5 ± 0.5°C, and vapour pressure differences between leaves and the air were maintained between 0.70 and 0.75kPa. C_i was adjusted by changing external concentrations of carbon dioxide in air circulating through the cuvette. Conductances and photosynthetic rates of nonsenescing leaves changed in response to changes in c_i, but neither the conductances nor the photosynthetic rates of senescing leaves were affected significantly by changes in q. We conclude that guard cells of senescing leaves of Nicotiana glauca do not lose the capacity to respond to changes in carbon dioxide concentration and that increases in c_i resulting from declining rates of mesophyll photosynthesis are not the sole cause of maintenance of stomatal closure during leaf senescence. The data suggest that factors external to guard cells may prevent them from responding to changes in carbon dioxide concentrations in intact senescing leaves.     

潮间带红藻——海萝光合活性对干露胁迫的响应

采用叶绿素荧光技术考察了不同潮汐模式下海萝藻体光合活性的日变化、海萝光合活性与藻体含水量之间的关系以及干露和光照对光合活性的交互影响.结果表明： 早、中、晚潮汐相比,中午潮时最大量子产量(F_v/F_m)下降速度最快.早潮干露初期F_v/F_m下降较慢,随后加快;晚潮干露时F_v/F_m始终较快下降.各种潮汐模式下,F_v/F_m当日基本恢复至初始水平,呈现了可逆的下降,即动态光抑制.F_v/F_m及有效量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)随含水量的降低而下降,当含水量低于90%时,F_v/F_m和Φ_PSⅡ下降迅速,但含水量6%左右的藻体重新浸没后仍能恢复光合作用,即通常情况下可以耐受72 h的干露,具有很强的干露耐受能力.藻体含水量（TWC）与F_v/F_m及Φ_PSⅡ的函数关系为：F_v/F_m=0.68+(0.0044-0.68)/\[1+(TWC/66.96)⁵\],R²=0.99;Φ_PSⅡ=0.585+(0.004-0.585)/\[1+(TWC/73)¹⁰\],R²=0.99.方差分析结果进一步显示,光强和干露交互作用对藻体光合活性影响显著,随光照增强和干露时间延长光抑制程度增大,强光(1000 μmol pho·m^-2·s^-1)和长时间干露(6 h)叠加时,藻体光合活性降低程度最大,完全恢复所需时间最长.     

Seasonal changes in element contents in mangrove element retranslocation during leaf senescene

The concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and chlorine (Cl) were followed monthly in pre-senescence leaves and post-abscission leaves of Kandelia candel (L.) Druce at the Jiulongjiang estuary, and Fujian, China. The element retranslocation efficiency (RE) was studied during leaf senescence. The element RE's evaluated using different methods were compared and a new method was put forward to evaluate element RE during leaf senescence in evergreen trees without concentrated leaf fall. The results showed that during leaf senescence, 77.22% N, 57.53% P, and 44.51% K were translocated out of senescing leaves. Translocation of nutrients out of senescing leaves back into shoots was an important nutnent-conservation mechanism for N and P, was less important for K, and did not occur for Ca, Mg, Na, or Cl. One of the reasons for the high primary productivity of mangroves in nutrient poor sites (especially with low N) is the high nutrient use efficiency.