Colchicine Effect on the Prothalli of Goniopteris multi-lineata (Wall.) Bedd. and G. prolifera (Roxb.) with Emphasis on Abnormal Spermatogenesis in Polyploid Prothalli

Cytological investigation into abnormal sperm formation in polyploidprothalli reported earlier has been undertaken. It is establishedthat the B-type sperms are diploid and giant C type derive fromtetraploids. The spermatogenesis in tetraploid prothalli ismodified by frequent amitosis and fragmentation of the mothercell nucleus resulting in twins, triplets, and monsters withdouble or triple heads or tails; obviously the nuclear constitutionof these sperms is variable.     

中国蕨类植物志中两色鳞毛蕨学名的纠正

两色鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris bissetiana (Baker) C. Chr.)在中国是比较常见和熟知的一种蕨类植物。《中国植物志》和《云南植物志》中采用的是一不合法的学名。在此给予纠正。     

Gametophytic and Sporophytic Regeneration from Bud Scales of the FernPlatycerium bifurcatum(Cav.) C.Chr.In Vitro

Regeneration fromPlatycerium bifurcatumscalesin vitrowas observedfor the first time. Regeneration was obtained from scales detachedfromin vitrogrown juvenile shoots. Regeneration began as rhizoidsor as a proliferation of one or more scale cells into undifferentiatedoutgrowths distinguishable from adjacent cells by their shapeand colour. Outgrowths developed into adventitious buds, aposporousgametophytes, or remained undifferentiated. Numerous outgrowthsformed rhizoids on their surfaces. Aposporous gametophytes producedgametangia. Sucrose enhanced scale viability and regeneration,and promoted rhizoid development on outgrowths, but sucroseconcentrations greater than 0.1% tended to inhibit apospory. Platycerium bifurcatum(Cav.) C.Chr.; staghorn fern; scale; regeneration; organogenesis; sucrose; apospory     

凤蝶兰的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称凤蝶兰[Papilionanthe teres(Roxb.) Schltr.]。2材料类别种子。3培养条件种子萌发培养基:(1)MS:(2)MS 0.1%活性炭:(3)MS 椰子水100mL·L~(-1)(单位下同);(4)1/2MS:(5)1/2MS 0.1%活性炭;(6)1/2 MS 椰子水100:(7)1/2MS 0.2mg·L~(-1)NAA。以上培养基均添加7g·L~(-1)琼脂粉和30g·L~(-1)蔗糖,pH 5.8,在121℃下高压灭菌20min。培养温度为(25 2)℃,光照12h·d~(-1),光照度50μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。     

Effect of chemical factors on production of isoflavonoids in Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb.ex.Willd.) DC suspension culture

Suspension cultures of Pueraria tuberosa, a woody legume, have been established and using different concentrations of growth regulators, sucrose, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, attempts have been made to improve their isoflavonoid content. The cell cultures grew well on all the treatments. Up to approximately 8 folds increased isoflavonoids content was recorded in the cultures grown in MS medium modified with nitrogen and supplemented with 1 mg 1(-1) of kinetin.     

The Effect of Colchicine on Spermatogenesis in a Fern, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Treatment of developing antheridia of Pteridium aquilinum for24 h with radioactive and normal colchicine resulted in spermatocyteswith restitution nuclei, binucleate spermatocytes with multipleimmature blepharoplasts, and spermatids in which the organizationof the microtubular ribbon and basal bodies, and the shapingof the nucleus were seriously disturbed. The results indicatethat the coiling of the multilayered structure and the condensationof the chromatin, two key events in spermatogenesis, are independentof tubulin polymerization. Transitional stages were observed between the granular materialof the blepharoplast and microtubules. Colchicine affected theassembly of the cartwheel structure of the basal bodies lessthan that of the triplets, which were often rudimentary or absent.Autoradiographs were only partially successful because of thefailure to devise a satisfactory method of embedding by freeze-substitution,but there was clear evidence of colchicine binding by nucleiin young spermatocytes. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, bracken, spermatogenesis, colchicine     

In vitro propagation of a Saccharum officinarum (L.) and Sclerostachya fusca (Roxb.) A. Camus hybrid

Summary Callus induction and plant differentiation were obtained in an intergeneric hybrid of Saccharumofficinarum and Sclerostachya fusca. The sub clones showed morphological variation. Chromosome numerical variation was not observed but structural aberrations were noticed in some sub clones. The study indicates the use of tissue culture technique for inducing intergeneric gene transfer in Saccharum hybrids.     

Induced Apogamy in Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray and D. Filix-mas (L.) Schott emend. and its Significance for the Interpretation of the Two Species

Two new cases of induced apogamy in common European speciesof ferns arc described. Meiosis in the apogamously producedsporophytes has been investigated and compared with that ofsexually produced sister plants. The importance of these observationsin relation to previous evidence regarding the mode of originof the wild species is discussed.     

Morphological and chromosomal variation of the Dryopteris varia (L.) Kuntze complex (Dryopteridaceae) in Korea

The Dryopteris varia complex is highly variable in morphology, resulting in taxonomic confusion in delimiting taxon boundaries and determining relationships. We have examined the variation in morphology, chromosome number and mode of reproduction of the Korean members of the D. varia complex to clarify their taxonomic identities. Landmark analysis of the leaf blades and pinnae and the principal components analysis of 31 morphological characters revealed seven entities within the D. varia complex in Korea; these comprise D. varia s. str., D. pacifica, D. sacrosancta, D. bissetiana, D. saxifraga, D. saxifragivaria, and the Suak population which is considered to be a new taxon. Mitotic chromosome counts and examination of reproduction modes indicated that D. bissetiana in Korea appears to be agamosporous with diploid (2n = 82) or triploid (2n = 123) chromosome numbers. However, D. saxifraga is sexual diploid or agamosporous triploid, and the other taxa are agamosporous triploid. Dryopteris bissetiana, D. saxifraga and D. saxifragivaria are similar in major morphological characteristics, but show differences in attachment and shape of rachis scales. The results also suggest that agamosporous triploid D. saxifragivaria was probably derived from hybridization between sexual diploid D. saxifraga and D. bissetiana.     

The phenology of leaf life spans in woodland populations of the ferns Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott and D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray in Derbyshire

WILLMOT, A., 1989. The phenology of leaf life spans in woodland populations of the ferns Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott and D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray in Derbyshire. The results of a survey on the number of upright fronds per plant in a population of Dryopteris filix-mas and in a population of D. dilatata over a 14 month period are presented. These coupled with similar information on the number of developing fronds per plant demonstrate that large plants in the population of each species were summergreen, while small ones were wintergreen. This size-specific difference in leaf phenology does not seem to have been recorded before in Dryopteris filix-mas. It is suggested that this difference, in both species, may have been due to either the different environments in which the plants grew or to a risk-sensitive strategy in the small plants. It is considered that such a strategy might be concerned with the obtaining or retention of resources at a critical period in the life history of the species.     

Phenology and photosynthetic activity in sterile and fertile sporophytes of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott

Summary This study describes the phenology of sporophytes of the fern Dryopteris filix-mas in relation to whole plant development. Sterile and fertile potted sporophytes were set out at an exposed site and the seasonal development of the fronds was measured from the commencement of unfolding, through the phase of increasing length, up to discoloration. The physiological activity of the fronds was determined by measuring photosynthetic gas exchange. The fronds of sterile sporophytes unfolded in April, about a week earlier than those of fertile plants, but the colour had already begun to turn in September and their life span was 1–2 months shorter. However, between mid-June and the end of August the sterile sporophytes put out several sets of new fronds: these overwintered without changing color and were still photosynthetically active in the following spring. All types of fronds were fully expanded 1–2 months from the beginning of unfolding and, with a natural supply of CO₂, had similar maximum net photosynthetic rates of 8–9 mol/m² · s. The decline in photosynthetic performance began before symptoms of senescence were visible and was due to decreased efficiency of the mesophyll. It is concluded that the phenology of D. filix-mas changes with transition from the sterile to the fertile phase. Whereas fertile sporophytes are genuinely summergreen, the sterile sporophytes with their summer fronds remain green throughout the winter and should therefore be termed semi-evergreen. The formation of overwintering summer shoots clearly extends the period of photosynthetic productivity of sterile sporophytes.     

Bioefficacy of Ceasalpinea bonduc (L.) Roxb. against Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Bioefficacy of hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of the seeds of Ceasalpinea bonduc (L.) Roxb. was studied against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5.0% concentrations. Significant antifeedant, larvicidal and pupicidal activities and least LC₅₀ values were observed in chloroform extract. The chloroform extract was subjected to fractionation using silica gel column chromatography. Six fractions were obtained; among these, the third fraction showed high antifeedant, larvicidal and pupicidal activities at 1000 ppm concentration. Abnormalities in adults were also observed. All the activities were concentration dependent. C. bonduc could be useful in integrated pest management programme.     

Somatic hybridization in Citrus: navel orange (C. sinensis Osb.) and grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.)

Summary Protoplasts of navel orange, isolated from embryogenic nucellar cell suspension culture, were fused with protoplasts of grapefruit isolated from leaf tissue. The fusion products were cultured in the hormone-free medium containing 0.6 M sucrose. Under the culture conditions, somatic embryogenesis of navel orange protoplasts was suppressed, while cell division of grapefruit mesophyll protoplasts was not induced. Six embryoids were obtained and three lines regenerated to complete plants through embryogenesis. Two of the regenerated lines exhibited intermediate morphological characteristics of the parents in the leaf shape. Chromosome counts showed that these regenerated plants had expected 36 chromosomes (2n=2x=18 for each parent). The rDNA analysis using biotin-labeled rRNA probes confirmed the presence of genomes from both parents in these plants. This somatic hybridization system would be useful for the practical Citrus breeding.     

In vivo and in vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of Adenia trilobata (Roxb.)

Adenia trilobata, locally known as akandaphal in Bangladesh, has some traditional uses. Leaves and stems extracted with pure methanol (MEATL, MEATS) and fractioned by n-hexane (NFATL, NFATS), which was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of four extracts showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, flavonol, and saponins. All four extracts of A. trilobata, exhibited a strong antioxidant activity while a moderately (MEATS = 328 μg/mL) to weakly toxic (NFATL = 616.85 μg/mL) LC₅₀ observed in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In thrombolytic test, MEATL (18.54 ± 2.18%; P < 0.01) and MEATS (25.58 ± 4.76%; P < 0.0001) showed significant percentage of clot lysis in human blood. The in vivo analgesic activity carried by acetic acid test and formalin test, while the antidiarrheal activity assayed by two standard methods e.g., castor oil-induced diarrhea and castor oil-induced gastrointestinal motility. Both, in vivo model, showed an extremely significant (P < 0.0001) dose-dependent manner percentage of inhibition in comparison to the control group. Present results suggested, A. trilobata could be a potential source for antioxidative, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, analgesic, antidiarrheal agents which require further study to identify the mechanism of A. trilobata.     

Meta-topolin and liquid medium enhanced in vitro regeneration in Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb

In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant - Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. is a hemi-sclerophyllous littoral shrub of the family Goodeniaceae. It is a salt-tolerant plant and used in...     

Mast cell stabilizing and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. wood oil

Volatile oil of C. deodara, administered orally at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, significantly inhibited the pedal edema induced by compound 48/80 in rats. The oil significantly inhibited compound 48/80 induced degranulation of isolated rat peritoneal mast cells at concentrations ranging from 25-200 micrograms/ml. C. deodara wood oil also significantly inhibited the enzyme lipoxygenase at a concentration of 200 micrograms/ml. Thus, the anti-inflammatory activity of C. deodara wood oil could be attributed to its mast cell stabilizing activity and the inhibition of leukotriene synthesis.     

Effects of Acidic Growth Conditions on Spore Germination and Reproductive Development in Dryopteris marginalis (L.)

Spores of Dryopteris marginalis were germinated on a definednutrient medium at varying pH levels (3.2–8.2). Sporegermination in all treatments ranged from 65.5 to 75.0 per centand the effect of pH on germination is concluded to be minimal.Normal gametophyte development, as determined by the numberof cells produced and the pattern of development, is stronglyaffected by the pH of the medium and developmental abnormalitieswere observed below pH 5.8. The usefulness of the system asa biological indicator for acidic precipitation is discussed. Acidic precipitation, Dryopteris marginalis, gametophyte culture, leather wood fern, reproductive development     

燃料油植物乌桕的栽培与管理及桕籽加工

介绍燃料油植物乌桕的实生苗、嫁接苗、雾插苗的培育及组织培养,以及造林与抚育管理。