Body water content and distribution in nonpregnant adult female baboons

Water contents of the various body water compartments were estimated in 16 nonpregnant adult female baboons and compared to human data. Total body water, extracellular water, and plasma volumes were determined by dilution studies. Intracellular water, interstitial water, blood volume, and red cell volume were calculated. The data were compatible with the finding that baboon females probably have less body fat than their human counterparts. Our data establish a basis for longitudinal studies of the changes in body water content and distribution during normal and pathological pregnancies.     

Estimates of body water content in normally grown baboons during the first postnatal month

Water contents of various body compartments were estimated within 9 h of birth in eight baboon neonates and at a mean of 29 days (27-32 days) in seven baboons. All animals were normally grown and delivered spontaneously at term. There was no difference in mean antipyrine space, corrected bromide space, intracellular water, interstitial water, and plasma and blood volumes observed on day 1 and day 29. Mean estimate of red cell volume was lower on day 29 than on day 1.     

A seasonal change in blood cell volume of the Rottnest Island Quokka, Setonix brachyurus

Comparison of the red cell and plasma volumes (T-1824) of wild Quokkas captured in spring (October) with volumes of animals captured in autumn (May) showed that no seasonal change in average plasma volume occurred but a 42% average decrease in red cell volume did occur in autumn. Control animals kept in compounds showed no seasonal change in either average plasma or red cell volume. The available evidence suggests that the seasonal decline in red cell volume results from the semi-starvation suffered by the wild population during the late summer and autumn of each year. The average relative red cell, plasma and whole blood volumes of well-fed Quokkas captured in October were 24.6±3.1; 37.0±3.0; and 61.7±4.5 ml/kg, and equivalent measures of domesticated Quokkas were 28.0±3.2; 40.5±2.8; and 68.5±5.3 ml/kg. These values lie within the ranges of comparaable blood compartment volumes of eutherian mammal species.     

Measurement of blood volume in fetal and neonatal sheep using red blood cells labelled with 99m technetium

Blood volume has been measured in fetal and neonatal sheep using red blood cells labelled with 99mTc. The calculated volumes were highly correlated with simultaneous measurements made using the standard 51Cr labelled red cell method, although in absolute terms the 99m Tc method provided volumes which on average exceeded by a small percentage those determined with the 51Cr method. Measurements using the 99mTc method were also made at different ages in fetal and neonatal sheep and, while no correlation could be demonstrated between blood volume and either fetal or neonatal age, neonatal blood volumes were highly correlated with body weight. The 99mTc method is considered to be a reliable technique for measuring perinatal blood volumes in sheep with the short half-life of the isotope offering additional advantages.     

Interleukin-6 deficiency increases blood volume without altering body composition in young mice

This study was carried out to measure blood volume in interleukin-6 (IL-6) deficient and the wild type mice and to relate any differences to concomitant changes in body composition. Young animals (8-20 weeks of age) were used in this study. The red blood cell (RBC) and plasma volumes were measured by isotope-dilution using Cr(51)-labeled erythrocytes and I(131)-labeled human albumin injected simultaneously in each animal. Red blood cells and plasma volumes and hence total measured blood volume were significantly larger in the IL-6-deficient than in either male or female wild type mice. There were no differences in either whole body hematocrit or Fcells ratio. There were no differences in water, fat, protein and mineral content between the genotypes of either gender. Thus, IL-6-deficient mice at young age have a significantly greater blood volume than the wild type mice without concomitant changes in body composition. We suggest that the changes in blood volume may reflect a role for IL-6 in the regulation of the peripheral circulation.     

Effect of ventilation on pulmonary blood volume of the fetal lamb.

Blood volume changes in the fetal lung following the onset of ventilation were studied by isotopic measurement of red blood cell and plasma volume in rapidly frozen lungs of ten near term fetal lambs. Total pulmonary blood volumes of fetal lambs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen (so that blood gas levels were little changed from fetal values), or with air, were compared with measurements in unventilated lambs. Regional correlations of blood volume and blood flow (measured with isotope-labeled microemboli) within the lungs were also examined. Total pulmonary blood volume averaged 5.6 ml/kg body weight in unventilated fetal lambs and was approximately 43% greated in fetal lambs after 5-20 min of air ventilation, but not significantly different in lambs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen. Thus it is ventilation with air, rather than the introduction of gas into the alveoli, which enlarges the fetal pulmonary vascular bed. Regional pulmonary blood volume and blood flow were correlated, though poorly, in air-ventilated lungs, but not in lungs ventilated with 3% O2 and 7% CO2 in nitrogen; this suggests that a common factor may operate to increase both blood flow and blood volume in the fetal lung following the introduction of air.     

Blood volume in inbred strain BALB/c, CBA/J and C57BL/10 mice determined by means of 59Fe-labelled red cells and 59Fe bound to transferrin.

Circulating red blood cell (RBC) and plasma volume was determined in male inbred strain BALB/c, CBA/J and C57BL/10 mice by parallel use of the 59Fe-labelled RBC dilution and the dilution of 59Fe bound to transferrin. The whole blood volumes values derived from the venous haematocrit and plasma volume were about double the values calculated from the venous haematocrit and circulating RBC volume. Comparison of the two methods thus explains the marked differences in different studies of blood volume in mice and shows that correct values can be obtained only by parallel measurements of RBC and plasma volume by separate methods, or by correcting the venous haematocrit to whole body haematocrit. Combination of the labelled RBC method and the 59Fe-transferrin method showed the blood volume values in the above strains of mice to be 10.35 +/- 0.16, 7.32 +/- 0.10 and 7.94 +/- 0.15 ml/g b.w. respectively. The ratio of whole body to venous haematocrit in these strains was was 57.3 +/- 1.6%, 68.0 +/- 1.8% and 69.5 +/- 2.2%. Significant interstrain differences were demonstrated in RBC, plasma and blood volume and in the venous and whole body haematocrit and their ratio.     

Serial estimates of body water content and distribution during the first postnatal month in baboons

Water content of the various body compartments was estimated serially during the first postnatal month in six term baboon neonates. In absolute volumes (mL), total body water, intracellular water, and plasma volume all increased linearly with body weight and postnatal age, although the effect of weight was predominant. In proportion to body weight (mL/kg), total body water, intracellular water, and plasma volume increased linearly with postnatal age whereas extracellular water and red cell volume decreased. There was no linear relation between the proportions of any of the water volumes and body weight.     

Effect of host packed cell volume on the bloodmeal size of male tsetse flies, Glossina pallidipes

aematin contents of engorged, male tsetse flies, Glossina pallidipes Austen, were compared with the packed cell volumes of oxen on which they had fed. Haematin contents icnreased with packed cell volume up to packed cell volumes of approximately 30%. Haematin contents appeared to level off or decline with further increase in packed cell volume. These results support a model of blood-feeding in tsetse flies in which the rate of blood consumption decreases as packed cell volume increases, because of increase in blood viscosity, and tsetse are unable to compensate for the decrease in consumption rate by feeding for a longer time. After allowing for the effects of packed cell volume, bloodmeal sizes of tsetse increased with ox body temperature.     

Effect of uncomplicated pregnancy on body water content and distribution in baboons

Body water content and distribution were estimated before, during, or after 32 pregnancies in baboons. Water content of the various compartments (in liters) correlated with body weight in both nonpregnant and pregnant baboons, and with length of gestation in pregnant baboons. In proportion to body weight (in ml/kg), most water compartments did not change significantly with length of gestation. Mean plasma volume and blood volume were higher during pregnancy than before or after.     

Biochemistry and haematology values for the baboon (Papio hamadryas): the effects of sex, growth, development and age.

A retrospective study evaluated the influence of sex and age on plasma biochemistry and haematology parameters in a captive-bred colony of baboons. Over 1,140 ETDA and heparin blood samples were obtained from 160 clinically normal baboons between the ages of 11 months and 11 years. Data for these blood tests were analysed for the effects of sex, age and sex age interactions. Sex, age and sex age interactions were detected for many plasma biochemistry and haematological parameters. The reference range values for platelets, white-blood cells and mean corpuscular volume and plasma chloride, glucose, total protein and iron were higher (P < 0.01) and red blood cell, plasma sodium, potassium, total CO2, creatinine, urea, total bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphate, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and phosphate were lower (P < 0.01) in the female compared to the male population. Sex age interactions (P < 0.05) were seen with haemoglobin, white blood cells, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, sodium, creatinine, urea, calcium, phosphate, total bilirubin, total protein alkaline phosphatase, the liver enzymes and triglycerides. Plasma alkaline phosphatase was highest ( > 800 micro/l) in young juveniles of both sexes; creatinine was higher in older ( > 4 years) compared to younger baboons of the same sex (P < 0.05). Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were greater (P < 0.01) in young baboons compared to older animals.     

Influence of season and body condition on plasma volume levels of white‐tailed deer,Odocoileus virginianus

Abstract

Changes in the circulating plasma volume were monitored for twelve consecutive months in five white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) maintained outdoors in a 2.4‐ha enclosure in northern New York stale. The mean annual relative plasma volume of the two male white‐tailed deer (43.6 ± 1.0 ml/kg) was not significantly different from that of three females (45.7 ± 0.7 ml/kg). Mean annual absolute plasma volume, however, was significantly higher in males (2588 ± 90.7 ml) than in females (2092 ± 79.1 ml), mainly because of the greater body weights of males in late summer and early fall. Both sexes had a marked seasonality in the level of relative and absolute plasma volume regulation. Relative plasma volumes were lowest in February‐March and highest in May‐June and again in October, while absolute plasma volumes were lowest in late winter to early spring, when body weights in the annual cycle were lowest, and volumes were highest in mid‐fall, at the annual peak of body condition. Males had a greater excursion about their annual mean relative plasma volumes (‐16 to 13%) and absolute plasma volumes (‐23 to 32%) than did females (respectively, ‐11 to 9% and ‐13 to 19%). Variations in the level of plasma volume regulated are related to the annual cycle of environmental conditions and changes in body and physiological condition of white‐tailed deer.     

Blood volume inMacaca fascicularis

The plasma and erythrocyte volumes ofMacaca fascicularis were determined using blood labelled with¹²⁵I-serum albumin and⁵¹Cr. It was found that the erythrocyte, plasma and packed cell volumes were 108±6 ml (Mean±S.D.), 210±10 ml and 37±2%, respectively. Total blood volume of macaque was 8% of body weight.     

The mean red cell volume in long distance runners

Red cell indices were determined in 6 well trained runners before and after a 100 km race, and Coulter Counter (CC) determinations compared with calculated values derived from centrifuged hematocrit (ctrf), red cell count (CC) and hemoglobin measurements. The following changes were observed immediately after the race, as compared to values 3 days before: MCV(ctrf) decreased by 4.9% (p less than 0.001), MCV(CC) increased by 1.9% (p less than 0.05), MCHC(ctrf) increased by 4% and MCHC(CC) decreased by 3%. The increase in MCV(CC) suggests that intraerythrocyte osmolality was increased, this probably leading to swelling of the cells induced by a shift of water from the diluting Coulter Counter solution into the red cells prior to the MCV measurement. The decrease in MCV(ctrf) immediately after the race was not correlated with the increase in plasma osmolality. This suggests that plasma osmolality alone was not the key factor for regulation of red cell volume. The changes in MCV(ctrf), which contributed to a surprising stability of the hematocrit value and plasma volume, might represent a physiological principle for the maintenance of a favourable blood viscosity.     

Splenic storage volume in the unanesthetized resting beagle

Determination of the dog's splenic storage volume without surgical procedures requires measurement of both circulating and total red cell volumes. The estimation of circulating red cell volume by radioisotope techniques is impeded by the rapid uptake of tagged cells in the spleen. The circulating cell volume might be calculated from plasma volume and large vessel hematocrit, provided that the latter is corrected for the unequal distribution of red cells in the circulatory system. However, the correction factor can only be estimated in the splenectomized dog. We describe here a method to determine the factor in the intact dog, "physiologically splenectomized" by the severe exercise. The values obtained by this method slightly exceed those in the resting dog, as shown by studies in splenectomized exercising beagles in which splenic function was simulated by infusion of packed cells. The method was tested in beagles exercised by swimming and treadmill running and it was concluded that in the unanesthetized resting beagle about one-third of all erythrocytes is stored in the spleen. Labeled cells are equilibrated with about one-half of the splenic storage volume within 10 min after their injection. During maximal exertion the mean increase in large vessel hematocrit was 38.6 +/- 3.3%, the mean decrease in plasma volume 13.6 +/- 1.7% and the mean increase in plasma osmolarity 2.8 +/- 0.9% (percentages of control values).     

Changes in plasma volume and red cell formation after a marathon competition

The purpose of this study was to investigate middle-term influences of a marathon race on plasma volume (PV) and red cell production. We performed the following measurements in the blood of 15 male athletes: haemoglobin ([Hb]), haematocrit (Hct), plasma protein concentration ([Prot]), plasma osmolality, sodium concentration ([Na+]), potassium concentration ([K+]), aldosterone concentration ([Aldo]), haptoglobin concentration ([Hpto]), and the reticulocyte count, as well as the calculation of relative changes in PV, 3 days before and on 3-consecutive days after a marathon race. By the 2nd day of recovery PV had increased by 16%. Plasma osmolality and [K+] remained constant, whereas [Na+] had decreased slightly 2 days after the competition and [Aldo] tended to be elevated 1 day after the competition. [Hpto] was low before and 1 day after the competition and increased on the following days. Reticulocyte count was unaffected 1 day after the race, but increased by 106% on the 2nd day and was still elevated after 3 days. The causes for higher post-marathon plasma volumes and reticulocyte counts could be in the complex variations in hormonal regulation, which have not yet been sufficiently investigated.     

Osmotic effects of protein polymerization: Analysis of volume changes in sickle cell anemia red cells following deoxy-hemoglobin S polymerization

Summary Polymerization-depolymerization of proteins within cells and subcellular organelles may have powerful osmotic effects. As a model to study these we analyzed the predicted volume changes following hemoglobin (Hb) S polymerization in sickle cell anemia (SS) red cells with different initial volumes. The theoretical analysis predicted that dehydrated SS red cells may sustain large polymerization-induced volume shifts whose direction would depend on whether or not small solutes were excluded from polymer-associated water. Experiments with SS cells from promptly fractionated venous blood showed oxygenation-induced swelling, maximal in the densest cells, in support of nonexclusion models. The predicted extent of cell dehydration on polymerization was strongly influenced by factors such as the dilution of residual soluble Hb and the increased osmotic contribution of Hb in cells dehydrated by salt loss, largely overlooked in the past. The osmotic effects of polymer formation may thus play an important part in microcirculatory infarction by dense SS cells, as they become even denser and stiffer during deoxygenation in the capillaries.     

Interrelations among Na and K content,cell volume,and buoyant density in human red blood cell populations

Summary This study establishes a method for determining the concentration of Na and K in single red blood cells from electron probe microanalysis of a cell's Na and K content. To this end, red blood cells were separated into subpopulations according to their buoyant density by means of bovine serum density gradient centrifugation. Cell water and Na+K contents were then determined in each fraction by conventional analytic methods with cell volume estimated from measurements of hematocrits and cell number. It was found that an inverse relationship obtains between the mean cell volume and buoyant cell density since cells increased in size as density decreased. Although the amount of hemoglobin per cell was found to slightly increase as cell density decreased, hemoglobin concentration showed the inverse relationship, indicating that buoyant cell density differences are primarily the result of differences in hemoglobin concentration. In confirmation of Funder and Wieth (Funder, J., Wieth, J.O. 1966.Scand. J. Lab. Invest. 18:167–180) cell water and cell volume was found to vary directly with the summed content of Na+K. Finally, by means of electron probe microanalysis of single cells, the cellular concentration of hemoglobin was found to vary inversely with the Na+K content, providing a quantitative basis for directly estimating cell volume, and thus ionic concentration, with this technique.     

Determination of intracellular volume and internal solute concentrations of the green alga Chlorococcum submarinum

A method is described for measuring the cell volume of the unicellular green alga Chlorococcum submarinum, which depends on measurements of bromide concentration before and after disruption of the cells by ammonium hydroxide. Simultaneous equations are derived, which along with direct determination of cell water weight, allow the calculation of the intracellular volume in three different ways. The volumes calculated are in agreement indicating the validity of the method. The cell volumes and internal concentrations of glycerol, proline, potassium and sodium were determined for algae adapted to three salinities, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M NaCl. The results showed that glycerol was the major internal solute and that the total measured solutes balanced the external osmotic pressure at all three salinities.Abbreviations DMSO dimethyl sulphoxide - Hepes N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N-2-ethane sulfonic acid - TCA trichloroacetic acid - Tris tris[hydroxymethyl]aminoethane     

Effects of exercise detraining and deacclimation to the heat on plasma volume dynamics

The effects of the discontinuation (DET) of an endurance training/heat acclimation (T/A) program on vascular volumes were studied in 16 adult males. Resting and exercise blood volume dynamics were examined prior to and during an exercise task performed after completion of T/A (CT1) and again at the end of DET (CT2). T/A consisted of cycling at 60% of peak VO2 for 90 min per day, 6 days per week, for 4 weeks. Ambient temperature was 20 degrees C for the first 3 weeks and 40 degrees C for the last week (rh = 30-35%). Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following DET conditions: 1) cycling one day per week at 40 degrees C, 2) cycling one day per week at 20 degrees C, 3) resting one day per week at 40 degrees C, 4) control. The exercise tasks consisted of 60 min of continuous cycle ergometer exercise at 50% of peak VO2 (Ta = 30 degrees C, rh = 35%). Although significant differences were found between CT1 and CT2, there were no interactions between the various DET conditions. Resting red cell volume decreased 98 ml and plasma volume decreased 248 ml following DET. A reduction in plasma protein content accounted for 97% of the decrease in plasma volume. Hemoconcentration occurred during exercise in both CT1 and CT2, while there were slight increases in plasma [Na+] and [Cl-] and a rapid rise in [K+]. It appears that a single exercise and/or heat exposure per week was not different from complete cessation of endurance exercise in the heat with regard to maintenance of the various vascular volumes.