蜜蜂的交配行为

蜜蜂是一妻多夫制，处女蜂王可与７－１７只雄蜂交配。说细介绍了雄蜂内阳茎的构造，交配时内阳茎翻出体外的过程，蜂王和雄蜂交配的情况，一次交配后留在蜂王蜇针腔的交配标志，以后与蜂王交配的雄蜂如何将堵塞在蜇针腔的交配标志除去的过程。     

果蝇求偶行为的影响因素及其分子基础

果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen是进行行为遗传学研究的极好材料。果蝇的雄性求偶行为已经被作为行为遗传学研究的模式。文章简要介绍近年来在遗传和分子水平上对果蝇性信息素和求偶行为的研究进展,尤其是突变体在果蝇行为遗传学研究中的应用。通过对果蝇求偶行为的分析,分别介绍果蝇的性信息素及视觉、听觉、嗅觉和味觉相关基因在果蝇求偶和交配行为过程中的作用。     

大猿叶虫交配行为的观察

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly是十字花科上的重要害虫,一生能多次交配。本试验在25℃,光周期L∶D=12∶12条件下观察了大猿叶虫成虫连续7d的交配行为。结果表明:(1)每日平均交配(5.67±0.26)次,最高可达11次,不同日龄间的交配次数存在显著差异。(2)平均每日用于交配的时间为(238±10)min,占总时间的33.5%,最长可达493min,占总时间的68.5%,不同日龄间的交配时间有极显著差异。(3)交配持续时间最短8min,最长达289min,平均为(48±2)min;同一日内,随着交配次数增加,交配持续时间逐渐缩短;不同日龄间的交配持续时间存在显著差异。(4)相邻两次交配之间的间隔时间最短5min,最长300min,平均交配间隔(75±3)min;交配间隔时间随日龄的增加而明显延长。     

林氏果蝇的生殖隔离研究

本文以果蝇科的林氏果蝇不同种群间交配后的生殖隔离机制进行了研究。这些种群包括源产于我国台湾省的ＴＡＷ３１４６．１,采自广东两地区的６个单雌系ＤＨＳ３１５,ＤＨＳ４０１,ＤＨＳ４１０,ＤＨＳ５０１,ＮＫＳ９２１２,ＮＫＳ９２３１,采自广东两地区的６个单雌系ＤＨＳ３１５,ＤＨＳ４０１,ＤＨＳ４１０,ＤＨＳ５０１,ＮＫＳ９２１２,ＮＫＳ９２３１,采自缅甸两个地区的４个单雌系ＭＭＹ３２６,ＭＭＹ３０７,Ｒ     

水稻二化螟的交配行为

在室内条件下,对水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis的交配行为及能力进行了研究.结果表明：大多数二化螟雌蛾一生只交配一次,平均0.92次;而雄蛾具有多次交配能力,最多达4次,平均2.72次.二化螟雌蛾的日龄影响其交配率、交配起始时间和持续时间,随二化螟雌蛾日龄的增加,其交配率逐渐下降,交配起始时间逐渐提前,而交配持续时间逐渐上升.相反,二化螟雄蛾日龄对其交配率、交配起始时间和持续时间没有明显影响.交配日龄对二化螟雌蛾的生殖力也存在显著影响,随着二化螟雌蛾交配日龄的增加,雌蛾产卵量下降,卵孵化率降低,产卵期缩短,它们都与雌蛾交配日龄存在显著的负相关;而雌蛾产卵前期和雌蛾寿命随雌蛾交配日龄的增加而延长,与雌蛾交配日龄存在显著的正相关.但二化螟雄蛾交配日龄对雌蛾的生殖力没有明显影响,二化螟雄蛾一生都具有较强的交配繁殖能力.同时,不同交配史的雄蛾与雌蛾交配,对雌蛾的生殖力也没有显著影响.表明二化螟的交配活动是由雌蛾主导控制的.最后,对这些结果在二化螟性信息素防治中应用的可行性进行了探讨.在应用性信息素控制二化螟的实践中,可以在两方面取得实效,一是性信息素可以阻碍雌雄之间正常交配,降低交配率;二是可以推迟二化螟雌虫的交配,使其产卵量和卵孵化率降低.     

果蝇实验中海绵塞及移蝇漏斗的制作

果蝇实验是最常见的生物学实验,实验中往往需要大量的瓶塞。介绍如何用电热丝切割器自制美观、易于清洗与保管的海绵塞,并介绍一种在海绵塞的基础上略加改造,用于转移果蝇的小装置——移蝇漏斗。使用这种小装置可以在瓶内果蝇不外飞的情况下,方便地往己收集了一些处女蝇的培养瓶中转移新收集的处女蝇。     

普氏原羚的求偶交配行为

作者采用所有事件取样法、扫描取样法和目标取样法研究分析了元者分布区内普氏原羚(Procapraprzewalskii) 的求偶交配行为, 分析了放牧活动对普氏原羚求偶、交配行为的影响。我们共记录到28 种发情、求偶及交配行为。雄性普氏原羚的求偶、交配过程分为4 个阶段。第一阶段为雄羚对雌羚的试探接近阶段。雌羚对雄羚的试探行为有两种反应: 雌羚走开拒绝雄羚的求偶; 或者雌羚叉开后腿静立并不停摆尾以示接受雄羚,有时雌羚还会主动靠近雄羚。如果雌羚接受雄羚的求偶, 雄羚便会进入求偶表演的第二阶段: 雄羚开始以直立、直立行走或碎步移动的方式靠近雌羚。第三个阶段是爬胯、交配阶段。雄羚的插入、射精过程在很短时间(约1-2 s) 内完成。最后一个阶段是交配后雄羚对配偶的看守阶段。普氏原羚交配制度为求偶场交配制度, 交配模式为无锁结、多次插入、无抽动、多次射精, 分别属于Dewsbury和Dixson交配行为模式分类系统的第13 种类型和第14种类型。人类放牧对普氏原羚繁殖行为具有明显的影响。在本研究中共记录了1 009 次爬胯行为, 这些爬胯行为多发生在家畜到达求偶场以前与家畜离开求偶场后30min 。     

果蝇实验中的2个实用小制作

果蝇实验是最常见的生物学实验。而培养与麻醉果蝇是果蝇实验中的2个基本操作。介绍2种果蝇实验中实用的小制作：培养瓶用的海绵塞,以及在海绵塞的基础上改进的用于转移果蝇进行麻醉的＂移蝇塞＂,使用移蝇塞可以使麻醉果蝇的操作变得容易控制,同时还可以有效地控制进入麻醉瓶中果蝇的数量。这2种小制作材料易得,制作简单,非常实用。     

果蝇培养基的选择研究

用小麦加工料设计了8个果蝇培养基,以随机完全区组设计进行比较试验,统计分析结果显示:其对果蝇F_1代数量及总重与玉米粉培养基差异极显著(P<0.01),F。发育期也明显提前,可从中选出优良配方H和C推广应用。 果蝇(Drosophlia melanogaster)作为一种很好的遗传学材料,在本世纪初就得到应用。众所周知,果蝇后代群体的数量等性状直接影响着有关遗传学研究及实验的正确性。如何提高果蝇的饲养效果来充分发挥它在科研、教学中的作用,这是国内外普遍重视的问题;有关资料也介绍了很多果蝇培养基,而对使用     

Mating behavior in mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster at different population densities

The effects of mutations and genetic background on the mating activity of males and receptivity of females Drosophila melanogaster have been studied at different population densities. Population density, as well as its combinations with other factors, significantly affects mating behavior of D. melanogaster. There are two distinct trends in the effect of this factor on mating behavior: the maximum larval overpopulation may cause either a significant suppression of the behaviors studied or an increase in their expressivity. The mating behaviors of w ^a and cn mutants against a certain genetic background changed similarly in response to varying population density.     

Mating behavior in mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster at different population densities

The effects of mutations and genetic background on the mating activity of male and receptivity of female Drosophila melanogaster have been studied at different population densities. Population density, as well as its combinations with other factors, significantly affects mating behavior of D. melanogaster. There are two distinct trends in the effect of this factor on mating behavior: the maximum larval overpopulation may cause either a significant suppression of the behaviors studied or an increase in their expressivity. The mating behaviors of wa and cn mutants against a certain genetic background changed similarly in response to varying population density.     

Multiple actins in drosophila melanogaster

The tissue and developmental specificities of the three Drosophila isoactins, originally identified in primary myogenic cultures and in the permanent Schneider L-2 cell line, have been investigated. Of these three isoactins (I, II, and III), actins I and II are stable and actin III is unstable. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses of total cellular extracts after 1-h [(35)S]methionine pulses were performed on a large variety of embryonic, larval, and adult muscle and nonmuscle tissues. The results suggest that isoactins II and III are generalized cellular actins found in all drosophila cell types. Actin I, on the other hand, is muscle-associated and is found exclusively in supercontractile muscle (such as larval body wall and larval and adult viscera) including primary myogenic cell cultures. Although actin I synthesis is not detectable during very early embryogenesis, it is detectable by 25 h and actin I is a major stable actin in all larval muscle tissues. Actin I is synthesized in reduced amounts relative to the other actins in late third instar larvae but is again a major product of actin synthesis in the adult abdomen. A stable actin species with the same pI as actin III has been identified in the adult thorax and appears to be unique to flight muscle tissue. This new stable form of thoracic actin may be the result of a stabilization of the actin III found in other tissues or may be an entirely separate gene product.     

Striated visceral muscle of drosophila melanogaster

Striated visceral muscle cells are scattered singly or in small groups at the base of the intestinal cells of the mid-gut of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Fibers less than 1 μ in diameter, designated as small, contain a single myofibril, few, if any, dyads and few mitochondria. Fibers of somewhat larger diameter contain dyads and more mitochondria. Both types of fiber have a perforate Z band which appears as discontinuous bodies in longitudinal sections and as a perforate sheet of dense rims and clear perforations in transverse sections. The Z rims contain filaments, 30 to 50 Å, oriented in the transverse direction. The number and arrangement of myofilaments and the ultrastructure of the Z band are consistent with the function of these muscles.     

Functional analysis of iodotyrosine deiodinase from drosophila melanogaster

The flavoprotein iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD) was first discovered in mammals through its ability to salvage iodide from mono‐ and diiodotyrosine, the by‐products of thyroid hormone synthesis. Genomic information indicates that invertebrates contain homologous enzymes although their iodide requirements are unknown. The catalytic domain of IYD from Drosophila melanogaster has now been cloned, expressed and characterized to determine the scope of its potential catalytic function as a model for organisms that are not associated with thyroid hormone production. Little discrimination between iodo‐, bromo‐, and chlorotyrosine was detected. Their affinity for IYD ranges from 0.46 to 0.62 μM (K_d) and their efficiency of dehalogenation ranges from 2.4 – 9 x 10³ M^?1 s^?1 (k_cat/K_m). These values fall within the variations described for IYDs from other organisms for which a physiological function has been confirmed. The relative contribution of three active site residues that coordinate to the amino acid substrates was subsequently determined by mutagenesis of IYD from Drosophila to refine future annotations of genomic and meta‐genomic data for dehalogenation of halotyrosines. Substitution of the active site glutamate to glutamine was most detrimental to catalysis. Alternative substitution of an active site lysine to glutamine affected substrate affinity to the greatest extent but only moderately affected catalytic turnover. Substitution of phenylalanine for an active site tyrosine was least perturbing for binding and catalysis.     

Mating behavior in Drosophila melanogaster males heterozygous for the dominant temperature-sensitive lethal mutation

The influence of two mutations on the mate success of Drosophila melanogaster males was studied. Dominant temperature-sensitive lethal mutations l(2)M167DTS and l(2)M65DTS were used in experiments. Both these mutations are recessive lethals in homozygote. Individuals l(2)M65DTS and l(2)M167DTS die at 17 and 28 degrees C, respectively. The mate success of l(2)M65DTS males is much lower than that of normal males. In the experiments conducted in autumn, l(2)M167DTS males were always at advantage, whatever their age. In the winter experiments, they were only at advantage at the age of 2-3 and 15-17 days. For l(2)M167DTS males, a relationship has been established between the mate success and t degrees, and season. The role of behavioural pleiotropic effects of mutations on the probability of their fixation in a population is discussed.