植物ASR基因研究进展

ASR(abscisic acid,stress,ripening-induced)基因是近年来从植物中发现的一类受ABA、胁迫和成熟诱导表达的基因,具有保守的ABA/WDS结构域。ASR基因不仅参与植物对干旱、高盐、低温以及脱落酸的胁迫应答,而且参与植物生命活动的许多过程,如果实发育、成熟和糖代谢等。本文综述了近年来国内外ASR基因的研究进展,主要包括ASR基因和蛋白结构特点、ASR基因家族的进化、ASR基因的表达及可能具有的功能,为植物ASR基因研究提供参考。     

木薯MeASR基因克隆及表达分析

脱落酸-胁迫-成熟诱导蛋白(Abscisic acid-stress-ripening,ASR)在植物对非生物逆境胁迫的应答过程中发挥着重要作用。利用PCR技术从木薯中克隆了第一个ASR基因Me ASR,序列分析表明该基因开放阅读框(ORF)330 bp,编码109个氨基酸。多序列比对和进化树分析表明该基因所编码的蛋白具有ASR家族蛋白的保守结构域,与番茄ASR家族蛋白Sl ASR4具有较近的亲缘关系。亚细胞定位分析表明Me ASR定位在细胞核,实时荧光定量PCR分析表明该基因的表达显著受渗透胁迫和ABA诱导。结果表明,Me ASR可能作为转录因子参与木薯对干旱逆境胁迫应答及ABA信号调节。     

脱落酸、胁迫、成熟诱导基因研究进展

近年来从植物中发现了越来越多的受脱落酸、胁迫、成熟诱导表达的基因,这些 ASR(Abscisic acid, Stress and Ripening inducible)基因参与植物对冷、渗透压、脱落酸处理的胁迫应答已被证实,该类基因也参与植物生命活动的许多方面如果实发育、成熟等．对 ASR 基因的克隆鉴定,以及该基因在胁迫应答和果实成熟方面的作用进行了综述．     

香蕉MaASR1基因的抗干旱作用

ASR(ABA, stress, ripening induced protein)是一类响应植物干旱胁迫的关键转录因子, 在许多植物中已有报道, 然而尚未见香蕉(Musa acuminata)中ASR与抗旱作用的相关研究。该实验从香蕉果实cDNA文库中筛选出1个ASR基因, 即MaASR1(登录号为AY628102)。干旱胁迫下, 该基因在叶片中的表达量高于根部。将MaASR1转入拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana), Southern检测确定了两株独立表达的转基因株系(命名为L14和L38)。表型观察发现, 此两转基因株系的叶片变小且变厚; Northern和Western检测结果表明, MaASR1在L14和L38中表达。控水处理后, L14和L38的存活率及脯氨酸含量均高于野生型。经干旱胁迫和外源ABA处理后, 对MaASR1转基因株系中ABA/胁迫响应基因的表达分析, 发现MaASR1可增强转基因株系对ABA信号的敏感度, 但不能增强植株依赖于ABA途径的抗旱性。     

香蕉MaASRl基因的抗干旱作用

ASR（ABA,stress,ripening induced protein）是一类响应植物干旱胁迫的关键转录因子。在许多植物中已有报道,然而尚未见香蕉（Musa acuminata）VPASR与抗旱作用的相关研究。该实验从香蕉果实cDNA文库中筛选出1个AS尺基因,即MaASRl（登录号为AY628102）。干旱胁迫下,该基因在叶片中的表达量高于根部。将MaASRl转入拟南芥∽rabidopsisthaliana）,Southern检测确定了两株独立表达的转基因株系（命名为L14和L38）。表型观察发现,此两转基因株系的叶片变小且变厚Northern和Western检测结果表明,MaASR1在L14和L38中表达。控水处理后,L14和L38的存活率及脯氨酸含量均高于野生型。经干旱胁迫和外源ABA处理后,对MaASR1转基因株系中ABA／胁迫响应基因的表达分析,发现MaASR7可增强转基因株系对ABA信号的敏感度,但不能增强植株依赖于ABA途径的抗旱性。     

植物ASR蛋白的研究进展

ASR(abscisic acid,stress,ripening)蛋白是植物特有的一类蛋白质家族。ASR基因在成熟果实中表达,也受脱落酸和胁迫诱导在营养组织中表达。现对ASR基因家族的发现和进化、时空表达和ASR蛋白的特性及亚细胞定位等进行综述,特别对ASR蛋白抗非生物胁迫功能及其可能的分子机制进行了总结,旨在为ASR蛋白的农业应用提供新思路。     

植物体内干旱信号的传递与基因表达

干旱是严重影响植物生长发育的重要环境胁迫因子之一。干旱能影响植物的水分状态,使植物缺水遭受伤害。近年来,相继从拟南芥等植物中克隆出了一些受干旱诱导的基因,如蛋白激酶基因、光合基因、渗透调节基因、功能蛋白基因（如LEA基因）等。干旱等胁迫信号经历一系列的传递过程,最后诱导这些特定基因的表达。在植物体中,可能存在依赖ABA型和不依赖ABA型两条干旱信号的传递途径。近年来从高等植物中分离出一系列调控干旱相关基因表达的转录因子,通过转录因子之间以及与其它相关蛋白之间的相互作用,激活或抑制干旱等胁迫因子诱导的基因表达。     

厚藤ASR基因克隆及功能初步分析

通过对厚藤(Ipomoea pes-caprae(Linn.)Sweet.)cDNA文库的筛选,获得了一个编码厚藤ASR(ABA-stress-ripening)基因的全长cDNA,命名为IpASR。研究结果显示,IpASR编码区全长648 bp,共编码215个氨基酸;蛋白质等电点为5.42,分子量为24.57 k D。通过在酵母中表达,发现IpASR能够提高转基因酵母的耐盐性及抗氧化能力。进一步以厚藤成年植株及幼苗为材料进行实时荧光定量PCR分析,结果表明,IpASR基因在厚藤成年植株各组织中广泛表达;高盐、甘露醇胁迫和ABA处理可诱导该基因在厚藤幼苗中的表达。结合GFP融合蛋白的亚细胞定位和生物信息学分析,发现IpASR蛋白为核蛋白,推测IpASR基因参与了厚藤生长发育的调控,并可响应ABA和非生物胁迫的诱导。     

赤霉素调节植物对非生物逆境的耐性

赤霉素（GAs）是一类重要的植物激素,调控植物生长发育的诸多方面．最近的研究表明,GA也参与对生物与非生物胁迫的响应,然而GA参与非生物胁迫响应的遗传学证据及其机制有待于进一步研究．本实验室前期研究证明,水稻EullfELONGATEDUPPERMOSTINTERNODE）通过一个新的生化途径降解体内的活性赤霉素分子,并参与调控水稻对病原菌的基础抗病性．本研究发现,euil突变体对盐胁迫能力降低,而超表达EUll基因的水稻和拟南芥耐盐性显著提高．进一步研究发现,积累高含量赤霉素的水稻euil突变体对脱落酸（ABA）的敏感性下降,而赤霉素缺失的EUll超表达转基因水稻和拟南芥均改变了对于ABA的敏感性．EUll基因的转录受逆境诱导,其功能缺失与超表达调控了逆境标志基因的表达．综上推测,GA可能是通过影响ABA的信号途径从而改变了植物对非生物胁迫的响应．     

植物内源ABA水平的动态调控机制

ABA具有调节植物生长发育和对环境胁迫做出快速反应的重要功能, 植物内源ABA水平受到ABA合成、代谢及转运等途径的复杂调控。该文综述了近年来植物ABA从头合成、羟基化代谢、可逆糖基化代谢及ABA转运等领域的最新研究进展, 重点讨论ABA合成与代谢基因的表达调控机制, 并展望了今后的研究方向。     

Regulation of gene expression by endogenous ABA in tomato plants

In response to water deficit, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) accumulates in plants. This ABA serves as a signal for a multitude of processes, including regulation of gene expression. ABA accumulated in response to water deficit signals cellular as well as whole plant responses playing a role in the pattern of gene expression throughout the plant. Although the function of genes regulated by ABA during stress are currently poorly understood, a number of these genes may permit the plant to adapt to environmental stress.     

Tomato ABSCISIC ACID STRESS RIPENING (ASR) Gene Family Revisited

Tomato ABSCISIC ACID RIPENING 1 (ASR1) was the first cloned plant ASR gene. ASR orthologs were then cloned from a large number of monocot, dicot and gymnosperm plants, where they are mostly involved in response to abiotic (drought and salinity) stress and fruit ripening. The tomato genome encodes five ASR genes: ASR1, 2, 3 and 5 encode low-molecular-weight proteins (ca. 110 amino acid residues each), whereas ASR4 encodes a 297-residue polypeptide. Information on the expression of the tomato ASR gene family is scarce. We used quantitative RT-PCR to assay the expression of this gene family in plant development and in response to salt and osmotic stresses. ASR1 and ASR4 were the main expressed genes in all tested organs and conditions, whereas ASR2 and ASR3/5 expression was two to three orders of magnitude lower (with the exception of cotyledons). ASR1 is expressed in all plant tissues tested whereas ASR4 expression is limited to photosynthetic organs and stamens. Essentially, ASR1 accounted for most of ASR gene expression in roots, stems and fruits at all developmental stages, whereas ASR4 was the major gene expressed in cotyledons and young and fully developed leaves. Both ASR1 and ASR4 were expressed in flower organs, with ASR1 expression dominating in stamens and pistils, ASR4 in sepals and petals. Steady-state levels of ASR1 and ASR4 were upregulated in plant vegetative organs following exposure to salt stress, osmotic stress or the plant abiotic stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Tomato plants overexpressing ASR1 displayed enhanced survival rates under conditions of water stress, whereas ASR1-antisense plants displayed marginal hypersensitivity to water withholding.     

Characterization of a Novel Plantain Asr Gene, MpAsr,that is Regulated in Response to Infection of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense and Abiotic Stresses

Asr (abscisic acid, stress, ripening induced) genes are typically upregulated by a wide range of factors, including drought, cold, salt, abscisic acid (ABA) and injury; in addition to plant responses to developmental and environmental signals. We isolated an Asr gene, MpAsr, from a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library of cold induced plantain (Musa paradisiaca) leaves. MpAsr expression was upregulated in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense infected plantain leaves, peels and roots, suggesting that MpAsr plays a role in plantain pathogen response. In addition, a 581-bp putative promoter region of MpAsr was isolated via genome walking and cis-elements involved in abiotic stress and pathogen-related responses were detected in this same region. Furthermore, the MpAsr promoter demonstrated positive activity and inducibility in tobacco under F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection and ABA, cold, dehydration and high salt concentration treatments. Interestingly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MpAsr exhibited higher drought tolerance, but showed no significant decreased sensitivity to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. These results suggest that MpAsr might be involved in plant responses to both abiotic stress and pathogen attack.