腐烂病菌侵染对苹果愈伤组织防御酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

以苹果树腐烂病菌LXS080601、感病苹果品种‘富士’和抗病砧木‘平邑甜茶’愈伤组织为材料,测定腐烂病菌侵染后,愈伤组织内过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的动态变化。结果显示,接种LXS080601后,‘富士’愈伤组织的发病严重度和病情指数均明显大于‘平邑甜茶’;感病品种MDA含量上升速度快,于接种后3 d增幅为28.02%,且变幅较大,为–0.32%~36.39%,而抗病砧木MDA含量变化较小,仅为–2.17%~7.46%。同时,腐烂病菌侵染提高了愈伤组织内4种防御酶活性,接种后1~2 d,PPO和POD酶活性达到高峰,接种后3~4 d,PAL和SOD酶到达活性高峰;除PPO外,‘平邑甜茶’PAL、SOD和POD酶活性变化均明显高于‘富士’,且整个侵染过程酶活性维持在较高水平,而‘富士’体内3种酶活性快速下降至对照水平,表明‘平邑甜茶’通过提高抗氧化酶活性减少体内活性氧的积累,降低膜脂过氧化产物MDA的形成,增强了对腐烂病菌侵染的抗性。     

致腐真菌侵染对梨果实愈伤组织防御机制的影响

以梨果实愈伤组织为材料,对轮纹病原菌(Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp.piricola,BBP)和褐腐病原菌(Monilinia fructigena Honcy,MFH)侵染后的组织细胞膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和防御酶系活性进行了测定,试图从细胞水平探讨防御酶系活性变化与组织感病进程的关系及其在组织生理防卫机制中的作用.结果表明:（1）接种褐腐病菌的组织出现褐变早,腐烂扩展速度和严重程度均明显高于接种轮纹病菌的组织;接菌后其相对电导率和MDA含量均呈上升趋势,且接种褐腐病菌的组织上升程度也远高于轮纹病菌侵染的组织.（2）愈伤组织接菌后120 h内,过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均表现出先升后降的趋势,但各种酶活性高峰峰值和出现的时间不同;轮纹病菌侵染的组织内各种防御酶活性均显著高于褐腐病菌侵染的组织,这与其受侵染组织腐烂慢、褐化程度低相对应.研究发现,防御酶系在组织对病原菌侵染的生理防卫反应中发挥了重要作用,其活性变化与果实防腐能力呈正相关.     

牧草盲蝽危害对寄主植物体内营养物质含量及保护酶活性的影响

【目的】为了明确牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis危害对不同寄主体内营养物质及保护酶的影响。【方法】采用分光光度法测定了牧草盲蝽偏好度不同的10种寄主植物(6种偏好寄主,偏好性依次为:灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum马齿苋Portulaca oleracea反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa木地肤Kochia prostrata棉花Gossypium hirsutum; 4种非偏好寄主:碱蓬Suaeda glauca、天蓝苜蓿Medicago lupulina、田旋花Convolvulus arvensis和宽叶独行菜Lepidium latifolium)受其危害后叶片中叶绿素、可溶性糖和氨基酸含量以及保护酶活性。【结果】结果表明,受牧草盲蝽为害后,不同寄主植物叶片叶绿素含量均有所下降,其中反枝苋叶片叶绿素含量下降率最低,仅2.6%;紫花苜蓿叶片叶绿素含量下降率最高,达26.21%。可溶性糖含量变化各异,木地肤叶片可溶性糖含量下降率最高,达24.05%,且与对照(未受害株)间存在显著差异;灰绿藜叶片可溶性糖含量上升68.92%,与对照差异极显著。除反枝苋叶片游离脯氨酸含量下降38.87%,其余寄主叶片中游离脯氨酸含量均呈上升趋势。各寄主植物叶片中蛋白质含量均有所下降,反枝苋中下降率最低,仅2.96%。不同寄主中受害后叶片POD活性均呈增强趋势,马齿苋受害后叶片POD活性增幅最高,达74.23%。受害后寄主叶片CAT活性有增有减,灰绿藜、紫花苜蓿和田旋花叶片CAT活性增高,分别增加45.07%,30.95%和22.47%;马齿苋与天蓝苜蓿受害后叶片CAT活性下降显著。反枝苋、天蓝苜蓿受害后叶片SOD活性下降,其余寄主叶片中SOD活性上升,但均无显著差异。【结论】寄主受害后,叶片叶绿素含量、游离脯氨酸含量变化与牧草盲蝽偏好性具有较好的相关性,而可溶性糖和蛋白质含量及保护酶活性变化无规律性或无显著差异。     

外源亚精胺对甜瓜幼苗白粉病抗性的影响

以高感白粉病甜瓜‘066’、感病品种‘0544’、抗病品种‘Yuntian-930’为试材,对白粉病菌胁迫下外源亚精胺（Spd）处理的甜瓜幼苗叶片超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,以及过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、丙二醛（ MDA）和光合色素含量进行了研究,探讨外源Spd对甜瓜白粉病抗性的诱导效应及其生理机制。结果表明：（1）白粉病菌接种后甜瓜叶片的防御酶活性、光合色素含量先升后降,MDA含量升高;（2）外源Spd处理缓解了白粉病菌胁迫下甜瓜叶片防御酶活性、光合色素含量的下降,降低MDA含量及甜瓜的病情指数,并以1.0 mmol/L Spd处理效果最佳;（3）外源Spd处理使甜瓜叶片产生了更多的H₂O₂;（4）外源Spd提高甜瓜对白粉病抗性具有一定广谱性,且可向上传导。研究认为,H₂O₂可能参与白粉病胁迫下信号的传递,外源Spd可通过缓解白粉病菌胁迫下甜瓜防御酶活性和光合色素含量的下降来诱导甜瓜对白粉病的抗性。     

YD4-6和NV11-4菌株抑菌活性及诱导水稻防御性相关酶活性变化

从麦田和蔬菜地土样中筛选到2株具有较高抗菌活性的生防菌株YD4-6和NV11-4,测定了其抑菌活性和诱导水稻防御性相关酶活性的变化。抑菌活性测定结果表明YD4-6和NV11-4对水稻纹枯病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、油菜菌核病菌和白菜黑斑病菌均具有较强的抑菌活性。两菌株均不产生几丁质酶活性,但NV11-4能产生纤维素酶活性。针对其对水稻病原菌的抑菌活性和纤维素酶活性的差异及其特性,研究了2个菌株诱导水稻防御性酶活性的变化。结果表明,YD4-6和NV11-4菌株均可有效诱导水稻PPO、POD、PAL、SOD活性增强,MDA含量升高。接种水稻纹枯病菌和使用YD4-6和NV11-4菌株,在使用48 h后,水稻防御酶的活性增加并达到最高,其中NV11-4菌株诱导活性比较持久;YD4-6使用后,诱导水稻的MDA含量增幅较大。结果显示,2个菌株均可有效的诱导水稻防御性酶活性增强和MDA含量增加。经16S rRNA鉴定后,菌株Y4-6确定为蜡质芽孢杆菌,NV11-4确定为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

肉苁蓉寄生对梭梭幼苗保护酶活性及渗透调节物质的影响

以寄生和未寄生肉苁蓉的梭梭为对象,分别测定其同化枝的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量,同时测定了2种条件下梭梭的渗透调节物质（可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、脯氨酸）含量,并采用隶属函数法对各个指标进行综合评定。结果显示：2种处理的梭梭在6—9月3种保护酶活性的变化趋势均为先升后降,且寄生肉苁蓉梭梭的保护酶活性在前期均高于未寄生的梭梭。梭梭在被肉苁蓉寄生后,MDA含量显著增加,且植株体内的主要渗透调节物质——可溶性蛋白质及脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的升高,但可溶性糖含量却有所降低。各指标的相关分析和综合评定结果表明,肉苁蓉的寄生给寄主梭梭造成了胁迫的环境,对寄主保护酶系统及渗透调节系统产生了明显的伤害,并降低了寄主梭梭的抗旱性。     

丛枝菌根真菌对青杨抗溃疡病生物量和抗病酶活性的影响

本研究以青杨Populus cathayana 1年生扦插苗为试验材料,接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）异形根孢囊霉Rhizophagus irregularis和杨树溃疡病菌聚生小穴壳菌Dothiorella gregaria,测定AMF对青杨根茎叶生物量,丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸和茎部纤维素含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、几丁质酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶甲基酯酶等抗病酶活性的影响。结果表明,接种AMF可以增加青杨根茎生物量,增加茎纤维素含量来增强树势,降低溃疡病发病率;接种AMF能够显著降低感病杨树茎部和根系MDA含量,增加叶片和根系脯氨酸含量,提高根茎叶PPO活性、茎SOD活性和叶片CAT活性;接种AMF前期可以提高茎和根系几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,也可以提高叶片和茎多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲基酯酶活性,接种病原菌条件下AMF效果更加显著。结论认为,AMF通过积累脯氨酸,降低MDA含量,提高SOD、CAT和PPO活性,增强杨树抗溃疡病能力;同时也可提高多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶甲基酯酶活性来抑制病原菌菌丝的生长,减弱菌丝的扩展能力,增强杨树抗病性。     

BHT对苹果果实轮纹病的防效及防御酶活性的影响

以‘富士’苹果果实为材料,采用刺伤接种法,测定了2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)对苹果果实轮纹病的防效及其防病机制。结果表明:0.1 mmol·L-1的BHT处理后间隔48~72 h接种轮纹病菌,其防效最高达74%以上,而该浓度BHT对轮纹病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均无明显的抑制作用。BHT处理后接种或不接种轮纹病菌,果实内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均显著升高,其峰值是对照的1.82~4.56倍,且在测定时间内始终显著高于对照。同时,BHT处理的果实内丙二醛(MDA)含量变化较小,最高增幅仅为78.94%,而接种轮纹病菌的处理,MDA含量急速上升,最大增幅为316.77%。表明BHT通过持续提高‘富士’果实内防御酶活性和总抗氧化能力,同时降低膜脂过氧化产物MDA的积累,从而诱导果实对轮纹病的抗性。     

不同类型菌根菌对烟草幼苗生理代谢的影响

在自然土壤中以VA菌根菌接种烟草幼苗,测得叶片中N、P、K、叶绿素含量,硝酸还原酶活性及蛋白质含量均高于对照;与对照相比,接种的幼苗中丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量减少,超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性增加,同时以外生菌根菌两个菌株分别接种,与所测指标变化趋势相同,而且其中的Calvatia lilacina菌株超过VA菌根菌接种的效果。     

炭疽病菌侵染对荔枝果实生理生化变化的影响

本研究测定了荔枝果实人工接种炭疽病菌后呼吸速率、乙烯释放量的变化和果皮氧化、过氧化作用以及与酚类代谢有关的几种酶活性的变化。结果表明,接种炭疽病菌的荔枝果实呼吸速率和乙烯释放量显著增高,果皮活性氧(O₂^·)产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低,过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性显著增高。说明炭疽病菌的侵染可导致荔枝果实呼吸速率和乙烯释放量的增高,加速荔枝果皮氧化和过氧化进程,并诱导荔枝果皮PPO、POD、PAL活性增高,是加速采收后荔枝果实衰老、褐变、腐烂的一个重要原因。     

马铃薯不同品种感染早疫病菌后防御酶活性变化

通过测定抗性不同的马铃薯品种接种和未接种情况下叶片内防御酶活性,研究马铃薯品种对早疫病的抗性机制。结果表明,在接种处理后,各品种植株体内苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均提高,抗病品种酶活性增幅高于感病品种,说明上述4种酶与品种抗性有一定的关联。     

蚜虫(Aphis medicaginis Koch)危害胁迫对不同苜蓿品种体内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的影响

研究了蚜虫危害胁迫后不同抗蚜性苜蓿品种叶片内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的动态变化。结果表明：在蚜虫刺吸诱导的过程中，高感品种的MDA含量始终高于高抗品种，并且高感和高抗品种均保持上升的趋势;高感品种的SOD、POD和PAL活性始终低于高抗品种，其中高感和高抗品种的SOD和POD活性均表现先上升后下降的趋势，而PAL活性上升到高峰后均趋于稳定;CAT活性在高感和高抗品种间表现为交替的上升下降;高抗品种的PPO活性前期低于高感品种，而后期高于高感品种。由此可见，在蚜虫危害胁迫下，高感和高抗品种间MDA、SOD、POD、PAL和PPO活性的变化与苜蓿的抗蚜性密切相关，均可作为苜蓿抗蚜性鉴定的生理指标，而CAT活性变化与苜蓿抗蚜性的联系有待进一步研究。     

锌锰钛对接种放线菌剂甜瓜幼苗生长及诱导抗病性的影响

以陕甜3号甜瓜幼苗为材料,采用基质育苗、大田栽培法,研究了2种放线菌剂(Act28和康照)育苗接种和育苗移栽双重接种条件下,微量元素锌、锰、钛对甜瓜植株生长及诱导抗病性的影响.结果显示:(1)与单施菌剂相比,在育苗接种Act28并配施微量元素条件下甜瓜植株总鲜重、根鲜重和蔓叶鲜重分别显著增加31.5%、39.5%和31.5%,在双重接种Act28配施微量元素条件下分别显著增加40.5%、17.6%和40.7%.(2)与单纯菌剂接种相比,在育苗接种和双重接种Act28并配施微量元素下甜瓜叶片过氧化物酶活性分别降低4.4%和10.2%,丙二醛含量分别增加10.9%和16.6%;甜瓜叶片多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量在育苗接种康照并配施微量元素下分别较育苗接种康照降低2.2%、38.0%和5.0%,丙二醛含量增加17.7%.(3)甜瓜根系多酚氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量在育苗接种Act28配施微量元素处理下较育苗接种分别显著增加30.7%和42.6%,而在Act28双重接种配施微量元素与双重接种处理间无明显变化;甜瓜根系过氧化物酶活性在育苗接种Act28、康照与微量元素配施处理下,分别较2种菌剂育苗接种处理显著降低14.7%、34.3%,苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性分别明显降低14.9%、21.9%.研究表明,菌剂Act28育苗接种或育苗移栽双重接种条件下,锌、锰、钛溶液对甜瓜植株生长具有显著的促进作用,且微量元素效应与接入的菌剂种类及接种方式有关;微量元素溶液对甜瓜防卫酶活性及抗性物质含量等无显著影响或具有一定程度的负效应,从而导致甜瓜诱导抗病性下降.     

Effects of herbivore stress by Aphis medicaginis Koch on the Malondialdehyde contents and the activities of protective enzymes in different alfalfa varieties

The study focused on the dynamics of Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the activities of protective enzymes in the leaves of alfalfa varieties with various resistances to Aphis medicaginis Koch. The results showed that susceptible varieties always had higher MDA contents than resistant varieties, and the MDA contents tended to rise in both susceptible and resistant varieties in period of the varieties were pierced and sucked by aphids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities in susceptible varieties were lower than those in resistant varieties, and in both susceptible and resistant varieties the SOD and POD activities tended to rise at first and then decline, and the PAL activities rose to their peaks and then tended to remain stable. In the susceptible and resistant varieties the catalase (CAT) activities appeared to rise and decline alternatively; the PPO activities in resistant varieties were lower than those in susceptible varieties in early growth, but higher than those in susceptible varieties in later growth. It follows that infested by aphids, susceptible and resistant varieties had the MDA contents, variations of SOD, POD, PAL and PPO activities were closely correlated with their aphid resistances, hence these indexes could be used as physiological indexes for testing aphid resistance of alfalfa, whereas the relations of their CAT activities to their resistances needed to be further studied.     

Effects of herbivore stress by Aphis medicaginis Koch on the Malondialdehyde contents and the activities of protective enzymes in different alfalfa varieties

The study focused on the dynamics of Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the activities of protective enzymes in the leaves of alfalfa varieties with various resistances to Aphis medicaginis Koch. The results showed that susceptible varieties always had higher MDA contents than resistant varieties, and the MDA contents tended to rise in both susceptible and resistant varieties in period of the varieties were pierced and sucked by aphids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities in susceptible varieties were lower than those in resistant varieties, and in both susceptible and resistant varieties the SOD and POD activities tended to rise at first and then decline, and the PAL activities rose to their peaks and then tended to remain stable. In the susceptible and resistant varieties the catalase (CAT) activities appeared to rise and decline alternatively; the PPO activities in resistant varieties were lower than those in susceptible varieties in early growth, but higher than those in susceptible varieties in later growth. It follows that infested by aphids, susceptible and resistant varieties had the MDA contents, variations of SOD, POD, PAL and PPO activities were closely correlated with their aphid resistances, hence these indexes could be used as physiological indexes for testing aphid resistance of alfalfa, whereas the relations of their CAT activities to their resistances needed to be further studied.     

链格孢菌粗毒素对菊花‘神马’幼苗生长及生理代谢的影响

由链格孢菌引起的菊花黑斑病严重降低了菊花的品质和产量.链格孢菌在代谢过程中分泌的粗毒素是菊花黑斑病发生的主要致病因子之一.本文从菊花黑斑病发病叶片中分离筛选出致病真菌链格孢菌1株,研究其粗毒素对菊花幼苗‘神马’生长的影响以及测定盆栽幼苗叶片细胞膜相对透性、抗性物质含量、诱导酶活性及代谢物质含量变化.结果表明: 链格孢菌粗毒素对菊花‘神马’幼苗的株高、茎粗、根长均有抑制作用,毒素浓度与抑制效果呈正相关,且粗毒素原液处理14 d后,菊花幼苗株高、茎粗、根长受到显著抑制,分别比对照减少了28.9%、21.4%和23.3%;链格孢菌粗毒素处理菊花‘神马’幼苗后,根系组织细胞膜透性随着毒素浓度的增加而增加,在同一毒素浓度处理下,菊花幼苗叶片细胞膜透性随着处理时间的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势;毒素原液处理菊花幼苗后,菊花幼苗叶片中抗性物质可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)以及脯氨酸含量均显著提高.链格孢菌10倍稀释液处理对叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的提高最为显著.链格孢菌粗毒素对切花菊‘神马’幼苗的致病作用主要通过抑制菊花幼苗根、茎的正常生长,增加菊花幼苗叶片细胞膜透性,影响切花菊幼苗叶片中抗性物质代谢以及提高叶片保护酶活性而影响植株正常生理代谢.     

绿盲蝽取食与机械损伤对棉花叶片内防御性酶活性的影响

为探明绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Mayer-Dür)取食和机械损伤对不同抗性棉花叶片内主要防御酶活性的影响以及防御酶与棉花抗绿盲蝽性的关系,以棉花3个不同抗性品系为材料,室内条件下测定绿盲蝽取食和机械损伤处理后棉叶中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性.结果表明:对...     

外源GSH对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及抗逆生理指标的影响

采用营养液栽培法,研究外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、根系活力、电解质渗透率和丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,为利用外源物质减轻盐胁迫伤害提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了番茄幼苗的生长、根系活力和SOD、POD、CAT活性,提高了电解质渗透率及MDA、Pro、可溶性糖含量;(2)外源喷施GSH能够诱导NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性上调,电解质渗透率及MDA含量下降,Pro和可溶性糖含量恢复至对照水平;(3)外源喷施还原型谷胱甘肽抑制剂(BSO)使NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗的根系活力以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性下降,脯氨酸含量提高;(4)喷施GSH可诱导BSO和NaCl共处理番茄植株的根系活力、SOD、POD、CAT活性提高,MDA和Pro含量降低。研究表明,外源GSH可通过提高促进盐胁迫下番茄幼苗植株渗透调节能力及清除活性氧的酶促系统的防御能力、降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度、保护膜结构的完整性,从而有效缓解NaCl胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制,提高其耐盐性。     

Biochemical alterations in leaves of resistant and susceptible cotton genotypes infected systemically by cotton leaf curl Burewala virus

Leaf curl disease caused by Cotton Leaf Curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV) has been recognized as serious threat to cotton in Indian subcontinent. However, information about cotton–CLCuBuV interaction is still limited. In this study, the level of phenolic compounds, total soluble proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), proteases, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were studied in leaves of two susceptible (CIM-496 & NIAB-111) and two resistant (Ravi and Co Tiep Khac) cotton genotypes. Disease symptoms were mild in the resistant genotypes but were severe in highly susceptible genotypes. The results showed that phenolic compounds, proteins, PAL, POX, CAT, proteases, SOD, PPO, and MDA play an active role in disease resistance against CLCuBuV. The amount of total phenols, proteases, MDA, and PPO was significantly higher in leaves of CLCuBuV-inoculated plants of both resistant genotypes as in non-inoculated plants, and decreased in CLCuBuV-inoculated plants of both susceptible genotypes over their healthy plants. POX, protein content, SOD, and PAL activities showed lower values in resistant genotypes, while they decreased significantly in susceptible genotypes as compared to the noninoculated plants except PAL, which showed non-significant decrease. CAT was found to be increased in both susceptible and resistant genotypes with maximum percent increase in resistant genotype Ravi, as compared to non-inoculated plants. The results showed significantly higher concentrations of total phenols and higher activity of protease, MDA, SOD, and PPO in resistant genotype Ravi after infection with CLCuBuV, suggesting that there is a correlation between constitutive induced levels of these enzymes and plant resistance that could be considered as biochemical markers for studying plant-virus compatible and incompatible interactions.