农杆菌介导的木本植物遗传转化

木本植物由于本身的特殊性使其遗传转化较为困难,但根据植物类型及其生长特点,选取不同的受体系统,采用农杆菌介导进行转化,已在多种木本植物上获得成功。本文综述了农杆菌介导的木本植物在转化方法、受体系统和转化机理方面的研究,对Ｖｉｒ 基因活化、外植体预培养、共培养方法等影响转化的一些因素及存在的问题进行了探讨。     

杨树基因工程进展

本文重点对杨树的遗传转化技术进行了概述,讨论了影响农杆菌转化效果的主要因素,并综述了杨树在抗除草剂、抗虫和抗病等方面基因工程进展状况。     

杨树基因工程进展

本文重点对杨树的遗传转化技术进行了概述,讨论了影响农杆菌转化效果的主要因素,并综述了杨树在抗除草剂、抗虫和抗病等方面基因工程进展状况。     

影响农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节遗传转化的因素

利用携带pCAMBIA1301质粒（含hpt和gus基因）的超毒根癌农杆菌菌株EHA105对大豆子叶节外植体进行遗传转化,研究了影响农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节遗传转化的因素。研究结果表明．农杆菌侵染液和共培养培养基中添加200μmok/L乙酰丁香酮和50mg／L抗坏血酸可以有效促进农杆菌对大豆子叶节的转化。农杆菌与子叶节共培养后羧苄青霉素（250mr／L）和头孢霉素（100mg／L）结合使用能有效抑制农杆菌过度繁殖并提高转化芽诱导频率;在转化细胞的分化和转化芽伸长过程中,改进的筛选策略可以明显改善对转化芽的筛选效果,从而提高转化频率。应用优化后的转化体系．获得了3个国内大豆主栽品种的转基因植株,PCR阳性植株频率为3．8％～7．6％。转化植株叶片总DNA的PCR和Southern blot实验表明,T-DNA上的外源基因已经整合到大豆基因组中。     

甘蓝型油菜的遗传转化

甘蓝型油菜的各种外植体经遗传转化、组织培养后可以再生为转基因植株,但再生频率会因外植体的基因型、年龄、培养基添加成分和农杆菌共培养的不同而发生变化。转化方法包括农杆菌介导转化、基因枪法、花粉介导法、PEG介导法等,其应用前景非常广阔。甘蓝型油菜的遗传转化在其品质改良、抗逆性提高、雄性不育系的获得和一些特殊性状方面都取得了很大成就。简要介绍甘蓝型油菜的再生体系建立、转化方法及所取得的部分成就。     

农杆菌介导的玉米遗传转化研究进展

农杆菌介导的转基因法是目前玉米遗传转化的主流方法之一。目前,模式玉米种质幼胚的转化体系已程式化,且开发了新筛选基因和获得不含筛选基因转基因玉米的方法,但是大多数育种骨干自交系转化频率低和转化受体基本上是幼胚。从农杆菌、受体及培养条件多方面各种因素对问题进行分析,多数研究认为针对特定基因型和受体材料建立好的受体再生系统,结合高效率农杆菌转化体系,获得多目的基因聚合(无其它外源片段)的转基因玉米将是农杆菌介导玉米转化体系研究的最终目标。本文主要从农杆菌介导(转基因)法应用于玉米遗传转化的历史、现状、问题等方面进行综述,为同领域的研究者提供一定的参考。     

花生遗传转化的主要方法和研究进展

花生遗传转化研究对于花生品种改良、新品种繁育具有重要意义。农杆菌介导的遗传转化法和基因枪法是花生遗传转化的主要方法。随着对花生研究的深入开展,花生的遗传转化技术也越来越成熟。介绍了农杆菌介导的遗传转化法和基因枪法在花生遗传转化研究中的应用现状及存在的问题。     

根癌农杆菌介导真菌遗传转化的研究进展

根癌农杆菌介导的真菌遗传转化是近年来发展的一种新方法 ,与其它方法相比 ,该方法具有操作简便、转化效率高和易得到稳定转化子等特点。目前 ,在根癌农杆菌介导下已实现了多个属种真菌的遗传转化 ,显示出良好的应用前景。综述了根癌农杆菌介导真菌遗传转化的转化机理和T DNA在真菌细胞中的存在方式等方面的研究结果 ,并展望这一方法的应用前景。     

农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化研究进展

农杆菌介导的转基因方法是目前植物遗传转化的重要方法之一。本文从农杆菌转化原理、菌株比较及载体发展入手,系统讨论了植物转化受体对转化效率的影响,同时分别综述了农杆菌介导转化技术在双子叶和单子叶植物转化应用中的最新进展。     

影响根癌农杆菌转化的因素及其在单子叶作物上的应用

在植物转基因方法中,根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化应用最为广泛,进一步提高其转化频率并扩大其宿主范围到禾谷类作物是人们所关注的问题。有多种因素影响根癌农杆菌的转化频率,包括植物的受伤反应、细菌的吸附、致病基因的诱导、植物细胞ＤＮＡ合成及修复的活力、外植体的状态等。最近的研究结果证明在适宜的条件下,根癌农杆菌还是可以有效地转化禾谷类作物。本文试就这两方面的研究进展作一论述。     

Populus: arabidopsis for forestry. Do we need a model tree?

Trees are used to produce a variety of wood-based products including timber, pulp and paper. More recently, their use as a source of renewable energy has also been highlighted, as has their value for carbon mitigation within the Kyoto Protocol. Relative to food crops, the domestication of trees has only just begun; the long generation time and complex nature of juvenile and mature growth forms are contributory factors. To accelerate domestication, and to understand further some of the unique processes that occur in woody plants such as dormancy and secondary wood formation, a 'model' tree is needed. Here it is argued that Populus is rapidly becoming accepted as the 'model' woody plant and that such a 'model' tree is necessary to complement the genetic resource being developed in arabidopsis. The genus Populus (poplars, cottonwoods and aspens) contains approx. 30 species of woody plant, all found in the Northern hemisphere and exhibiting some of the fastest growth rates observed in temperate trees. Populus is fulfilling the 'model' role for a number of reasons. First, and most important, is the very recent commitment to sequence the Populus genome, a project initiated in February 2002. This will be the first woody plant to be sequenced. Other reasons include the relatively small genome size (450-550 Mbp) of Populus, the large number of molecular genetic maps and the ease of genetic transformation. Populus may also be propagated vegetatively, making mapping populations immortal and facilitating the production of large amounts of clonal material for experimentation. Hybridization occurs routinely and, in these respects, Populus has many similarities to arabidopsis. However, Populus also differs from arabidopsis in many respects, including being dioecious, which makes selfing and back-cross manipulations impossible. The long time-to-flower is also a limitation, whilst physiological and biochemical experiments are more readily conducted in Populus compared with the small-statured arabidopsis. Recent advances in the development of large expressed sequence tagged collections, microarray analysis and the free distribution of mapping pedigrees for quantitative trait loci analysis secure Populus as the ideal subject for further exploitation by a wide range of scientists including breeders, physiologists, biochemists and molecular biologists. In addition, and in contrast to other model plants, the genus Populus also has genuine commercial value as a tree for timber, plywood, pulp and paper.     

木本植物蛋白提取和SDS-PAGE分析方法的比较和优化

在几种木本植物上对４种常用蛋白提取方法、４种凝胶染色和脱色方法及影响蛋白定量和ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ电泳的因素进行了比较研究,发现：利用改良丙酮沉降法提取蛋白,不仅提取效率高,而且杂质干扰少,得到的电泳结果,蛋白条带清晰,数量多;将常规凝胶染色和脱色液中的乙醇改用为甲醇可大大改善染色和脱色效果,获得了没有背景或背景很浅的电泳结果。通过研究确定了一套优化的适用于木本植物的蛋白提取、定量、凝胶制备、电泳、染色、脱色以及干胶制备的方法。利用这一优化方法对胡杨细胞盐胁迫蛋白进行了研究,发现了与高水平盐胁迫有关的６６ｋＤ蛋白和与盐胁迫和干旱胁迫均有关的２８ｋＤ蛋白,获得了满意的蛋白ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ分析结果。     

木本植物蛋白提取和SDS-PACE分析方法的比较和优化

在几种木本植物上对4种常用蛋白提取方法、4种凝胶染色和脱色方法及影响蛋白定量和SDS-PAGE电泳的因素进行了比较研究,发现：利用改良丙酮沉降法提取蛋白,不仅提取效率高,而且杂质干扰少,得到的电泳结果,蛋白条带清晰,数量多;将常规凝胶染色和脱色液中的乙醇改用为甲醇可大大改善染色和脱色效果,获得了没有背景或背景很浅的电泳结果。通过研究确定了一套优化的适用于木本植物的蛋白提取、定量、凝胶制备、电泳、染色、脱色以及干胶制备的方法。利用这一优化方法对胡杨细胞盐胁迫蛋白进行了研究,发现了与高水平盐胁迫有关的66kD蛋白和与盐胁迫和干旱胁迫均有关的28kD蛋白,获得了满意的蛋白SDS-PAGE分析结果。     

What genes make a tree a tree?

Woody growth is evolutionarily ancient, yet has been gained and lost multiple times in plant evolution and is readily enhanced or minimized in eudicot speciation. New molecular genetic and genomic studies in Populus and Arabidopsis that are defining the genes responsible for cambium function and woody growth suggest that the genes regulating woody growth are not unique to woody plants. Surprisingly, key genetic mechanisms originally characterized as regulating the meristematic cells of the shoot apical meristem are also expressed in the vascular cambium during woody growth. This has important implications for the development of Populus as a model species and illustrates why forest trees constitute a contrived group of plants that have more in common with herbaceous relatives than we foresters like to admit.     

Transgenic Populus tremula: a step-by-step protocol for its Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

In recent years, Populus species have acquired an important place in basic and applied research of woody plants. The practical role of Populus species in world forestry and their importance to research as a woody-plant model have led to increasing interest in tissue-culture and molecular techniques, as well as the development of transformation procedures for this genus. A simple technical procedure is described here step-by-step, for the first time, as a routine method for transforming Populus tremula using a disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens hypervirulent strain. The procedure begins with the inoculation of stem explants with bacterial suspension, followed by a short period of co-cultivation on a highly regenerative medium. Transformed shoots are selected on regeneration medium containing antibiotics and the presence of the inserted target genes is checked using a rapid and efficient PCR test. Selected shoots are transferred to a rooting medium, under the same selection pressure, and propagated via stem cuttings. Selected plants can be hardened and transferred to the green-house within 4 months of inoculation. The method has proven efficient for several gene constructs, selection on Kan or Hyg, and three different Agrobacterium strains.     

木本植物全基因组测序研究进展

近年来, 植物全基因组测序的结果正如雨后春笋般涌现, 木本植物全基因组测序也在紧锣密鼓地展开。但由于木本植物通常基因组较大, 基因组结构较为复杂, 在测序、测序后的组装、注释、功能分析等均存在较大的困难。在基因组测序分析的经费预算方面也存在着较大的压力。因此, 有必要对这方面的研究进展及其存在问题进行分析比较, 以提高林木全基因组研究方面的效率。文章在比较分析已经发展起来的3代基因测序技术(Sanger测序法、合成测序法和单分子测序法)的基础上, 选择4种已经公布的木本植物(杨树、葡萄、番木瓜、苹果), 从全基因组测序的研究背景、测序结果及应用的研究进展和存在问题等方面进行了述评, 对未来要开展的木本植物全基因组测序前的准备工作(材料选择、遗传图谱和连锁图谱的构建、测序技术的选择), 全基因组测序结果的生物信息学分析和应用进行了讨论。     

木本植物全基因组测序研究进展

近年来,植物全基因组测序的结果正如雨后春笋般涌现,木本植物全基因组测序也在紧锣密鼓地展开。但由于木本植物通常基因组较大,基因组结构较为复杂,在测序、测序后的组装、注释、功能分析等均存在较大的困难。在基因组测序分析的经费预算方面也存在着较大的压力。因此,有必要对这方面的研究进展及其存在问题进行分析比较,以提高林木全基因组研究方面的效率。文章在比较分析已经发展起来的3代基因测序技术(Sanger测序法、合成测序法和单分子测序法)的基础上,选择4种已经公布的木本植物(杨树、葡萄、番木瓜、苹果),从全基因组测序的研究背景、测序结果及应用的研究进展和存在问题等方面进行了述评,对未来要开展的木本植物全基因组测序前的准备工作(材料选择、遗传图谱和连锁图谱的构建、测序技术的选择),全基因组测序结果的生物信息学分析和应用进行了讨论。     

Characterization of MORE AXILLARY GROWTH Genes in Populus

Background

Strigolactones are a new class of plant hormones that play a key role in regulating shoot branching. Studies of branching mutants in Arabidopsis, pea, rice and petunia have identified several key genes involved in strigolactone biosynthesis or signaling pathway. In the model plant Arabidopsis, MORE AXILLARY GROWTH1 (MAX1), MAX2, MAX3 and MAX4 are four founding members of strigolactone pathway genes. However, little is known about the strigolactone pathway genes in the woody perennial plants.

Methodology/Principal Finding

Here we report the identification of MAX homologues in the woody model plant Populus trichocarpa. We identified the sequence homologues for each MAX protein in P. trichocarpa. Gene expression analysis revealed that Populus MAX paralogous genes are differentially expressed across various tissues and organs. Furthermore, we showed that Populus MAX genes could complement or partially complement the shoot branching phenotypes of the corresponding Arabidopsis max mutants.

Conclusion/Significance

This study provides genetic evidence that strigolactone pathway genes are likely conserved in the woody perennial plants and lays a foundation for further characterization of strigolactone pathway and its functions in the woody perennial plants.