大气颗粒物对儿童健康的影响及其机制

本文综述大气颗粒物对儿童肺功能、免疫功能、生长发育、肿瘤生成等的影响及其机制,探讨大气颗粒物对儿童健康的影响.     

室内生物燃料烟雾颗粒物污染与呼吸系统疾病的关系

本文综述了国内外室内生物燃料烟雾颗粒物污染源的种类,烟雾中有害物质的种类及其与呼吸系统疾病的关系,并以慢性阻塞性肺病作为案例阐述了其发病的病因,为制定该类由生物燃料烟雾颗粒诱发的疾病的预防策略提供参考.     

线粒体质量控制:运动促进健康与预防疾病的靶向

作为真核细胞中提供能量并与疾病发生相关的重要细胞器,线粒体对于运动表现出高超的可塑性响应。运动可以促进新生线粒体的生物合成、融合与分裂动态平衡及失去功能的线粒体的自噬清除,从而维持整个线粒体网络的功能,保证细胞的能量供给。本文综述了运动应激对这些过程的调控,从线粒体质量控制角度为运动促进健康及预防疾病的机理提供了合理解释。     

肠道菌群:运动健康促进的新靶点

肠道菌群与人体通过广泛信息交流形成互惠共生关系。肠道菌群结构稳定性、菌种多样性和微生态平衡性使其成为人体更易接触和调控的"生理中心",深刻影响人体健康。适宜运动可通过优化肠道菌群,促进宿主肠道微生态健康。以肠道菌群为靶点的运动健康促进研究,为运动与人体健康和疾病研究呈现出新领域。基于宏基因组学、宏转录组学等微生态研究技术,揭示与人体疾病相关的肠道菌群失调,鉴定出疾病相关的特定菌群种类及功能,使得以肠道菌群为靶点的运动精准干预人体健康成为可能。     

改善颗粒物污染的道路绿地植被屏障研究进展

减少道路环境的颗粒物污染对通勤者的健康至关重要。道路绿地在交通排放和邻近区域之间形成屏障,但这种植被屏障是否可以有效消减局部颗粒物污染仍然需要深入研究和探讨。结合现有研究成果,阐述了植被对颗粒物污染的影响途径;分析了街道峡谷和开放道路两种典型城市道路环境中,植被组成及群落结构设计的关键特征对颗粒物分布和扩散的影响;总结了有利于消减颗粒物浓度的植被单株性状和叶片微形态;探讨了影响颗粒物浓度的其他因子的耦合作用;针对不同道路环境提出了有效的植被屏障设计建议,并指出了植被群落设计和叶片微形态方面的研究趋势,以期优化道路植被规划,改善路域空气质量。     

食品污染对健康的影响

污染食品的物质常称之为食品污染物 ,食品中混进了对人体健康有害或有毒的物质称之为食品污染。食用受污染的食品会对人体健康造成不同程度的危害。1　食品污染分类1 .1　生物性污染　主要是由有害微生物及其毒素、寄生虫及其虫卵和昆虫等引起的。肉、鱼、蛋和奶等动物性食品易被致病菌及其毒素污染 ,导致食用者发生细菌性食物中毒和人畜共患的传染病。致病菌主要来自病人、带菌者、病畜和病禽等。致病菌及其毒素可通过空气、土壤、水、食具、患者的手或排泄物污染食品。被致病菌及其毒素污染的食品 ,特别是动物性食品 ,如食用前未经必要的…     

合理膳食、适量运动 维持健康体重

合理膳食、适量运动,监测体重变化,维持健康体重,对防控慢性病、促进健康具有重要意义。本文针对健康体重、我国居民体重变化及影响因素、体重异常的危害及体重管理、国内外体重干预现状等进行阐述,为进行科学的体重管理提供参考。     

广州市空气可吸入性颗粒物的污染水平

用安德森双道采样器,Ｔｅｆｌｏｎ膜在广州市城区采集大气细颗粒物（Φ〈２．５μｍ,ＰＭ２．５）和粗颗粒物（２．５≤Φ〈１０μｍ,ＰＭ２．５－１０）两者之和为ＰＭ１０。每季度采样一次,连续采样１５－３０ｄ,每天采一个２４ｈ样品,污染点１９９５,１９９６年的污染水平接近,对照点１９９６年的污染水平明显低于１９９５年,１９９５,１９９６年污染点ＰＭ２．５的２４ｈ均值分别为０．０２５－０．５０６和０．０１７     

大气颗粒物污染对土地覆盖变化的响应

土地利用-覆盖变化(LUCC)直接或间接影响颗粒物污染。了解颗粒物污染对LUCC的响应,对维护和改善生态环境具有重要的意义。基于卫星遥感技术,从广域的空间尺度分析颗粒物污染对LUCC的响应。使用MODIS数据分别提取与颗粒物污染相关性较高的城市用地、林地等土地利用类型,确定土地利用类型的变化趋势,利用长时间序列MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD,Aerosol optical depth)产品分析颗粒物污染与土地利用类型的变化的相关性。以山东省青岛市、淄博市、济南市3个典型城市为例,研究了AOD随土地利用类型的变化趋势。同时,考虑并分析了颗粒物污染对土地利用变化响应的敏感性,以及城市区域变化对环境的影响。研究结果表明,不同的城市类型,由于决定环境变化主导因素的差异,颗粒物污染对LUCC的响应具有明显的差异。青岛市地区,由于受海洋影响显著,大气颗粒物污染与LUCC的相关性较低,如中度污染天气与林地的相关系数为-0.451;而淄博市和济南市的相关系数分别为-0.473、-0.507。     

苯污染对人类健康影响研究进展

近年来,随着人民生活水平的不断提高, 一些消费者, 在购房、装修、添置家具的过程中,因缺乏相关的预防知识,造成室内空气中苯污染,严重者危害着家人的身心健康, 甚至造成了难以挽回的悲剧。室内环境中的苯污染主要来自含苯的胶黏剂、油漆、涂料和防水材料的溶剂或稀释剂。苯可经呼吸道、皮肤、消化道吸收进入机体,引起人体急、慢性中毒。轻度慢性苯中毒者出现头晕、头痛、恶心胸闷、乏力、失眠或多梦、性格改变、记忆力减退等; 重度慢性苯中毒引起多发性神经病、脊髓炎、球后视神经炎、癫痫及精神失常, 造成血液系统和神经系统难以挽回的健康危害,甚至因呼吸循环衰竭而死亡。育龄妇女长期吸入苯会导致月经失调, 孕期的妇女妊娠并发症的发病率会显著增高, 甚至会导致流产或胎儿先天缺陷。国际卫生组织已经把苯定为强烈致癌物质, 苯可以引起白血病和再生障碍性贫血也被医学界公认。通过对苯的成分结构和苯的生殖遗传毒性、神经毒性、血液免疫毒性、致癌作用及其对人类健康影响的阐述, 为研究预防控制苯污染对人类健康的影响提供参考依据。     

气温和根区温度对葡萄叶片光合荧光特性的影响

为探究气温和根区温度对葡萄(Vitis vinifera)叶片光合荧光特性的影响,以一年生巨峰葡萄为试材,设置对照、高气温、高根区温度和两者交叉作用共4组处理。结果表明,相较于对照和高气温,高根区温度以及交叉处理叶片最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)降低更明显;与对照相比,高根区温度以及高气温与高根区温度交叉处理下光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率Y(II)显著降低,非调节能量耗散的量子产量Y(NPQ)及QA氧化还原状态(1–qP)值显著上升。同时,高根区温度以及高气温与高根区温度交叉处理显著增加了J点的可变荧光(Vj),而用于电子传递的量子产额(φEo)及性能指数(PIABS)显著降低。此外,高根区温度以及高气温与高根区温度交叉处理下单位面积有活性的反应中心数目(RC/CSm)也显著下降,K点相对可变荧光(Wk)明显上升。综上所述,高根区温度是高气温与根区高温交叉胁迫的主导因子, PSII受体侧是主要的伤害位点,高气温加剧了高根区温度对PSII造成的伤害。     

A Support Tool for Air Pollution Health Risk Management in Emerging Countries: A Case in Brazil

This study evaluated the health risk due to air pollution in São Paulo State, Brazil, comparing Brazil's standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. New methodology was applied considering, as hazard parameters, the maximum average concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, O₃, CO, and PM₁₀ from 2007 to 2011. As exposure parameters, population density and location sensitivity were considered. A health risk index based on fuzzy logic was performed to integrate the selected parameters, giving the likelihood of reaching different risk levels. Data gathering and spatial representation of parameters and risk scores were performed by means of geographic information system (GIS). Highest values of risk were observed in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo and near the cities of Cubatão and Piracicaba, associated to vehicular and industrial emissions and sugar cane burning. Discussions about the need to revise national air quality standards have intensified over the past years. Generally, indices used for air quality do not consider the population exposed. This study showed the integration of GIS with fuzzy logic methodology to be a useful tool for health risk assessment. When evaluating the risk, exposure parameters must be intrinsically considered to enhance the importance of population vulnerability when assessing environmental problems, especially in emerging economies.     

教室空气污染分析及其解决方案研究

分别采用气相色谱法和分光光度法对某大学五间教室内空气中苯、甲醛含量进行了测定。根据测定结果,参照国家有关室内环境质量指标,对上述教室内的空气质量进行了评价。分析教室中空气污染的来源,提出相应的解决方案,对于提高教室空气质量具有一定的指导作用。     

The Effects of Air Pollution on Structures, Proteins and Allergenicity of Pollen Grains

The prevalence of allergic disease has increased world wide during the last decades. Pollen allergy is the most typical form of allergic disease. The increase in its frequency during recent years is the most evident. Environmental factors play an important role in the problem of pollen allergy in large cities. The aim of this research is determination of allergenicity of Canna pollen in polluted and non-polluted conditions, detection of their allergenic proteins and also elucidation of some microscopic effects of air pollutants on pollen structure and proteins. Mature and immature pollen grains of Canna indica were collected from polluted and non-polluted areas. Pollen grains were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Mice were sensitized by injection of pollen extract and an adjuvant for five times. Allergy potency of different pollen extracts were compared by means of skin test, blood eosinophills number and IgE levels in sensitized and treated animals. Pollen proteins were studied by SDS-PGE and allergenic proteins were detected by immunoblotting techniques. Scanning electron microscope study of the pollen grains showed that in polluted areas, air born particles accumulated on the surface of pollen and changed both pollen's shape and pollen's tectum. Also many vesicles were released out of polluted pollen and the pollen material agglomerated on the surface of pollen. SDS-PAGE showed that different proteins exist in mature and immature pollen. In pollen collected from polluted area, some of protein bands between 22 and 45 kDa were disappeared . Also in all polluted pollen grains, protein content of pollen decreased in response to air pollution causing the release of pollen proteins. According to our experiments and regarding induction of allergic symptoms, the polluted pollen is more effective than non-polluted one, and mature pollen has more allergy potency than immature one.     

大气污染对大鼠呼吸道微生态的影响研究

探讨了大气污染引起呼吸道症状和机体健康效应的作用机理,为防治大气污染及其对机体的损害提供理论依据。采用模拟现实大气污染的方法,分高、中、低浓度用Wistar大鼠制备大气污染动物模型,对大鼠口咽部菌群进行定性、定量、定位检测,动态研究。大气污染大鼠模型口咽部微生态发生改变。与污染前比,肺炎克雷伯杆菌等致病菌检出率明显增加(P<0.05),厌氧菌含量明显减少(P<0.05),并且随着染毒时间厌氧菌和细菌总量都呈明显下降趋势(P<0.05);口咽部菌群含量在一定范围内波动,没有随着染毒浓度改变而呈明显改变。大气污染对呼吸道正常菌群有毒害作用,对微环境有破坏作用,导致微环境改变,正常菌群含量减少,致病菌定植,是呼吸道疾病发病率升高的重要因素之一。     

Spatial Modeling of Air Pollution in Studies of Its Short‐Term Health Effects

Summary In studies that estimate the short‐term effects of air pollution on health, daily measurements of pollution concentrations are often available from a number of monitoring locations within the study area. However, the health data are typically only available in the form of daily counts for the entire area, meaning that a corresponding single daily measure of pollution is required. The standard approach is to average the observed measurements at the monitoring locations, and use this in a log‐linear health model. However, as the pollution surface is spatially variable this simple summary is unlikely to be an accurate estimate of the average pollution concentration across the region, which may lead to bias in the resulting health effects. In this article, we propose an alternative approach that jointly models the pollution concentrations and their relationship with the health data using a Bayesian spatio‐temporal model. We compare this approach with the simple spatial average using a simulation study, by investigating the impact of spatial variation, monitor placement, and measurement error in the pollution data. An epidemiological study from Greater London is then presented, which estimates the relationship between respiratory mortality and four different pollutants.     

The Effect of Air Pollution on Exhaled Nitric Oxide of Atopic and Nonatopic Subjects

Levels of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) were determined in well-characterized atopic and nonatopic subjects on 4 days with a different level of outdoor air pollution. The two groups matched well regarding spirometric values, i.e., no difference with regard to FEV(1), FVC, and peak flow. On the 4 test days asymptomatic atopic subjects exhaled 1.5- to 2.4-fold higher levels of NO compared with nonatopic subjects. In both groups the increase in exhaled NO in response to air pollution was similar (2.5 times maximal increase, P < 0.01). In conclusion, atopic subjects exhale higher levels of NO compared with nonatopic subjects, but respond to a similar degree to increased levels of air pollution.     

城市绿地乡土树种对大气污染的适应性响应

为探究华南乡土树种对东莞市不同绿地类型的适应性,将14种华南乡土树种分别栽植于四种绿地类型：工业绿地、道路绿地、城市公园和植物园,研究乡土树种的生理生态变化。各类型绿地的大气监测结果表明,道路绿地的各项大气污染指标明显高于其他绿地;工业区绿地的总悬浮颗粒物和氮氧化物浓度比植物园高;城市公园的总悬浮颗粒物浓度明显高于植物园。14个树种的生理生态研究结果表明,不同植物在各种绿地环境中适应策略各异,且随着污染强度的增加,多数植物净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）之间的相关系数降低,且Pn与Gs之间的相关系数变化不一致。14种华南乡土树种中,深山含笑、樟树、山杜英、黄栀子、胡氏青冈、九节、格木、黄果厚壳桂和华润楠等9个树种在不同污染环境下均表现出不同程度的敏感性,红鳞蒲桃和越南山龙眼对各种环境污染都不敏感,红叶石楠、假鹰爪和枫香在不同的污染环境中表现各异。     

Air Pollution from Industry and Traffic: Perceived Risk and Affect in the Moerdijk Region,The Netherlands

The aim of the present study was to compare the perceived risks of air pollution from industry and traffic in the Moerdijk region in The Netherlands, and to identify the demographic and psychometric variables that are associated with these perceived risks. We sent out a questionnaire and risk perceptions were explored using multiple regression models. The results showed that the perceived risks of industrial air pollution were higher than for those of traffic-related air pollution. The perceived risk of industrial air pollution was associated with other variables than that of traffic. For industry, the psychometric variable affect prevailed. For traffic-related air pollution, the demographic variables age and educational level prevailed, although affect was also apparent. Which source was considered as the major source—traffic or industry—depended on a high risk perception of industrial air pollution, and not on variation in risk perception of traffic-related air pollution. These insights can be used as an impetus for the local risk management process in the Moerdijk region. We recommend that local authorities consider risk perception as one of the targets in local risk management strategies as well.