陆地棉GhPYR1基因的克隆和功能分析

植物激素脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)在植物应对干旱、盐碱等逆境胁迫以及植物种子萌发、根伸长、芽休眠等阶段发挥重要作用。PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白家族是ABA受体,与ABA结合后能够启动ABA信号传导通路,诱导ABA应答基因的表达。利用电子克隆和RT-PCR技术从陆地棉中克隆了Gh PYR1基因,其编码的Gh PYR1蛋白与拟南芥中At PYR1蛋白相似度为73%。将Gh PYR1蛋白序列与拟南芥14个PYR/PYL/RCAR家族成员蛋白序列进行比对并构建进化树,发现它与拟南芥PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白亚家族III亲缘关系最近。过表达Gh PYR1基因的T3代拟南芥在外源ABA处理下,其种子萌发和初期根生长均滞后于野生型,表现出对ABA更加敏感;高盐和干旱胁迫对转基因种子的萌发抑制更强烈,但苗期胁迫处理下转基因拟南芥的长势却明显优于野生型;同时在外源ABA诱导条件下ABA应答基因RD29A、RAB18的表达量较野生型有明显提高。以上结果说明Gh PYR1基因编码的蛋白是ABA的受体,过表达该基因能够提高植物对ABA的敏感性和增强应对逆境胁迫的能力。     

UV-B对拟南芥叶片不同来源H2O2的活化和气孔关闭的诱导

在UV-B调控植物许多生理过程中过氧化氢(H2O2)作为第二信使发挥着重要作用,但H2O2来源途径并不清楚。该研究借助气孔开度分析和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术,探讨H2O2在介导不同剂量UV-B诱导拟南芥叶片气孔关闭过程中的酶学来源途径。结果发现:0.5W.m-2 UV-B能诱导野生型拟南芥叶片保卫细胞的H2O2产生和气孔关闭,且该效应能被NADPH氧化酶抑制剂二苯基碘(DPI)抑制,而不能被细胞壁过氧化物酶抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)抑制,同时该剂量UV-B也不能诱导NADPH氧化酶功能缺失单突变体AtrbohD和AtrbohF以及双突变体AtrbohD/F保卫细胞的H2O2产生和气孔关闭;相反,0.65 W.m-2 UV-B既能诱导野生型也能诱导NADPH氧化酶突变体保卫细胞的H2O2产生和气孔关闭,且该效应能被SHAM抑制,却不能被DPI抑制。结果表明,不同剂量UV-B通过活化不同生成途径的H2O2来诱导拟南芥叶片气孔关闭,即低剂量UV-B主要诱导NADPH氧化酶AtrbohD和AtrbohF途径来源的H2O2生成,而高剂量UV-B主要活化细胞壁过氧化酶途径来源的H2O2。     

H_2O_2介导H_2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

以拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）为材料,研究了过氧化氢（H2O2）在硫化氢（H2S）调控气孔运动信号转导中的作用。结果表明,光下H2S的供体硫氢化钠（NaHS）能够诱导拟南芥气孔关闭;且能够显著提高叶片和保卫细胞胞质H2O2含量;H2O2的清除剂AsA和H2O2合成酶的抑制剂可不同程度地抑制NaHS诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭及叶片和保卫细胞胞质H2O2水平的升高;NaHS对AtrbohD、AtrbohF、Atpao2和Atpao4突变体气孔关闭、叶片和保卫细胞胞质H2O2水平升高的诱导作用要明显的小于野生型,但对AtPAO2和AtPAO4过表达株系叶片和保卫细胞H2O2水平的升高较野生型显著。据此推测,来源于NADPH氧化酶、细胞壁过氧化物酶和多胺氧化酶途径的H2O2参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭。     

通过荧光差异显示PCR法分离水稻中由ABA调节的基因

脱落酸（ABA）在植物种子发育以及植物地外源环境因子（如逆境,胁迫等）反应过程中起着重要的作用,对其调节基因的分离将有助于了解其相关信号传导途径及作用机制。通过荧光差异显示PCR法我们由水稻中分离了部分ABA调节的cDNA片段,在所分离克隆的17个片段中,有14个片段被ABA诱导（2,4,8,12h),有2个片段被ABA抑制（8h),测序及序列分析表明这些片段可能分别编码与植物光合作用（7）,信号传导（1）,转录调控（2）,代谢（6）相关的蛋白或未知蛋白（1）而且其表达可能受到ABA的调节或ABA参与了其作用,对其中可能编码α/β水解酶折叠蛋白,酪氨酸磷酸酶,液泡H^ -ATPase的mRNA进行的RT－PCR和Northern blot分析,确证了ABA对它们表达的调节作用。在此基础上对FDD－PCR技术及ABA作用的可能机制进行了讨论。     

PLDα1介导ABA调控的拟南芥主根伸长并参与根毛生长

探讨了磷脂酶Dα1（PLDα1）在ABA抑制拟南芥主根伸长过程中的作用。PLOα1基因突变体pldα1主根伸长受ABA抑制小于野生型（WT）;根系PLDα1活性在ABA处理下升高;拟南芥根细胞原生质体中活性氧（ROS）含量在ABA处理下升高,但是pldα1升高小于WT;根系NADPH氧化酶活性在ABA处理下升高,pldα1升高小于WT,外源加入10μmol/L^-1 PA（磷脂酸,PLD水解产物）后,前者活性显著升高;外源加入H2O2可诱导WT和pldα1主根伸长都受到抑制,且二者差异不明显。结果表明,PLDα1产生的PA通过激活NADPH氧化酶产生ROS介导ABA调控的拟南芥主根伸长过程。此外,初步探讨了PLDα1在拟南芥根毛尖端生长中的作用：pldα1突变体根毛长度小于WT,根毛尖端ROS和Ca^2＋浓度低于WT。     

拟南芥非生物胁迫应答基因表达的调节子研究概况

分子生物学研究表明,植物中由诸如干旱、高盐和低温等环境胁迫因子诱导的几个基因具有多种功能。大多数干旱应答基因是由植物激素脱落酸（ABA）诱导的,但也有少数基因例外。对模式植物拟南芥基因表达中的干旱应答基因的分析表明,至少存在4个独立调节系统（调节子）。对典型胁迫诱导表达的一些基因中启动子的顺势作用元件和影响这些基因表达的转录子也已进行了分析。已经分离出与脱水效应元件/C重复序列（DRE/CRT）顺势作用元件结合的转录因子,并命名为DRE结合蛋白1/C重复序列结合因子（DREB1/CBF）和DRE结合蛋白2（DREB2）。在转基因拟南芥植株中,DREB1/CBF过量表达可增加其抗寒、抗旱和抗盐碱的能力。DREB1/CBF基因已成功地在许多不同作物中得到应用,从而提高作物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。与胁迫反应相关的其他转录因子的研究也正在取得进展。     

拟南芥高迁移率族蛋白B族基因表达模式分析

为了解高迁移率族蛋白B族(HMGB)基因在拟南芥中的表达模式及作用方式,该研究克隆了拟南芥中5个编码HMGB的基因:AtHMGB1、AtHMGB2、AtHMGB3、AtHMGB4、AtHMGB5,并运用荧光实时定量PCR方法检测野生型拟南芥中以上5种基因在不同器官中的表达及在外源植物激素(ABA、2,4-D)处理前后的表达差异,选取AtHMGB2、AtHMGB4和AtHMGB5分别转化拟南芥并筛选出超表达株系,随即检测ABA诱导下超表达AtHMGB的转基因拟南芥的表型。研究证实:在野生型拟南芥中AtHMGB2在拟南芥各个器官中的表达量远高于其它家族成员,AtHMGB4和AtHMGB5在花、果荚和根中的表达略高于茎和叶;在ABA处理前后AtHMGB家族成员的表达水平有显著差异,其中AtHMGB2的表达被ABA显著负调控;ABA诱导下超表达AtHMGB2的转基因拟南芥与野生型相比出现萌发及生长迟缓现象,但超表达AtHMGB4与AtHMGB5的转基因拟南芥在ABA诱导下的种子萌发和幼苗生长与野生型相比差异不大。研究发现,AtHMGB家族成员在转录水平上响应ABA的方式各有不同,对理解AtHMGB家族成员的生物学功能提供了新的基础。     

河岸带内生烟曲霉的香豆素类抗氧化产物提高拟南芥抗涝害能力研究

涝害是一种阻碍植物生长发育的水分胁迫因子,严重影响着全球的农林业生产。近年来的研究表明,生活在特殊环境下的植物内生菌可以协助宿主抵抗各种胁迫环境。前期研究从三峡河岸带灌木疏花水柏枝(Myricaria laxiflora)中分离到1株内生烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)SG-17,其抗氧化产物可以增加水稻中控制活性氧合成的关键酶NADPH氧化酶的含量,并提高其抗旱能力。为了研究该菌在植物应对水淹胁迫中的作用,通过质谱、核磁等分析方法对其抗氧化物质进行了鉴定,利用全淹法评价了其对拟南芥抗水淹胁迫的能力,并通过定量PCR对拟南芥的NADPH氧化酶Atrbohs基因家族进行了表达分析。结果显示SG-17中高抗氧化活性的物质是一种香豆素类似物(Z)-N-(4-hydroxystyryl) formamide(NFA),它可有效提高拟南芥的抗水淹能力,并显著增加水淹之后与活性氧代谢密切相关的丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)的含量。进一步研究表明,NFA可以调节拟南芥AtrbohD和AtrbohF两个水淹胁迫反应基因的表达,暗示在遭受淹水胁迫的河岸带植物内生菌,可产生抗氧化产物来调节植物体的活性氧代谢路径,从而提高植物的抗涝害能力。     

AhCYCB1基因的克隆和在ABA抑制花生侧根发生过程中的表达

根据水稻、拟南芥和玉米等植株的CYCB基因序列设计引物,以花生根系成熟区总RNA逆转录得到的cDNA为模板,用PCR扩增克隆花生CYCB1基因片段,命名为AhCYCB1（GenBank登录号为GQ868755）。该基因编码的蛋白具有CYCB1蛋白序列的特征区,与拟南芥的AtCYCB1蛋白聚类关系最近。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,ABA处理后,侧根起始部位的AhCY-CB1基因表达水平降低,ABA合成抑制剂萘普生（naproxen）处理使AhCYCB1基因表达水平明显上调。推测ABA抑制侧根发生与其降低侧根发生部位由G2期进入M期的细胞数目有关。     

H2S位于H2O2下游参与乙烯诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程

H2O2和H2S是植物体内重要的信号分子,二者均参与乙烯诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。以拟南芥野生型及其突变体为材料研究了H2O2和H2S在乙烯诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程中的相互关系。结果表明,乙烯能够诱导野生型拟南芥叶片H2S含量及L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(L-/D-CDes)活性显著增加,促进气孔关闭,但对H2O2合成突变体AtrbohD、AtrbohF、Atpao2和Atpao4植株叶片无显著作用;乙烯亦可引起H2S合成突变体Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes气孔保卫细胞H2O2水平的显著增加,但对其气孔运动没有显著作用。此外,H2O2清除剂和合成抑制剂均能抑制乙烯诱导的拟南芥叶片H2S含量和L-/D-CDes活性的增加及气孔开度的减小;而H2S清除剂和合成抑制剂虽能抑制乙烯诱导的气孔关闭,却不能改变乙烯对拟南芥叶片气孔保卫细胞H2O2的作用效应。由此表明H2S位于H2O2下游介导乙烯诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程。     

NADPH oxidase AtrbohD and AtrbohF function in ROS-dependent regulation of Na⁺/K⁺homeostasis in Arabidopsis under salt stress

Maintaining cellular Na(+)/K(+) homeostasis is pivotal for plant survival in saline environments. However, knowledge about the molecular regulatory mechanisms of Na(+)/K(+) homeostasis in plants under salt stress is largely lacking. In this report, the Arabidopsis double mutants atrbohD1/F1 and atrbohD2/F2, in which the AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes are disrupted and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is pronouncedly inhibited, were found to be much more sensitive to NaCl treatments than wild-type (WT) and the single null mutant atrbohD1 and atrbohF1 plants. Furthermore, the two double mutant seedlings had significantly higher Na(+) contents, lower K(+) contents, and resultant greater Na(+)/K(+) ratios than the WT, atrbohD1, and atrbohF1 under salt stress. Exogenous H(2)O(2) can partially reverse the increased effects of NaCl on Na(+)/K(+) ratios in the double mutant plants. Pre-treatments with diphenylene iodonium chloride, a widely used inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, clearly enhanced the Na(+)/K(+) ratios in WT seedlings under salt stress. Moreover, NaCl-inhibited inward K(+) currents were arrested, and NaCl-promoted increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) and plasma membrane Ca(2+) influx currents were markedly attenuated in atrbohD1/F1 plants. No significant differences in the sensitivity to osmotic or oxidative stress among the WT, atrbohD1, atrbohF1, atrbohD1/F1, and atrbohD2/F2 were observed. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that ROS produced by both AtrbohD and AtrbohF function as signal molecules to regulate Na(+)/K(+) homeostasis, thus improving the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis.     

Comparative proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana roots between wild type and its salt-tolerant mutant

Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) showed the variation expression of Arabidopsis thaliana root proteins between wild type and its salt-tolerant mutant obtained from cobalt-60 γ ray radiation. Forty-six differential root protein spots were reproducibly presented on 2-DE maps, and 29 spots were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MS). Fifteen protein spots corresponding to 10 proteins, and 14 protein spots corresponding to 9 proteins were constitutively up-regulated and down-regulated in the salt-tolerant mutant root. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that those differential proteins might be involved in the regulation of redox homeostasis, nucleotide metabolism, signal transduction, stress response and defense, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell wall metabolism. Peroxidase 22 might be a versatile enzyme and might play dual roles in both cell wall metabolism and regulation of redox homeostasis. Our work provides not only new insights into salt-responsive proteins in root, but also the potential salt-tolerant targets for further dissection of molecular mechanism adapted by plants during salt stress.     

糠秕马拉色菌酵母态和菌丝态蛋白差异表达的研究

目的通过双向电泳及串联质谱技术鉴定糠秕马拉色菌酵母态及菌丝态差异蛋白,在蛋白水平探讨两态转化机制及致病机理。方法分别诱导糠秕马拉色菌标准株酵母态和菌丝态菌体,利用玻璃珠研磨和超声波破碎细胞壁,三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀获取总蛋白。双向电泳分离蛋白,PDQuest软件比对找出差异蛋白点。电喷雾串联质谱对差异点进行肽段测序,用Mascot和NCBI的Blast软件经蛋白质数据库鉴定蛋白质。结果经双向电泳分离的糠秕马拉色菌酵母态、菌丝态蛋白各有800多个蛋白点、64个蛋白点表达量有3倍以上差异,其中11个为酵母态特有,9个菌丝态特有。在选取的40个差异点中,成功鉴定出22个点,共16个蛋白。经Mascot和Blast软件检索,有明确功能的蛋白中,肌动蛋白、丝切蛋白等9个蛋白在菌丝态上调,谷胱甘肽转移酶、细胞支架信号蛋白等5个蛋白下调。结论鉴定出16个蛋白分别与细胞代谢、运动、氧化应激等功能相关,为了解糠秕马拉色菌表型转换机制和致病机理提供重要信息。     

Comparative proteomic analysis of the Arabidopsis cbl1 mutant in response to salt stress

Many environmental stimuli, including light, biotic and abiotic stress factors, induce changes in cellular Ca(2+) concentrations in plants. Such Ca(2+) signatures are perceived by sensor molecules such as calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins. AtCBL1, a member of the CBL family which is highly inducible by multiple stress signals, is known to function in the salt stress signal transduction pathway and to positively regulate the plant tolerance to salt. To shed light into the molecular mechanisms of the salt stress response mediated by AtCBL1, a two-dimensional DIGE proteomic approach was applied to identify the differentially expressed proteins in Arabidopsis wild-type and cbl1 null mutant plants in response to salt stress. Seventy-three spots were found altered in expression by least 1.2-fold and 50 proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS, including some well-known and novel salt-responsive proteins. These proteins function in various processes, such as signal transduction, ROS scavenging, energy production, carbon fixation, metabolism, mRNA processing, protein processing and structural stability. Receptor for activated C kinase 1C (RACK1C, spot 715), a WD40 repeat protein, was up-regulated in the cbl1 null mutant, and two rack1c mutant lines showed decreased tolerance to salt stress, suggesting that RACK1C plays a role in salt stress resistance. In conclusion, our work demonstrated the advantages of the proteomic approach in studies of plant biology and identified candidate proteins in CBL1-mediated salt stress signaling network.     

Proteomic study of Carissa spinarum in response to combined heat and drought stress

Carissa spinarum is one of the secondary advantage plants grown in dry‐hot valleys in China, which can survive under stress conditions of high temperature and extreme low humidity. Here, we studied the physiological and proteomic changes of C. spinarum in response to 42°C heat stress treatment in combination with drought stress. Dynamic changes in the leaf proteome were analyzed at four time points during the stress treatment and recovery stages. Approximately, 650 protein spots were reproducibly detected in each gel. Forty‐nine spots changed their expression levels upon heat and drought treatment, and 30 proteins were identified by MS and 2‐D Western blot. These proteins were classified into several categories including HSP, photosynthesis‐related protein, RNA‐processing protein and proteins involved in metabolism and energy production. The potential roles of these stress‐responsive proteins are discussed.     

Proteomics Study of COI1-regulated Proteins in Arabidopsis Flower

Jasmonates (JAs) are a new class of plant hormone that regulate expression of diverse genes to mediate various plant responses. The Arabidopsis F-box protein COM is required for plant defense and male fertility in JA signal pathway. To further investigate the regulatory role of COM in male fertility, we compared the proteomics profiles of Arabidopsis wild type (WT) flowers with coi1-1 mutant male-sterile flowers using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desoption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Sixteen proteins with potential function in specific biological processes such as metabolism processes and defense/stress responses were differentially expressed in WT and coi1-1 mutant flowers. Verification on a phi class glutathione transferase AtGSTF9, one out of these 16 identified proteins, revealed that the expression of AtGSTF9 was severely downregulated in flowers of coi1-1 mutant compared with that of WT. Further function analyses of these genes would provide new insights into the molecular basis of COI1-regulated male fertility.     

家蚕精巢蛋白质的双向电泳及质谱分析

精巢是雄性家蚕Bombyx mori的生殖腺,它的主要功能是产生精子,全面检测和鉴定精巢器官的蛋白分布将为分析家蚕雄性个体的发育和繁殖奠定基础。本研究利用双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和蛋白硝酸银染色技术对家蚕5龄第5天幼虫的精巢组织进行了蛋白检测,利用基质辅助激光解析质量飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）对表达量较高的蛋白点进行了肽质量指纹图谱鉴定。结果表明：家蚕精巢蛋白质可以检测出1 000个以上的蛋白点,这些蛋白点主要集中在分子量为15～90 kD区域,等电点3.5～9之间,其中60个蛋白点得到了成功鉴定,按照已知或推测的蛋白功能,将其分为8类,包括：细胞骨架和细胞结构蛋白,膜蛋白或信号相关蛋白,大量应激反应蛋白（伴侣蛋白）,线粒体和能量产生相关蛋白,转录调控和翻译及DNA/RNA结合相关蛋白,酶和少量血液组成蛋白。其中很多蛋白可能在鞭毛形成、能量代谢及减数分裂过程中有重要作用。这些结果为进一步认识家蚕精子形成过程提供了重要的生物学信息。