微流控线性加载低温保护剂减少猪MⅡ期卵母细胞的渗透损伤

在卵母细胞低温保存中,通常需要加载冷冻保护剂来抑制冰晶对细胞的损伤,但高浓度冷冻保护剂的加载会对细胞造成渗透损伤.为了减小细胞的渗透损伤,本文设计并制作了适合卵母细胞冷冻保护剂加载的微流体装置,研究了微流控线性加载30%(v/v)二甲基亚砜(Me2SO)低温保护剂时细胞内保护剂浓度变化、细胞体积变化,以及对细胞存活率与发育率的影响,并与传统的加载方法(一步法、分步法)做了比较.结果表明:微流控法能够实现卵母细胞冷冻保护剂的连续线性加载,避免了卵母细胞体积的骤变,显著减小了细胞的渗透损伤,提高了细胞的存活率.其中细胞的最小渗透体积减小为0.86V0,细胞的存活率达到92.8%,比一步法高33%,比两步法高16.3%,但与四步法之间无显著性差异.经孤雌激活后体外培养,细胞的卵裂率和囊胚率分别达到75.8%和27.4%,都显著高于一步法和分步法(P0.05).因此,微流控线性加载低温保护剂能够显著减小细胞的渗透损伤,为卵母细胞低温保存技术提供新思路.     

冷冻干燥对重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗效力(抗原性)的影响

重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗(酵母乙肝疫苗)加入保护剂后冷冻干燥,观察是否影响疫苗抗原性和稳定性。按5％和1％的比例,在酵母乙肝疫苗原液中分别加入蔗糖和明胶,低温冷冻干燥,制备3批冻干疫苗,分别进行体外相对效力和小鼠ED50测定。加保护剂冻干后酵母乙肝疫苗体外相对效力和小鼠ED50值较冻干前改变不大,而4℃放置和热加速后的稳定性均优于液体疫苗。因此现有酵母乙肝疫苗加入保护剂冻干后,显著提高了疫苗的稳定性,为进一步制备稳定的疫苗参考品打下了初步基础。     

金属离子对培养日本对虾肝胰腺细胞的影响

研究了培养基中分别加入Ca^2 、Mg^2 和Zn^2 对培养日本对虾肝胰腺细胞的影响,以测定细胞的RNA／DNA值作为评价指标。当Ca^2 浓度为1g／L时,细胞生长最好;本实验中随Mg^2 浓度的增加,培养的日本对虾肝胰腺细胞的RNA／DNA值也升高;当Zn^2 浓度为80μg／L时,其RNA／DNA值最高;培养基中混合加入Ca^2 和Mg^2 有助于细胞贴壁生长。     

活体肺癌组织玻璃化保存的研究

保存活体的肺癌组织将为肺癌发病基因筛查和靶向药物筛选等体外实验研究提供更完整的样本信息. 本文对活体肺癌组织的玻璃化保存方法进行研究，首先采用针浸法玻璃化保存单块肺癌组织，对所需低温保护剂的浓度和平衡时间进行了优化；其次采用冻存管对多块肺癌组织样本进行玻璃化保存，对低温保护剂溶液体积以及平衡时间进行了优化；最后对慢速冷冻、不加低温保护剂快速冷冻、玻璃化冷冻3种冷冻方法的冻存效果进行比较并通过低温显微分析其冰晶损伤机理.结果表明，20% EG+20% DMSO+0.5 mol/L海藻糖作为低温保护剂，在平衡溶液和玻璃化溶液分别加载3 min和1 min时，针浸法和0.25 ml冻存管内玻璃化冻存，复苏后组织活力最高，分别约为79.96%与80.44%. 免疫组化显示玻璃化保存肺癌组织经过复苏后，相比慢速冷冻和无保护剂快速冷冻，组织结构损伤较小，组织内细胞TUNEL阳性表达较少. 低温显微结果表明，玻璃化保存组织内部及周围只出现少量细小冰晶，而慢速冷冻、快速冷冻组织皆出现明显冰晶.     

DMSO浓度及降温速率对组织工程化真皮超低温保存效果的影响

组织工程化真皮的超低温保存技术是皮肤组织工程的重要组成部分,对皮肤组织库的建立有重要意义。低温保存与低温保护剂的种类、浓度、降温复温程序及低温保护剂的添加与去除方式有着密切的关系。实验目的：研究DMSO浓度及降温速率对组织工程化真皮超低温保存效果的影响。实验方法：以培养一定时间的组织工程化真皮为试材,以不同浓度的DMSO溶液为低温保护液,以不同的降温速率降温保存,以四唑盐(MTT)比色法检测细胞存活率,辅以光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察分析。实验表明：降温速率为1℃／min,DMSO浓度为1．4mol／L时可获得在实验范围内较高的细胞存活率,为75％,超低温保存后的扫描电镜照片表明其细胞形态最为接近新鲜状态,细胞与支架材料的黏附也很紧密,这与细胞存活率的研究结果有很好的相关性。     

BALB/C小鼠杂交瘤细胞冻存初探

自从Polge(1949)用甘油作为保护剂成功的冻存了Hela和L细胞以来,细胞冻存技术已日趋完善。本文对细胞株的冻存分别采用-70℃冰箱和常用的液氮深低温的方法。定期复苏,测定抗体效价,最后作染色体比较,至今已一年多,其结果令人满意。现将结果简要报告如下。方法1.细胞冻存:选择生长旺盛期,形态良好的细胞,按每ml细胞冻存液内含活细胞约1×106个,每支冻存管1ml。细胞冻存管置-20℃冰箱内15小时左右,分别放入液氮和-70℃冰箱内。经不同时期后取出作复苏及抗体效价比较。2.细胞复苏:取出冻存管,迅速浸入37℃水浴中,在1分钟内解冻后转种到已预制…     

微流控芯片加载低温保护剂过程中卵母细胞的损伤评估

卵母细胞的低温保存为辅助生殖技术和胚胎工程技术提供了更大的发展空间,而低温保存需要添加高浓度保护剂,会对细胞造成渗透损伤及毒性损伤.与分步法添加固定浓度的保护剂不同,微流控法能够实现保护剂浓度的连续性变化,关于微流控法连续性添加保护剂时卵母细胞的损伤评估还未见报道.本文首先采用数值模拟的方法,模拟细胞在不同加载时间、不同加载线型(线性、S型、凹型)、不同凹型加载(低凹型、高凹型)中细胞的渗透行为,计算各方案中细胞的传统的损伤评估参数:体积变化极值(ΔV)、积累性渗透损伤值(AOD)及毒性损伤值(J).在此基础上,藉由信息熵理论首次提出了综合损伤评估参数s,并通过猪卵母细胞微流控加载后孤雌激活实验的结果验证评估效果.结果表明,对于不同的加载方案,传统的损伤评估参数结果之间出现分歧,无法得到统一的结论.通过分析囊胚率同综合损伤评估参数s值的关系,发现二者呈负相关关系,且相关系数很高,说明综合损伤评估参数s能够较好地对细胞损伤进行评估,为细胞损伤评估开辟了新思路.     

一种优化的大肠杆菌感受态细胞制备及转化方法

Silwet L-77是一种非离子型的表面活性剂,常用于植物的转化。本研究发现,Silwet L-77的加入也可以显著地提高大肠杆菌的转化效率。同时,我们比较了不同培养温度、不同培养浓度(OD_(600)值)及不同冷冻保护剂对感受态细胞转化效率的影响。我们发现,28℃培养E.coli至OD_(600)值为0.55~0.6之间时制备感受态细胞,利用9%的DMSO做为冷冻保护剂冷冻保存感受态细胞,转化时加入0.001 5%~0.002%的Silwet L-77,可以获得最高的转化效率。总之,该研究进一步优化了大肠杆菌感受态细胞的制备及转化方法。     

微流控法制备载卵母细胞水凝胶微球及其玻璃化保存

目的 通过微流控法制备载卵母细胞海藻酸钠微球,在低浓度保护剂下实现卵母细胞玻璃化保存。方法 采用流动聚焦型微流控芯片,通过调整芯片结构、海藻酸钠溶液浓度和流速比,制备大小均匀、空包率低、低温耐受的载卵母细胞海藻酸钠水凝胶微球。在低浓度低温保护剂下将微球玻璃化保存,复温后检测存活率,采用细胞松弛素B和氯化锶孤雌激活卵母细胞,与Cryotop玻璃化法对比卵母细胞存活率和卵裂率、囊胚率。结果 制备的海藻酸钠微球在冷冻复温前后的体积稳定且结构完整,在将卵母细胞包封在海藻酸钠水凝胶中后,空包率低,存活率、卵裂率和囊胚率与新鲜组相比无显著差异。在低浓度低温保护剂10% DMSO+10%乙二醇（EG）+0.5 mol/L海藻糖中玻璃化冻存后卵母细胞的存活率达到92.48%,卵裂率70.80%,囊胚率20.42%,与高浓度保护剂15% DMSO+15% EG+0.5 mol/L海藻糖中Cryotop玻璃化法相比无显著性差异。结论 本文设计制作了三通道内部交联芯片并用于卵母细胞玻璃化保存的微流控系统,可生成大小均匀、空包率低、低温耐受的载卵母细胞海藻酸钠水凝胶微球,在低浓度保护剂下实现玻璃化保存,为卵母细胞玻璃化保存方法提供新思路。     

冻存时间对脐血造血细胞体外增殖潜能的影响

目的研究冻存时间对脐血造血细胞增殖潜能的影响.方法在所分离的脐血有核细胞中加入联合低温保护剂Dextran-40+10%DMSO,经梯度降温后置液氮深低温保存.采用无血清造血细胞扩增液对冻存不同时间的脐血造血细胞进行体外扩增,动态监测扩增潜能.结果将冻存1个月、4个月脐血造血细胞体外扩增5周,其总有核细胞分别被扩增了(1499.0±115.6)倍和(1513.0±110.4)倍,FCs均于体外扩增的第3周达到高峰,分别扩增了(53.8±6.3)倍和(54.8±6.7)倍,D34+造血细胞于体外扩增的第2周均达到高峰,分别扩增了(63.8±6.1)倍和(62.4±5.7)倍;统计分析冻存1个月与4个月后造血细胞扩增结果,不存在显著性差异,>0.05.结论在适宜深低温条件下冻存脐血造血细胞,在一定时间内,冻存时间的长短不会导致其增殖潜能下降.     

Cryoprotectant permeability parameters for cells used in a bioengineered human corneal equivalent and applications for cryopreservation

A human corneal equivalent is being developed with applications in pharmaceutical testing and biomedical research, but the distribution of this engineered tissue, depends on successful cryopreservation. Cryopreservation of tissues depends on the presence of cryoprotectants, their addition and removal, and exposure to conditions during freezing and thawing, all of which depend on cellular membrane permeabilities to water and cryoprotectant. This study defines the permeability properties that define the rate of water and cryoprotectant movement across the plasma membrane of isolated human corneal endothelial, keratocyte, and epithelial cells. Cells were transferred from isotonic conditions (300 mosm/kg) to 0.5, 1, or 2 M dimethyl sulfoxide and propylene glycol solutions at constant temperature, and cell volumes monitored using an electronic particle counter. Histograms describing cell volume changes over time after cryoprotectant exposure allowed calculation of hydraulic conductivity (Lp), cryoprotectant permeability (Ps), and the reflection coefficient (sigma). Experimental values for Lp and Ps at 4, 13, 22, and 37 degrees C were used to determine the Arrhenius activation energy (Ea). Defining the permeability parameters and temperature dependencies allows simulation of responses of human corneal cells to addition and removal of cryoprotectants and to freezing conditions, allowing amount of supercooling, intracellular electrolyte concentration, and intracellular cryoprotectant concentration to be calculated. Simulations also show that the constituent cells in the bioengineered cornea respond differently to addition and removal of cryoprotectants and to freezing. This study has defined the requirements during cryopreservation for the corneal cells; future work will define the matrix requirements which will allow the development of a cryopreservation protocol.     

Permeability of lipid membranes revised in relation to freeze-thaw processes.

Water and solute activity gradients created during freeze-thaw processes produce water and solute fluxes across the cell membrane resulting in volume changes. Under these conditions, osmotic and thermal stresses affect the curvature, the phase behavior, and the surface properties of the lipid bilayer. These structural changes are not considered by the classical formalisms describing permeability of lipid membranes to water and nonelectrolytes such as the Nernst-Planck equation, Eyring's absolute rate theory, and Kedem-Katchalsky's thermodynamic of irreversible processes approach. In this paper, the influence of such changes on the glycerol permeation kinetics are reported. The results indicate that osmotic and chemical effects of the cryoprotectant on the membrane properties affect the rate of volume swelling depending on whether the membrane is in the gel or in the liquid crystalline state.     

Development of a new rapid measurement technique for fish embryo membrane permeability studies using impedance spectroscopy

Information on fish embryo membrane permeability is vital in their cryopreservation. Whilst conventional volumetric measurement based assessment methods have been widely used in fish embryo membrane permeability studies, they are lengthy and reduce the capacity for multi-embryo measurement during an experimental run. A new rapid 'real-time' measurement technique is required to determine membrane permeability during cryoprotectant treatment. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo membrane permeability to cryoprotectants was investigated using impedance spectroscopy. An embryo holding cell, capable of holding up to 10 zebrafish embryos was built incorporating the original system electrods for measuring the impedance spectra. The holding cell was tested with deionised water and a series of KCl solutions with known conductance values to confirm the performance of the modified system. Untreated intact embryos were then tested to optimise the loading capacity and sensitivity of the system. To study the impedance changes of zebrafish embryos during cryoprotectant exposure, three, six or nine embryos at 50% epiboly stage were loaded into the holding cell in egg water, which was then removed and replaced by 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 3M methanol or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The impedance changes of the loaded embryos in different cryoprotectant solutions were monitored over 30 min at 22 degrees C, immediately following embryo exposure to cryoprotectants, at the frequency range of 10-10(6)Hz. The impedance changes of the embryos in egg water were used as controls. Results from this study showed that the optimum embryo loading level was six embryos per cell for each experimental run. The optimum frequency was identified at 10(3.14) or 1,380 Hz which provided good sensitivity and reproducibility. Significant impedance changes were detected after embryos were exposed to different concentrations of cryoprotectants. The results agreed well with those obtained from conventional volumetric based studies.     

Osmotic tolerance and membrane permeability characteristics of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) spermatozoa

Biophysical characteristics of the plasma membrane, such as osmotic sensitivity and water and cryoprotectant permeability are important determinants of the function of spermatozoa after cryopreservation. A series of experiments was conducted with rhesus macaque spermatozoa at 23 degrees C to determine their: (1) cell volume and osmotically inactive fraction of the cell volume; (2) permeability coefficients for water and the cryoprotectants dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol; (3) tolerance to anisosmotic conditions; and (4) motility after a one step addition and removal of the four cryoprotectants. An electronic particle counter and computer aided semen analysis were used to determine the cell volume and permeability coefficients, and motility, respectively. Rhesus spermatozoa isosmotic cell volume was 27.7+/-3.0 microm3 (mean+/-SEM) with an osmotically inactive cell fraction of 51%. Hydraulic conductivity in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol was 1.09+/-0.30, 0.912+/-0.27, 1.53+/-0.53, and 1.94+/-0.47 microm/min/atm, respectively. Cryoprotectant permeability was 1.39+/-0.31, 2.21+/-0.32, 3.38+/-0.63, and 6.07+/-1.1 (x10(-3)cm/min), respectively. Rhesus sperm tolerated all hyposmotic exposures. However, greater than 70% motility loss was observed after exposure to solutions of 600 mOsm and higher. A one step addition and removal of all four cryoprotectants did not cause significant motility loss. These data suggest that rhesus sperm are tolerant to hyposmotic conditions, and ethylene glycol may be the most appropriate cryoprotectant for rhesus sperm cryopreservation, as it has the highest permeability coefficient of the tested cryoprotectants.     

Ca2+ transport and permeability in inside-out red cell membrane vesicles after freezing

To evaluate the effects of freezing and thawing on Ca2+ transport and permeability, inside-out red cell membrane vesicles (IORCMV) are examined. Exposure to the cryoprotectant Me2SO as well as different cooling regimes on unprotected and cryoprotected vesicles do not affect the membrane Ca2+ transport. However, freezing and thawing increase the membrane permeability to sucrose.     

Studies on membrane permeability of zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocytes in the presence of different cryoprotectants

Investigation into fish oocyte membrane permeability is essential for developing successful protocols for their cryopreservation. The aim of the present work was to study the permeability of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocyte membrane to water and cryoprotectants before cryopreservation protocol design. The study was conducted on stage III and stage V zebrafish oocytes. Volumetric changes of stage III oocytes in different concentrations of sucrose were measured after 20 min exposure at 22 degrees C and the osmotically inactive volume of the oocytes (Vb) was determined using the Boyle-van't Hoff relationship. Volumetric changes of oocytes during exposure to different cryoprotectant solutions were also measured. Oocytes were exposed to 2 M dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol (PG), and methanol for 40 min at 22 degrees C. Stage III oocytes were also exposed to 2 M DMSO at 0 degrees C. Oocyte images were captured on an Olympus BX51 cryomicroscope using Linkham software for image recording. Scion Image was used for image analysis and diameter measurement. The experimental data were fitted to a two-parameter model using Berkeley Madonna 8.0.1 software. Hydraulic conductivity (L(p)) and solute (cryoprotectant) permeability (Ps) were estimated using the model. The osmotically inactive volume of stage III zebrafish oocytes was found to be 69.5%. The mean values+/-SE of Lp were found to be 0.169+/-0.02 and 0.196+/-0.01 microm/min/atm in the presence of DMSO and PG, respectively, at 22 degrees C, assuming an internal isosmotic value for the oocyte of 272 mOsm. The Ps values were 0.000948+/-0.00015 and 0.000933+/-0.00005 cm/min for DMSO and PG, respectively. It was also shown that the membrane permeability of stage III oocytes decreased significantly with temperature. No significant changes in cell volume during methanol treatment were observed. Fish oocyte membrane permeability parameters are reported here for the first time. The Lp and Ps values obtained for stage III zebrafish oocytes are generally lower than those obtained from successfully cryopreserved mammalian oocytes and higher than those obtained with fish embryos and sea urchin eggs. It was not possible to estimate membrane permeability parameters for stage V oocytes using the methods employed in this study because stage V oocytes experienced the separation of outer oolemma membrane from inner vitelline during exposure to cryoprotectants.     

Osmotic consequences of cryoprotectant permeability and its relation to the survival of frozen-thawed embryos

The freezing of a living cell involves a complex physicochemical process of heat and water transport between the cell and its surrounding medium. Embryos survive cryopreservation only in the presence of a cryoprotectant in concentrations between 1 and 2M. During the addition and dilution of a permeating cryoprotectant, the cell undergoes osmotic changes in cell size. As a consequence, if the addition or particularly the dilution are carried out inappropriately, the viability of cells can be affected. Equations which model the influx and efflux of cryoprotectants in cells can be used to calculate the optimum and most practical addition and removal method. However, the equations require the permeability coefficient of the cryoprotectant, a quantity that has only experimentally determined for a few of the developmental stages of two species.     

Membrane permeability coefficients of murine primary neural brain cells in the presence of cryoprotectant

Neural cells isolated from the brain have a number of research and clinical applications, including transplantation to patients with neurodegenerative conditions. Tissue supply is one of the major limiting factors to clinical transplantation. Cryopreservation of primary neural cells would improve supply, aid in organisation of transplantation surgery and facilitate research. To date, cryopreservation using standard methods has resulted in reduced yield and/or viability of primary neural tissue. In order to optimise freezing protocols specifically for such cells, the non-osmotic volume (V_b), water permeability (L_p) and permeability to cryoprotectant (P_cpa) were determined.Murine foetal brain tissue from the ganglionic eminence (GE), ventral mesencephalon (VM), or neocortical mantle (Ctx) was trypsinised to a single cell suspension. To determine V_b, cell volume was measured after exposure to anisotonic solutions of sucrose (150–1500 mOsmol/kg). L_p (μm/min.atm) and P_cpa (μm/s) were determined for GE cells by measuring cell volume during exposure to 1.5 mol/l cryoprotectant. Cell volume was determined using an electronic particle counting method.V_b was 27% for Ctx and GE, and 30% for VM. The osmotic response of GE cells was similar in the presence of propane-1,2-diol and dimethyl sulphoxide. In the presence of ethylene glycol, cell volume decrease was greater on initial exposure to cryoprotectant and recovery slower. Differences in L_p, but not P_cpa, were found between cryoprotectants.The present results provide key parameters for optimisation of freezing protocols for cryopreservation of primary foetal brain tissues for application in neural cell transplantation.     

Cryopreservation of umbilical cord blood: 1. Osmotically inactive volume,hydraulic conductivity and permeability of CD34(+) cells to dimethyl sulphoxide

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an accepted treatment for the reconstitution of bone marrow function following myeloablative treatment predominantly in children and juveniles. Current cryopreservation protocols use methods established for bone marrow and peripheral blood progenitors cells that have largely been developed empirically. Such protocols can result in losses of up to 50% of the nucleated cell population: losses unacceptable for cord blood. The design of optimal cryopreservation regimes requires the development of addition and elution protocols for the chosen cryoprotectant; protocols that minimise damaging osmotic transients. The biophysical parameters necessary to model the addition and elution of dimethyl sulphoxide to and from cord blood CD34(+) cells have been established. An electronic particle counting method was used to establish the volumetric response of CD34(+) cells to changes in osmolality of the suspending medium. The non-osmotic volume of the cell was 0.27 of the cells isotonic volume. The permeation kinetics of CD34(+) cells to water and dimethyl sulphoxide were investigated at two temperatures, +1.5 and +20 degrees C. Values for the hydraulic conductivity were 3.2 x 10(-8) and 2.8 x 10(-7)cm/atm/s, respectively. Values for the permeability of dimethyl sulphoxide at these temperatures were 4.2 x 10(-7) and 7.4 x 10(-6)cm/s, respectively. Clonogenic assays indicated that the ability of CD34(+) cells to grow and differentiate was significantly impaired outside the limits 0.6-4x isotonic. Based on the Boyle van't Hoff plot, the tolerable limits for cell volume excursion were therefore 45-140% of isotonic volume. The addition and elution of cryoprotectant was modelled using a two-parameter model. Current protocols for the addition of cryoprotectant based on exposure at +4 degrees C would require additional time for complete equilibration of the cryoprotectant. During the elution phase current protocols are likely to cause CD34(+) cells to exceed tolerable limits. The addition of a short holding period during elution reduces the likelihood of this occurring.