Lactic acid production by mixed cultures of Kluyveromyces marxianus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus helveticus

Lactic acid production using Kluyveromyces marxianus (IFO 288), Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (ATCC 11842) and Lactobacillus helveticus (ATCC 15009) individually or as mixed culture on cheese whey in stirred or static fermentation conditions was evaluated. Lactic acid production, residual sugar and cell biomass were the main features examined. Increased lactic acid production was observed, when mixed cultures were used in comparison to individual ones. The highest lactic acid concentrations were achieved when K. marxianus yeast was combined with L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and when all the strains were used revealing possible synergistic effects between the yeast and the two lactic acid bacteria. The same synergistic effects were further observed and verified when the mixed cultures were applied in sourdough fermentations, proving that the above microbiological system could be applied in the food fermentations where high lactic acid production is sought.     

Growth and lactic acid production in batch culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a defined medium

To facilitate metabolic analysis, batch fermentations of Lactobacillus rhamnosus were carried out in a new defined medium. Biomass at 10.5 g/l and lactic acid at 67 g/l with a YP/S of 0.84 were achieved. The maximum specific growth rate and the average productivity were 0.49/h and 2.48 g/l.h, respectively. These are comparable to those of this organism and related organisms in complex media. Preliminary amino acid studies were also conducted, highlighting the importance of serine, asparagine, glutamine and cysteine. Kinetic analysis revealed that lactic acid production was predominantly growth-associated with growth associated and non-growth associated lactic acid constants of 0.389 mol/g-cell and 0.0025 mol/g-cell.h, respectively. Finally a kinetic model has been included to describe the fermentation of L. rhamnosus.     

Lactic acid and animal feeds production from Sophora flavescens residues by Rhizopus oryzae fermentation

In this study, the feasibility of producing lactic acid and animal feeds from Sophora flavescens residues (SFR) by Rhizopus oryzae was explored. Results showed that the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is the optimal fermentation mode, which was simple and high-efficiency. When the inoculation volume of R. oryzae was 10 % and the pH value was adjusted by adding CaCO₃ in stages during SSF, the maximum concentration of lactic acid was 46.78 g/L, and the maximum lactic acid productivity reached 0.97 g/L/h. Results also showed that the protein content of the solid residues after fermentation of R. oryzae reached 12.15 %. This content was 46 times higher than that by the original SFRs and nearly 4.3 times the protein content of the solid residues after fermentation by Enterococcus faecium. In addition, the solid residues after fermentation rich in Fe and Zn could be used as animal feeds or feed additives. Thus, it is expected that this study may provide a novel approach for Chinese medicine residues treatment towards full resource recovery.     

A novel Ganoderma lucidum G0119 fermentation strategy for enhanced triterpenes production by statistical process optimization and addition of oleic acid

A novel enhanced triterpenes fermentation production process by Ganoderma lucidum G0119 with the addition of oleic acid in the medium has been developed and optimized. All of the six exogenous additives tested were found to exhibit stimulatory effect on mycelial growth and triterpenes biosynthesis by G. lucidum. The results show that oleic acid addition had significant role in promoting triterpenes production. The optimal concentration and time of oleic acid addition were determined to be 30 mL/L and 0 h, respectively. Furthermore, three significant factors influencing triterpenes production were identified as glucose, magnesium sulfate and temperature using the Plackett–Burman design. The optimized conditions by central composite design were 27.83 g/L glucose, 1.32 g/L magnesium sulfate, 26.2°C temperature. The triterpenes fermentation yield with the optimized medium based on actual confirmatory experimental data in 6 L fermentor was 1.076 g/L versus the statistical model predicted value of 1.080 g/L. Our innovatively developed triterpenes fermentation production technology and process has been proven to produce high triterpenes productivity and yield conceivably useful for industrial production.     

Lactic acid production by immobilized Lactobacillus casei in recycle batch reactor: a step towards optimization.

Different nutritional and process parameters influencing lactic acid production by Lactobacillus casei, adsorbed to Poraver beads in a recycle batch reactor system, were studied in an attempt to set up a system having a long operational lifetime and permitting use of high substrate concentrations for maximal conversion to the product. The presence of lactose, even as a minor fraction of the total sugar amount, was necessary for complete utilization by the organism for growth and conversion to lactate. Hydrolysed whey protein constituted a richer source of nitrogen compared to yeast extract. Addition of lactate to the medium at the start of the process resulted in severe inhibition compared with the normal process. For a homofermentative process, pH 6.0 was found to be optimal. The overall productivity of the recycle system was higher under all conditions studied in comparison with the batch process using free cells. Enhancement in productivity in the recycle batch reactor was also accompanied by an increase in density of suspended cells. However, the contribution of the suspended cells to the overall reactor productivity was not noticeable. The bead size of the matrix was found to be important for operational stability of the reactor.     

Modeling and optimization of fermentative hydrogen production

Biohydrogen is a sustainable energy resource due to its potentially higher efficiency of conversion to usable power, non-polluting nature and high energy density. The purpose of modeling and optimization is to improve, analyze and predict biohydrogen production. Biohydrogen production depends on a number of variables, including pH, temperature, substrate concentration and nutrient availability, among others. Mathematical modeling of several distinct processes such as kinetics of microbial growth and products formation, steady state behavior of organic substrate along with its utilization and inhibition have been presented. Present paper summarizes the experimental design methods used to investigate effects of various factors on fermentative hydrogen production, including one-factor-at-a-time design, full factorial and fractional factorial designs. Each design method is briefly outlined, followed by the introduction of its analysis. In addition, the applications of artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, principal component analysis and optimization process using desirability function have also been highlighted.     

Lactic acid production from sugar-cane juice by a newly isolated Lactobacillus sp.

A newly isolated sucrose-tolerant, lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus sp. strain FCP2, was grown on sugar-cane juice (125 g sucrose l⁻¹, 8 g glucose l⁻¹ and 6 g fructose l⁻¹) for 5 days and produced 104 g lactic acid l⁻¹ with 90% yield. A higher yield (96%) and productivity (2.8 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹) were obtained when strain FCP2 was cultured on 3% w/v (25 g sucrose l⁻¹, 2 g glucose l⁻¹ and 1 g fructose l⁻¹) sugar-cane juice for 10 h. Various cheap nitrogen sources such as silk worm larvae, beer yeast autolysate and shrimp wastes were also used as a substitute to yeast extract.     

Growth and lactic acid production by Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosus in batch and membrane bioreactor: influence of yeast extract and Tryptone enrichment

Enrichment of the medium with yeast extract (20 g.l ) and Tryptone (40 g.l ) increased the growth of Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosusand its production of lactic acid in both batch and cell-recycle cultures without affecting glucose consumption and the lactic acid production rate.     

Lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars using lactic acid bacteria: Overview and limits

Lactic acid is an industrially important product with a large and rapidly expanding market due to its attractive and valuable multi-function properties. The economics of lactic acid production by fermentation is dependent on many factors, of which the cost of the raw materials is very significant. It is very expensive when sugars, e.g., glucose, sucrose, starch, etc., are used as the feedstock for lactic acid production. Therefore, lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for lactic acid production considering its great availability, sustainability, and low cost compared to refined sugars. Despite these advantages, the commercial use of lignocellulose for lactic acid production is still problematic. This review describes the “conventional” processes for producing lactic acid from lignocellulosic materials with lactic acid bacteria. These processes include: pretreatment of the biomass, enzyme hydrolysis to obtain fermentable sugars, fermentation technologies, and separation and purification of lactic acid. In addition, the difficulties associated with using this biomass for lactic acid production are especially introduced and several key properties that should be targeted for low-cost and advanced fermentation processes are pointed out. We also discuss the metabolism of lignocellulose-derived sugars by lactic acid bacteria.     

植物乳杆菌CLP0279发酵生产低温SOD培养基的优化

【目的】提高植物乳杆菌CLP0279发酵生产低温超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的能力。【方法】在单因素实验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman (PB)设计、Box-Behnken (BB)设计和响应面分析法(RSM),对发酵培养基进行优化。【结果】植物乳杆菌CLP0279产低温SOD最佳发酵培养基(g/L)：玉米粉25.000,磷酸二氢钾2.600,磷酸氢二钾1.830,硫酸铜0.011,硫酸锌0.014。在最佳培养基条件下产酶活力达到194.82 U/ml,是优化前的1.36倍。【结论】通过响应面分析,对植物乳杆菌CLP0279发酵生产低温SOD的培养基进行优化,明显提高了产酶能力。确定了磷酸氢二钾、硫酸铜和硫酸铵为发酵培养基中影响酶活的3个关键因子。研究结果为SOD的发酵放大提供了依据。     

Improvement of sordarin production through process optimization: combining traditional approaches with DOE

BMS-353645, also known as sordarin, was of interest based on its activity against pathogenic fungi. The objective of these studies was to provide high quality starting substrate for chemical modification aimed at further improving biological activity, with particular interest in the inhibition of Aspergillus. In the work presented here, Design of Experiments, or DOE, was successfully combined with traditional approaches to significantly improve sordarin yields in fermentation flasks. Overall, yields were increased 25-fold from <100 μg/g to as high as 2,609 μg/g in flasks through the use of various medium and conduction changes supplemented with DOE. The improved process was then successfully scaled to pilot plant tanks with the best batch producing 2,389 μg/g sordarin at the 250-l scale.     

Lactic acid production from hemicellulosic hydrolyzate by cells of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus bifermentans</Emphasis> immobilized in Ca-alginate using response surface methodology

Consumption of hexoses/pentoses and production of lactic acid by Lactobacillus bifermentans were investigated in optimized culture medium and hemicellulosic hydrolyzates. The hydrolyzate used had the following composition (expressed in gL⁻¹): xylose 50 ± 5 gL⁻¹; glucose 18 ± 3 gL⁻¹; arabinose 29 ± 5 gL⁻¹. The immobilization experiments were conducted with microbial cells entrapped in calcium alginate beads. The results indicate that maximum concentrations of lactic acid were produced after 54 h of fermentation. All glucose and arabinose in wheat bran hydrolyzate were consumed during fermentation. Only xylose was not completely consumed. The substrate consumption rate was 3.2 gh⁻¹, 1.9 gh⁻¹, 1.6 gh⁻¹ respectively for glucose, arabinose, and xylose. The optimized culture condition gave a lactic acid concentration and metabolic yield of 62.77 gL⁻¹ and 0.83 gg⁻¹. These parameters improved to 41.3 gL⁻¹ and 0.47 gg⁻¹ respectively, when cell free was used.     

Isolation of γ-aminobutyric acid-producing bacteria and optimization of fermentative medium

Ten γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated from kimchi and yoghurt. The strain B, isolated from kimchi showed the highest GABA-producing ability (3.68 g/L) in MRS broth with 1% monosodium glutamate (MSG). Strain B was identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. The GABA-producing ability of L. lactis B was investigated using brown rice juice, germinated soybean juice and enzymolyzed skim milk as medium compositions. The D-optimal mixture design was applied to optimize the ratio of the three kinds of components in the media. The results showed that when the mixing ratio of brown rice juice, germinated soybean juice and enzymolyzed skim milk was 33:58:9 (v:v:v), the maximum GABA yield of L. lactis B was 6.41 g/L.     

Lactic acid production from cellulosic waste by immobilized cells of Lactobacillus delbrueckii

Industrial waste corn cob residue (from xylose manufacturing) without pretreatment was hydrolyzed by cellulase and cellobiase. The cellulosic hydrolysate contained 52.4 g l⁻¹ of glucose and was used as carbon source for lactic acid fermentation by cells of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ZU-S2 immobilized in calcium alginate gel beads. The final concentration of lactic acid and the yield of lactic acid from glucose were 48.7 g l⁻¹ and 95.2%, respectively, which were comparative to the results of pure glucose fermentation. The immobilized cells were quite stable and reusable, and the average yield of lactic acid from glucose in the hydrolysate was 95.0% in 12 repeated batches of fermentation. The suitable dilution rate of continuous fermentation process was 0.13 h⁻¹, and the yield of lactic acid from glucose and the productivity were 92.4% and 5.746 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. The production of lactic acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process was carried out in a coupling bioreactor, the final concentration of lactic acid was 55.6 g l⁻¹, the conversion efficiency of lactic acid from cellulose was 91.3% and the productivity was 0.927 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹. By using fed-batch technique in the SSF process, the final concentration of lactic acid and the productivity increased to 107.6 g l⁻¹ and 1.345 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively, while the dosage of cellulase per gram substrate decreased greatly. This research work should advance the bioconversion of renewable cellulosic resources and reduce environmental pollution.     

两株乳酸菌的产酸性能及其对抗生素敏感性研究

从市售酸奶中分离出2株乳酸菌,经鉴定为嗜热链球菌(St)与保加利亚乳杆菌(Lb),并对其产酸性能及对抗生素敏感性进行了研究。结果表明:St与Lb 1∶1混合发酵效果优于单菌发酵;乳酸菌对4种抗生素类药物敏感性较弱,服用该类药物对人体肠道内乳酸菌的有益作用产生的影响较小。     

Statistical optimization of critical medium components for lipase production from Yarrowia lipolytica (MTCC 35)

Statistical optimization is an effective technique for the investigation of complex processes with minimal number of experimental runs. In this study, statistical approach was used to study the optimization of media components for lipase production from Yarrowia lipolytica MTCC 35. Mahua cake, glucose, MnCl₂ and KH₂PO₄ were screened to be the most significant variables among the nine medium variables that were tested to determine influence on lipase production by Plackett–Burman design. Central Composite Design was used for further optimization of these screened variables for enhanced lipase production. The determination coefficient (R²) value of 0.922 showed that the regression models adequately explain the data variation and represent the actual relationships between the variables and response. The optimum values of investigated variables for the maximum lipase production were 6.0% Mahua cake, 2.0% glucose, 0.2% MnCl₂ and 0.2% KH₂PO₄. The maximum lipase production (9.40 U mL^?1) was obtained under optimal condition.     

Enhancement of lactic acid production with ram horn peptone by Lactobacillus casei

Ram horns are a waste material from the meat industry. The use of ram horn peptone (RHP) as a supplement for lactic acid production was investigated using Lactobacillus casei. For this purpose, first, RHP was produced. Ram horns were hydrolysed by treating with acids (3 M H₂SO₄ and 6 M HCl) and neutralizing the solutions to yield ram horn hydrolysate (RHH). The RHH was evaporated to yield RHP. The amounts of protein, nitrogen, ash, some minerals, total sugars, total lipids and amino acids of the RHP were determined and compared with a bacto-tryptone from casein. When the concentrations (1–6% w/v) of the RHP were used in bacterial growth medium as a supplement, 2% RHP (ram horn peptone medium) had a maximum influence on the production of lactic acid by L. casei. The content of lactic acid in the culture broth containing 2% RHP (43 g l^–1) grown for 24 h was 30% higher than that of the control culture broth (33 g l^–1) and 10% higher than that of 2% bacto-tryptone (39 g l^–1). RHP was demonstrated to be a suitable supplement for production of lactic acid. This RHP may prove to be a valuable supplement in fermentation technology.     

Lactic acid/wood-based composite material. Part 1: Synthesis and characterization

As biomass feedstock, wood and lactic acid biopolymers have been used as constituents of an innovative biocomposite material possessing remarkable properties. Three different systems were made by soaking lactic acid oligomers into solid wood and then oven heating to induce in situ polymerisation, confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. Combinations of treatment systems and heating durations, implying structural wood modification, led to different physical behaviours of the composites. The first obtained material was in the form of softened and easily bendable wood. Subjected to an extended heating period, this softened material could then regain its initial hardness. Another treatment parameter combination directly led to densified wood with improved properties. These two main composite materials are expected to be useable for bending, stamping or flooring industrial uses, depending on their physical condition.     

Isolation, characterization and evolution of a new thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis for lactic acid production in mineral salts medium

The high fermentation cost of lactic acid is a barrier for polylactic acid (PLA) to compete with the petrochemical derived plastics. In order to lower the cost of lactic acid, the industry needs a microorganism that can ferment various sugars at high temperature (50 °C) and at the same time using low cost mineral salts (MS) medium. One such bacterium, BL1, was isolated at 50 °C and identified as Bacillus licheniformis. BL1 can ferment glucose to optically pure l-lactate with a maximum specific productivity of 7.8 g/h l in LB medium and 0.7 g/h l in MS medium at 50 °C. BL1 can also consume 10% and 15% glucose in 20 and 48 h, respectively. After serial transfer of BL1 and BL2 in different concentrations of xylose and MS medium respectively, the final mutant BL3 could efficiently ferment glucose and xylose with specific productivity of 1.9 g/h l and 1.2 g/h l in strict MS medium.     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2产抑菌物质培养基及发酵条件优化

【目的】优化解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2产抑菌活性物质发酵培养基及发酵条件。【方法】以马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基为基础,依据发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈的单因素试验结果,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化发酵培养基,二次通用旋转组合设计,频率分析法优化发酵条件。【结果】影响发酵液抑菌活性的培养基主要组分为马铃薯、蔗糖和L-谷氨酸钠,最优发酵培养基配方为:马铃薯188.0 g/L,蔗糖22.0 g/L,L-谷氨酸钠1.80 g/L,培养基成本为0.81元/L;最佳发酵条件为:接种量6%、发酵温度30°C、装液量40 mL/250 mL、摇床转速185 r/min、发酵时间24 h、初始pH 7.0。优化后发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径为30.82 mm,较优化前的18.22 mm增加了12.60 mm。【结论】优化后的培养基和发酵条件提高了解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2发酵液的抑菌活性,为该菌株的工业化生产应用提供了依据。