Candidate SNP of CACNA2D1 Gene Associated with Clinical Mastitis and Production Traits in Sahiwal (Bos taurus indicus) and Karan Fries (Bos taurus taurus × Bos taurus indicus)

The present study was conducted to identify polymorphisms in CACNA2D1 gene and their association with clinical mastitis and production traits. Exon 18 and its flanking regions were screened for the presence of SNPs. Statistical analysis was performed to identify association of period of birth, breed, and genotype with mastitis incidence on randomly selected 103 Sahiwal and 102 Karan Fries cattle. PCR-RFLP analysis revealed that g.38819398G?>?A mutation in exon 18 (269?bp amplicon) of CACNA2D1 gene resolved into AA, AG, and GG genotypes in Sahiwal and Karan Fries cattle. Wald chi-square analysis revealed that the period of birth, breed, and genotype were significantly associated with mastitis incidence. GG genotyped cattle were found to be less susceptible to mastitis. Least square analysis revealed that GG and AG genotype animals of G38819398A SNP of CACNA2D1 gene in Sahiwal as well as in Karan Fries cattle were associated with higher average milk yields during 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lactations (P?<?0.01). These observations and their differential association with the incidence of mastitis and production traits can be utilized as an aid to selection for simultaneous improvement of both antagonistic traits; however, validation of results on large number of animals is warranted.     

Molecular characterization, polymorphism and association study of lysozyme gene with milk production and somatic cell trait in Bos indicus × Bos taurus cattle

Lysozyme, an anti-bacterial enzyme, is mostly found in the body fluids, various tissues and secretions of animals and humans, and confers immunity against a wide range of bacterial species. The present study was carried out to elucidate the gene sequence of this enzyme in Indian Sahiwal × Holstein Friesian crossbred cattle and to explore the polymorphism of the gene as well as their association with milk production and somatic cell traits. The total length of lysozyme cDNA was found to be of 447 bp. The similarity with Bos taurus, human, pig, monkey, gorilla, mice, rat, chicken, dog and sheep was estimated as 99.1%, 85%, 81.0%, 85.2%, 84.3%, 77.9%, 77.9%, 41.4%, 40.5% and 24.6%, respectively. Polymorphism study of two fragments, extended exon1 including promoter, exon1 and partial intron1 (268 bp), and extended exon2 including partial intron1 and 2, and exon2 region (287 bp) of milk lysozyme gene was carried out by employing single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP). In the extended exon1 fragment, three alleles namely A, B and C with frequencies of 0.59, 0.28 and 0.12 were observed while in the exon extended fragment, three different alleles - P, Q and R with respective frequencies of 0.61, 0.38 and 0.01 - were determined in Indian Sahiwal × Holstein Friesian cross. A total of eight haplotypes were found in this population where the most predominant one was h1 (0.52). Genotypes of exon1 extended fragment showed significant association with total milk yield, daily milk yield, peak yield and somatic cell score at P < 0.05 while that of exon2 extended fragment had significant correlation with only total lactational milk yield. Haplotype combinations also revealed significant association with total milk production where h1h1 homozygous showed highest yield during first lactation.     

Isolation and characteristics of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) in the Chinese yakow (Bos grunniens×Bos taurus)

The Chinese yakow is the offspring of yak (Bos grunniens) and Yellow cattle (Bos taurus). The melanocortin 1receptor gene (MC1R) plays a crucial role in determining coat colour of mammals. To investigate the relationship of polymorphism of the MC1R with coat colour in the Chinese yakow, the coding sequence (CDS) and the flanking region of MC1R were sequenced from 84 Chinese yakow samples and compared with the sequences of the MC1R from other bovid species. A fragment of 1134 base pair (bp) sequences including the full CDS (954bp) and parts of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (162 and 18bp, respectively) of the Chineseyakow MC1R were obtained. A total of 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including 4 SNPs (T-129C, A-127C, C-106T, G-1A) in the 5'-untranslated region and 9 SNPs (C201T, T206C, C340A, C375T, T663C, G714C, C870T, G871A and T890C) in the CDS were identified, revealing high genetic variability. Four novel SNPs including T206C, G714C, C870T and T890C, which have not been reported previously in bovid species, were retrieved. Within 9 coding SNPs, C201T, C375T, T663C and C870T were silent mutations, while T206C, C340A, G714C, G871A and T890C were mis-sense mutations, corresponding to amino acid changes p.L69P, p.Q114K, p.K238N, p.A291N and p.I297T, respectively. Amino acid sequences alignment showed a more than 96% similarity with other ruminates. However, three classical bovine MC1R loci the E(D), E(+) and e were not retrieved in the Chinese yakow, indicating other genes or factors could be involved in affecting coat colour in this species.     

Interferon-α Genes from Bos and Bubalus bubalus

Interferon-α genes were cloned from six breeds of three species of two genera (three Chinese native cattle breeds of yellow cattle, wild yak and HuanHu domestic yak, one European breed of Holstein cow, and two water buffalo breeds of FuAn water buffalo and FuZhong water buffalo) by direct PCR. The PCR products were directly inserted into the expression vector to be sequenced and expressed. Sequence analysis showed that IFN-α genes of six clones were composed of 498 nucleotides, encoding a mature polypeptide with 166 amino acids. Compared with the published BoIFN-α subtypes, the IFN-α gene of Holstein cow had only one point mutation with the BoIFN-αA subtype. The IFN-α gene of yellow cattle was similar to the BoIFN-αD subtype with amino acid identity of 97.0% and may be considered as a new subtype, namely, BoIFN-αD1. The other four IFN-α genes, cloned from wild yak and HuanHu domestic yak, FuAn water buffalo, and FuZhong water buffalo, represented four new subtypes, namely, BoIFN-αI, BoIFN-αJ, BuIFN-α1, and BuIFN-α2, respectively. Each of the six clones was expressed in E. coli with molecular weight of ～ 20kDa by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses. Antiviral activity assays showed that the six recombinant IFN-α (rIFN-α) all exhibited 1000 times higher antiviral activity in the MDBK/VSV cell line than in the CEF/VSV one. Moreover, the rIFN-αs could inhibit infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus replication in the MDBK cell line using CPE inhibition method. The results suggested that rIFN-αs a potential agent for clinical application against virus diseases in cattle industry.     

Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese yak breeds （Bos grunniens） using microsatellite markers

Nine Chinese yak breeds (Maiwa,Tianzhu White,Qinghai Plateau,Sibu,Zhongdian,Pall,Tibetan High Mountain,Jiulong,and Xin-jiang) and Gayal were analyzed by means of 16 microsatellite markers to determine the level of genetic variation within populations,genetic relationship between populations,and population structure for each breed.A total of 206 microsatellite alleles were observed.Mean F-statistics (0.056) for 9 yak breeds indicated that 94.4% of the genetic variation was observed within yak breeds and 5.6% of the genetic variation existed amongst breeds.The Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic free was constructed based on Nei's standard genetic dis-tances and two clusters were obtained.The Gayal separated from the yaks far away and formed one cluster and 9 yak breeds were grouped together.The analysis of population structure for 9 yak breeds and the Gayal showed that they resulted in four clusters; one clus-ter includes yaks from Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province,one cluster combines Zhongdian,Maiwa,and Tianzhu White,and Jiulong and Xinjiang come into the third cluster.Pali was mainly in the first cluster (90%),Jiulong was mainly in the second cluster (87.1%),Zhongdian was primarily in the third cluster (83%),and the other yak breeds were distributed in two to three clusters.The Gayal was positively left in the fourth cluster (99.3%).     

Amino acid differences in interferon-tau (IFN-τ) of Bos taurus Coreanae and Holstein

Interferons (IFNs) are commonly grouped into type I and type II IFN. Type I IFNs are known as antiviral IFNs including IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-ω whereas type II IFN is referred to immune IFN and IFN-γ is only member of the type II IFN. Type I IFNs are induced by virus invading however type II IFN is produced by mitogenic or antigenic stimuli. IFN-τ was first identified in ruminant ungulates as a pregnancy recognition hormone, trophoblastin. IFN-τ constitutes a new class of type I IFN, which possesses the common features of type I IFN, such as the ability to prevent viral infection and to limit cell proliferation. In addition, IFN-τ is unique in that it is induced by pregnancy unlike other type I IFNs. We cloned Bos taurus (B. T.) Coreanae IFN-τ from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The amino acid sequence of B. T. Coreanae IFN-τ shares only 90.3% identity with that of Holstein dairy cow. Recombinant B. T. Coreanae and Holstein IFN-τ proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and the antiviral activity of IFN-τ proteins were examined. Both recombinant proteins were active and protected human WISH and bovine MDBK cells from the cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus. The recombinant IFN-τ protein of B. T. Coreanae and Holstein properly induced the expression of antiviral genes including 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and Mx GTPase 1 (Mx-1).     

牦牛(Bos grunniens)染色体的研究

牦牛独产于中亚,以我国最多,其次是蒙古、苏联、尼泊尔。我国现有牦牛1,200多万头,占世界牦牛总数85％以上,占我国养牛业的14％以上。但由于我国牦牛还是一个原始牛种,生长发育缓慢、生产性能低,远远不能适应国民经济发展的需要。长期以来,国內     

The Enigmatic Origin of Bovine mtDNA Haplogroup R: Sporadic Interbreeding or an Independent Event of Bos primigenius Domestication in Italy?

Background

When domestic taurine cattle diffused from the Fertile Crescent, local wild aurochsen (Bos primigenius) were still numerous. Moreover, aurochsen and introduced cattle often coexisted for millennia, thus providing potential conditions not only for spontaneous interbreeding, but also for pastoralists to create secondary domestication centers involving local aurochs populations. Recent mitochondrial genomes analyses revealed that not all modern taurine mtDNAs belong to the shallow macro-haplogroup T of Near Eastern origin, as demonstrated by the detection of three branches (P, Q and R) radiating prior to the T node in the bovine phylogeny. These uncommon haplogroups represent excellent tools to evaluate if sporadic interbreeding or even additional events of cattle domestication occurred.

Methodology

The survey of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region variation of 1,747 bovine samples (1,128 new and 619 from previous studies) belonging to 37 European breeds allowed the identification of 16 novel non-T mtDNAs, which after complete genome sequencing were confirmed as members of haplogroups Q and R. These mtDNAs were then integrated in a phylogenetic tree encompassing all available P, Q and R complete mtDNA sequences.

Conclusions

Phylogenetic analyses of 28 mitochondrial genomes belonging to haplogroups P (N = 2), Q (N = 16) and R (N = 10) together with an extensive survey of all previously published mtDNA datasets revealed major similarities between haplogroups Q and T. Therefore, Q most likely represents an additional minor lineage domesticated in the Near East together with the founders of the T subhaplogroups. Whereas, haplogroup R is found, at least for the moment, only in Italy and nowhere else, either in modern or ancient samples, thus supporting an origin from European aurochsen. Haplogroup R could have been acquired through sporadic interbreeding of wild and domestic animals, but our data do not rule out the possibility of a local and secondary event of B. primigenius domestication in Italy.     

Role of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in modulating the molecular mechanism adopted by melanocytes of Bos indicus under UVR stress

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - Ultraviolet radiations (UVR) are responsible for a wide variety of acute and chronic effects on the animal skin. However, the effect of UVR-induced oxidative...     

云南野牛(Bos gaurus)生长发育的初步观察

1972—1973年间,我们对一头雌性云南小野牛进行了生长发育的测定,其结果如下: 材料和方法 一、材料来源:一头雌性的云南野牛幼体,系1972年4月1日,在西双版纳勐腊县易武公社,丫口寨的傜族社员所捕获。捕到时,此牛脐带刚脱落,脐带口尚具渗出物。显然是一只刚出生的小牛犊。 二、小野牛的饲养管理:小野牛捕到后社员曾利用家牛哺过乳。运至乳牛场后,我们即改用荷兰奶牛进行哺乳,在小野牛半岁前,我们一直用乳牛进行哺乳,每天定时哺乳四次,每次15—20分钟。平时,奶牛与小野牛分别关养。哺乳前将奶牛后肢用绳索保定,以防奶牛踢伤牛犊。半岁后除哺乳外,尚逐渐加喂白菜、胡萝卜和混合精料。一周岁后即断了奶,改用粗精饲料喂养。每日精料配合如下:     

Hucleotide sequence of the Bos indicus α‐lactalbumin 5’ flanking region: Comparison with the 605 taurus sequence

Abstract

The 5’ flanking region of the α‐lactalbumin gene from Bos indicus (Brahman) and Bos taurus (Holstein) have been sequenced. The sequences were compared to detect potential sequence variations. The 538 bp of 5’ flanking region contained nine sequence variations between the two breeds. Seven of the variations occur in the 5’ flanking region of the α‐lactalbumin gene and two occur in the region encoding the 5’ untranslated region of the mRNA. Seven of the variations are conservative purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine variations, while two are purine to pyrimidine variations.     

黄牛（Bos taurus）基因组P450基因家族的分析

利用黄牛基因组cDNA和氨基酸数据库对P450基因进行搜索和分析,结果显示：在黄牛基因组中发现64个P450基因,分别属于18个P450家族和38个亚家族。以氨基酸序列相似度大于60％为标准对黄牛P450基因进行分组,32个为孤儿基因,其余32个可归入9个组,其中7个组适合于正选择和基因转换分析。结果表明：有3个组显著受到正选择压力作用,其中的2个组有正选择概率大于95％的氨基酸位点,分别位于底物识别位点SRS1和SRS2;有5个组显示显著的基因转换事件;既显著受到正选择压力作用,又参与基因转换的基因共4个。可见,发生基因转换的基因与受到显著正选择的基因有一定的相关性。此外,鉴定出20个不同的基序,其中有6条基序在90％以上的基因中出现。     

北京西郊—原始牛(Bos primigenius)头骨化石

这里記述的一原始牛头骨化石是1956年解放軍某部在北京复兴門外柳林館玉渊潭开发永定河引河的义务劳动中发現的。后来由北京市文化局文物調查研究組囑我所鑑定。目前該标本陈列于中央自然博物館古生物館中。原始牛(Bos primigenius Bojanus)头骨带有完整的頰齿,除了吻部已缺失,額部受些挤压外,大致保存完好。石化較深。     

我国黄牛属(Bos)五个种的染色体比较研究

本文应用外周血淋巴细胞短期培养方法,研究了我国黄牛属中五种牛的染色体组型,结果:黄牛(Bos taurus)2n=60;牦牛(Bos grunniens)2n=60;高峰牛(Bos indicus)2n=60;大额牛(Bos frontalis)2n=58;云南野牛(Bos gaurus readei)2n=56。并从染色体数目和形态上比较了它们之间的差异和类同。最后,从细胞遗传学角度讨论了这几种牛彼此之间杂交育种的可能性,为畜牧业上培养新的优良牛种提供了细胞遗传学的依据。     

野牦牛（Bos grunniens mutus）mtDNA D\|Loop区的遗传多样性

为从分子水平上评价野牦牛(Bos grunniens mutus)的遗传多样性,对6头野牦公牛线粒体DNA D-loop 区全序列进行了克隆和测定(GenBank登录号为:FJ548840～FJ548845),结合GenBank中已刊登的2条野牦牛的相应序列,使用BioEdit 7 0 9、DnaSP 4.10.1、Arlequin 3.11等生物信息学软件,对全部8条序列开展了比对分析,确定了多态位点与单倍型数目,计算了核苷酸多样度和单倍型多样度.结果表明8条野牦牛线粒体DNA D-loop 区全序列长度在891～894 bp之间,其中A、T、G和C 4种核苷酸的平均含量分别为32.68%、28.65%、13.46%和25.21%,A+T的平均含量为61.33%.排除4处核苷酸的插入或缺失后,共检测到39处转换和颠换位点,占分析序列总长度的4.38%,其中包括4处单一多态位点和35处简约信息位点.依据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了7种单倍型,单倍型多样度(h)为0.9643,核苷酸多样度(π)为0.02144,提示野牦牛群体具有丰富的遗传多样性.     

Hyperphagia by self- and xeno-cannibalism: cell death by indigestion?: a reminiscence of the Phedrus Fabula "Rana Rupta et Bos"?

The occurrence of self- and xeno-cannibalism could be considered as two different aspects of the same well-regulated process. The formation of autophagosomes can represent a survival option for a cell in unfavorable conditions but it can also lead to cell demise. In fact, autophagy has been considered as an additional and clear-cut cell death pathway. We herein speculate that selfeating by autophagy could be paralleled by a cannibalistic behavior, e.g., by cell feeding of siblings, that can also become detrimental. This behavior in fact, once exacerbated, can also lead to cell death, probably bolstering intracellular oxidative imbalance. In this case, a survival option, such as self- and xeno-cannibalism, can be turned into a peculiar death option: cell death by feeding excess. Under this point of view, over-feeding cells are reminiscent of the frog in the Phedrus Fabula "Rana Rupta et Bos".