Fertility in dairy cows following presynchronization and administering twice the luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2α as one or two injections in the 5-day timed artificial insemination protocol

The objectives were to evaluate pregnancy per AI (P/AI) of dairy cows subjected to the 5-day timed AI protocol under various synchronization and luteolytic treatments. Cows were either presynchronized or received supplemental progesterone during the synchronization protocol, and received a double luteolytic dose of PGF_2α, either as one or two injections. In Experiment 1, dairy cows (n = 737; Holstein = 250, Jersey = 80, and crossbred = 407) in two seasonal grazing dairy farms were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The day of AI was considered study Day 0. Half of the cows were presynchronized (G6G: PGF_2α on Day −16 and GnRH on Day −14) and received the 5-day timed AI protocol using 1 mg of cloprostenol, either as a single injection (G6G-S: GnRH on Day −8, PGF_2α on Day −3, and GnRH + AI on Day 0) or divided into two injections of 0.5 mg each (G6G-T: GnRH on Day −8, PGF_2α on Day −3 and −2, and GnRH + AI on Day 0). The remaining cows were not presynchronized and received a controlled internal drug-release (CIDR) insert containing progesterone from GnRH to the first PGF_2α injection of the 5-day timed AI protocol, and 1 mg of cloprostenol either as a single injection on Day -3 (CIDR-S) or divided into two injections of 0.5 mg each on Days -3 and -2 (CIDR-T). Ovaries were examined by ultrasonography on Days −8 and −3 and plasma progesterone concentrations were determined on Days −3 and 0. In Experiment 2, 655 high-producing Holstein cows had their estrous cycle presynchronized with PGF_2α at 46 ± 3 and 60 ± 3 days postpartum and were randomly assigned to receive 50 mg of dinoprost during the 5-day timed AI protocol, either as a single injection or divided into two injections of 25 mg each. Pregnancies per AI were determined on Days 35 and 64 after AI in both experiments. In Experiment 1, presynchronization with G6G increased the proportion of cows with a CL on Day −8 (80.6 vs. 58.8%), ovulation to the first GnRH of the protocol (64.2 vs. 50.2%), and the presence (95.6 vs. 88.4%) and number (1.79 vs. 1.30) of CL at PGF_2α compared with CIDR cows. Luteolysis was greater for two injections compared to a single PGF_2α injection (two PGF_2α = 95.9 vs. single PGF_2α = 72.2%), especially in presynchronized cows (G6G-T = 96.2 vs. G6G-S = 61.7%). For cows not presynchronized, two PGF_2α injections had no effect on P/AI (CIDR-S = 30.2 vs. CIDR-T = 34.3%), whereas for presynchronized cows, it improved P/AI (G6G-S = 28.7 vs. G6G-T = 45.4%). In Experiment 2, the two-PGF_2α injection increased P/AI on Days 35 (two PGF_2α = 44.5 vs. single PGF_2α = 36.4%) and 64 (two PGF_2α = 40.3% vs. single PGF_2α = 32.6%) after AI. Presynchronization and dividing the dose of PGF_2α (either cloprostenol or dinoprost) into two injections increased P/AI in lactating dairy cows subjected to the 5-day timed AI protocol.     

Ovarian responses and embryo survival in recipient lactating Holstein cows treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin

The objectives of Experiment 1 were to determine a dose of eCG that would increase total luteal volume and plasma progesterone (P4) concentration on estrous cycle Day 7 in cows. The objectives of Experiment 2 were to determine the effects of treating embryo recipient lactating Holstein cows with eCG on pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET). In Experiment 1, lactating dairy cows at 63 ± 3 d postpartum (DIM) received no treatment (control, n = 10), or 600 (eCG6, n = 19), or 800 (eCG8, n = 19) IU of eCG 2 d after the start of the ovulation-synchronization protocol, Day -8 (Day -10 GnRH, Day -3 PGF_2α, Day 0 GnRH). Blood was sampled on Days -10, -8, -3, 0, 7, and 14 for P4 concentration. Ovaries were examined by ultrasound on Days -10, -3, 0, and 7. In Experiment 2, lactating dairy cows were paired according to parity and previous insemination (0 or > 1 insemination) and assigned to receive 800 IU of eCG (eCG8, n = 152) 2 d after the start of the ovulation-synchronization protocol (Day -10 GnRH, Day -3 PGF_2α, Day 0 GnRH) or to receive no treatment (control, n = 162). Blood was sampled on Days -10, -3, 0, 7, and 14 for determination of P4 concentration. Ovaries were examined by ultrasound on Days -10, -3, and 7, and cows with a CL > 20 mm in diameter on Day 7 received an embryo. In Experiment 1, P4 concentration on Day 7 was higher (P < 0.05) for eCG8 cows (2.3 ± 0.3 ng/mL) compared with control (1.2 ± 0.3 ng/mL) and eCG6 (1.1 ± 0.3 ng/mL) cows. In Experiment 2, eCG8 primiparous cows had more (P < 0.01) follicles > 10 mm on Day -3 compared with control primiparous cows (2.5 ± 0.9 vs 1.7 ± 0.5 mm), but multiparous control and eCG8 cows did not differ. A larger (P = 0.03) percentage of control cows received an embryo (87.5 vs 79.1%) compared with eCG8 cows. Among cows that received an embryo, total luteal volume on Day 7 was affected (P = 0.05) by treatment (eCG8 = 8.3 ± 0.4 cm³, control = 6.2 ± 0.4 cm³), but P4 concentration on Day 7 did not differ significantly between treatments. The percentage of cows pregnant 53 d after ET (overall, 24.2%) was not significantly different between control and eCG8 cows. In the current study, no differences in P/ET were observed between control and eCG8 cows and treatment with eCG increased the percentage of cows with asynchronous estrous cycle.     

Evaluation of models to induce low progesterone during the early luteal phase in cattle

Two experiments were designed to evaluate models for generation of low circulating progesterone concentrations during early pregnancy in cattle. In Experiment 1, 17 crossbred heifers (Bos taurus) were assigned to either prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) administration on Days 3, 3.5, and 4 (PG3; n = 9) or to control (n = 8). Blood samples were collected from heifers from Days 1 to 9 for progesterone assay. Progesterone concentrations were decreased (P < 0.03) between 18 and 48 h after first PGF_2α treatment in heifers assigned to PG3 compared with that of controls. In Experiment 2, 39 crossbred heifers detected in estrus were inseminated (Day 0) and assigned to either (1) PGF_2α administration on Days 3, 3.5, and 4 (PG3; n = 10), (2) PGF_2α administration on Days 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 (PG4; n = 10), (3) Progesterone Releasing Intravaginal Device (PRID) insertion on Day 4.5 with PGF_2α administration on Days 5 and 6 (PRID + PGF_2α; n = 10), or (4) control (n = 9). Blood samples were collected daily until Day 15, and conceptus survival rate was determined at slaughter on Day 16. Progesterone concentrations during the sampling period in the PG3 and PG4 groups did not differ but were less than that of controls (P < 0.01). After an initial peak, progesterone concentrations in the PRID + PGF_2α group were similar to that of controls. More heifers in the PG4 group (6 of 10) had complete luteal regression than did those in the PG3 group (3 of 10). Conceptus survival rate on Day 16 did not differ between groups. There was a significant correlation between progesterone concentration on Days 5 and 6 and conceptus size on Day 16. In summary, treatment with PGF_2α on Days 3, 3.5, and 4 postestrus appeared to provide the best model to induce reduced circulating progesterone concentrations during the early luteal phase in cattle.     

Lack of complete regression of the Day 5 corpus luteum after one or two doses of PGF2α in nonlactating Holstein cows

The early corpus luteum (CL) (before Day 6) does not regress after a single PGF_2α treatment. We hypothesized that increasing PGF_2α dose or number of treatments would allow regression of the early CL (Day 5). Nonlactating Holstein cows (N = 22) were synchronized using the Ovsynch protocol. On Day 5 (Day 0 = second GnRH treatment), cows were assigned to: (1) control (N = 5): no further treatment; (2) 1PGF (N = 6): one dose of 25 mg PGF_2α; (3) 2PGF (N = 5): two doses of 25 mg PGF_2α (50 mg) given 8 hours apart (second PGF_2α on Day 5 at the same time as the other PGF_2α treatments); (4) DPGF (N = 6): double dose of 25 mg PGF_2α (50 mg) given on Day 5. Blood samples were collected to monitor progesterone (P4) profiles in two periods. In the first period (0 to 24 hours), there were effects of treatment (P = 0.01), time (P < 0.01), and an interaction of treatment and time (P = 0.02). Group 1PGF versus control was different only at 12 hours (P = 0.02). Cows treated with DPGF were different than control at 4 hours (P = 0.04), 12 hours (P < 0.01), and 24 hours (P < 0.01). Only cows treated with 2PGF had lower P4 than control during the entire period and low P4 (0.37 ± 0.17 ng/mL) at 24 hours, usually indicative of luteolysis. In the second period (Day 5 to 15 of the cycle), there were effects of treatment (P < 0.01), time (P < 0.01), and interaction of treatment and time (P = 0.002). Group 1PGF was not different than control from Day 5 to 13 and P4 was greater than control on Day 14 (P = 0.01) and 15 (P < 0.01). Circulating P4 in DPGF cows was lower than control from Day 7 (P = 0.05) through 12 (P < 0.01). Likewise, there were differences between control and 2PGF from Day 7 to 13, but not on Day 14 and 15. On Day 15, all PGF_2α-treated groups had circulating P4 consistent with an active CL. Ultrasound evaluation confirmed that no CL from any group completely regressed during the experiment and no new ovulations occurred to account for functional CL later in cycle. In summary, a double dose of PGF_2α (twice on Day 5 or 8 hours apart) can dramatically decrease P4, consistent with classical definitions of luteolysis; however, these CL recover and become fully functional. Thus, the Day 5 CL of mature Holstein cows do not regress even to two doses of PGF_2α.     

Luteal function,largest follicle,and fertility in postpartum dairy cows treated with 14dCIDR-PGF2α versus 2xPGF2α-Ovsynch for timed AI

A method for timed artificial insemination (AI) that is used for beef cows, beef heifers, and dairy heifers employs progesterone-releasing inserts, such as the controlled internal drug release (CIDR; Zoetis, New York, NY, USA) that are left in place for 14 days. The 14-day CIDR treatment is a method of presynchronization that ensures that cattle are in the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle when PGF_2α is administered before timed AI. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of the 14dCIDR-PGF_2α program in postpartum dairy cows by comparing it with the traditional “Presynch-Ovsynch” (2xPGF_2α-Ovsynch) program. The 14dCIDR-PGF_2α cows (n = 132) were treated with a CIDR insert on Day 0 for 14 days. At 19 days after CIDR removal (Day 33), the cows were treated with a luteolytic dose of PGF_2α, 56 hours later were treated with an ovulatory dose of GnRH (Day 35), and 16 hours later were inseminated. The 2xPGF_2α-Ovsynch cows were treated with a luteolytic dose of PGF_2α on Day 0 and again on Day 14. At 12 days after the second PGF_2α treatment (Day 26), the cows were treated with GnRH. At 7 days after GnRH, the cows were treated with PGF_2α (Day 33), then 56 hours later treated with GnRH (Day 35), and then 16 hours later were inseminated. There was no effect of treatment or treatment by parity interaction on pregnancies per AI (P/AI) when pregnancy diagnosis was performed on Day 32 (115/263; 43.7%) or Days 60 to 90 (99/263; 37.6%) after insemination. There was an effect of parity (P < 0.05) on P/AI because primiparous cows had lesser P/AI (35/98; 35.7%) than multiparous cows (80/165; 48.5%) on Day 32. Cows observed in estrus after the presynchronization step (within 5 days after CIDR removal or within 5 days after the second PGF_2α treatment) had greater P/AI than those not observed in estrus (55/103; 53.4% vs. 60/160; 37.5%; observed vs. not observed; P < 0.01; d 32 pregnancy diagnosis). When progesterone data were examined in a subset of cows (n = 208), 55.3% of cows had a “prototypical” response to treatment (i.e., the cow had an estrous cycle that was synchronized by the presynchronization treatment and then the cow responded appropriately to the subsequent PGF_2α and GnRH treatments before timed AI). Collectively, cows with a prototypical response to either treatment had 52.2% P/AI that was greater (P < 0.001) than the P/AI for cows that had a nonprototypical response (19%) (P/AI determined at 60–90 days of pregnancy). In conclusion, we did not detect a difference in P/AI when postpartum dairy cows were treated with 14dCIDR-PGF_2α or 2xPGF2α-Ovsynch before timed AI. The primary limitation to the success of either program was the failure of the cow to respond appropriately to the sequence of treatments.     

Effects of progesterone presynchronization and eCG on pregnancy rates to GnRH-based, timed-AI in beef cattle

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of low-dose progesterone presynchronization and eCG on pregnancy rates to GnRH-based, timed-AI (TAI) in beef cattle (GnRH on Day 0, PGF_2α on Day 7, with GnRH and TAI on Day 9, 54-56 h after PGF_2α). Experiments 1 and 2 were 2 × 2 factorials with presynchronization (with or without a once-used CIDR; Days −15 to 0 in Experiment 1 and Days −7 to 0, with PGF_2α at insertion, in Experiment 2), and with or without 400 IU eCG on Day 7 in suckled cows. In Experiment 3, suckled cows and nulliparous heifers were either presynchronized with a twice-used CIDR (Days −5 to 0) and PGF_2α at insertion, or no treatment prior to insertion of a new CIDR (Days 0-7). Presynchronization increased (P < 0.05) ovulation rate to GnRH on Day 0 (75.0% vs 48.7%, 76.7% vs 55.0%, and 60.0% vs 36.1% for Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively), increased the diameter of the preovulatory follicle in Experiments 1 and 2, and increased the response to PGF_2α (regardless of parity) in Experiment 1 (P < 0.01), and in primiparous cows in Experiment 2 (P < 0.01). Effects of presynchronization on pregnancy rates (53.4% vs 54.1%, 57.7% vs 45.3%, and 54.3% vs 44.4% for Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were influenced by parity and eCG (P < 0.05). Treatment with eCG had no effect (P > 0.05) on the diameter of the preovulatory follicle (Experiment 1), or the response to PGF_2α (Experiments 1 and 2), but tended (P = 0.08) to improve pregnancy rates, especially in primiparous cows that were not presynchronized (P < 0.01). However, the effects of eCG and presynchronization were not additive.     

Luteal blood flow is a more appropriate indicator for luteal function during the bovine estrous cycle than luteal size

The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of luteal blood flow (LBF) as recorded by color Doppler sonography to monitor luteal function during the estrous cycle of dairy cows and to compare the results with that for the established criterion luteal size (LS) as determined by B-mode sonography. In total, 14 consecutive sonographic examinations were carried out in 10 synchronized lactating Holstein-Friesian cows (Bos taurus) on Days 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1 of the estrous cycle (Day 1 = ovulation). Plasma progesterone concentrations in venous blood (P₄) were quantified by enzyme immunoassay. Luteal size was determined by sonographic measurement of the maximal cross-sectional area of the corpus luteum (CL). Luteal blood supply was estimated by calculating the maximum colored area of the CL from power Doppler sonographic images. Luteal size doubled during the luteal growth phase (until Day 7) and remained at this level during the luteal static phase (Day 8 to 16) before decreasing rather slowly during luteal regression (Days -5 to -1). Luteal blood flow doubled during the growth phase, doubled furthermore during the static phase, and decreased rapidly during luteal regression. Thus, LBF values represented highly reliable predictors of luteal status. Luteal blood flow predicted reliably a P₄ > 1.0 ng/mL by reaching only 35% of the maximal values, whereas LS had to exceed 60% of the maximal values to indicate reliably a functional CL. It is concluded that LBF reflected luteal function better than LS specifically during luteal regression.     

Efficacy of four synchronization protocols on the estrus behavior and conception in native Korean cattle (Hanwoo)

Ineffective estrus detection is the foremost limiting factor in the fertility of farmed cattle worldwide. Failure to detect estrus or erroneous diagnosis of estrus results in great economic losses in Korea each year. This study was carried out in order to comprehensively describe the estrus behaviors and conception rates of different estrus synchronization protocols applied to 40 cycling native Korean cattle (Hanwoo). The cows were grouped into four (n = 10) and treated with the following protocols: (1) Day -15: controlled intravaginal drug-releasing device (CIDR) for 12 days; Day -5: prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α), (2) ovulation synchronization (OVS): Day -15: GnRH; Day -6: PGF_2α; Day -4: GnRH, (3) Day -15: progesterone-releasing intravaginal device for 12 days; Day -5: PGF_2α; and (4) Day -15: PGF_2α; Day -4: PGF_2α. Artificial insemination was performed 12 hours after the detection of estrus using frozen-thawed semen. Estrus signs were compared using a charge-coupled device camera (CCDC) and a control method (direct visual observation). The pregnancy of the cows was determined by transrectal ultrasonography at Days 25 to 30 postinsemination. The results indicated that the day of estrus return was significantly earlier using the CCDC method compared with direct visualization (P < 0.05). Mounting of other cows was the most predominant sign of estrus among the flock (P < 0.05), as analyzed using the CCDC. In the OVS group, a lower rate of mounting was observed than in the other three groups. Moreover, significantly fewer estrus behaviors were noticed in the OVS protocol group (P < 0.05). Both first service conception and overall conception rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the CIDR and OVS treatment groups. In conclusion, the CIDR and OVS protocols appear to be the best practice for the synchronization of estrus for reproductive competence through the CCDC in Hanwoo cows. However, CIDR has a practical advantage over OVS with respect to estrus detection.     

Effect of increasing GnRH and PGF2α dose during Double-Ovsynch on ovulatory response,luteal regression,and fertility of lactating dairy cows

Ovsynch-type synchronization of ovulation protocols have suboptimal synchronization rates due to reduced ovulation to the first GnRH treatment and inadequate luteolysis to the prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) treatment before timed artificial insemination (TAI). Our objective was to determine whether increasing the dose of the first GnRH or the PGF_2α treatment during the Breeding-Ovsynch portion of Double-Ovsynch could improve the rates of ovulation and luteolysis and therefore increase pregnancies per artificial insemination (P/AI). In experiment 1, cows were randomly assigned to a two-by-two factorial design to receive either a low (L) or high (H) doses of GnRH (Gonadorelin; 100 vs. 200 μg) and a PGF_2α analogue (cloprostenol; 500 vs. 750 μg) resulting in the following treatments: LL (n = 263), HL (n = 277), LH (n = 270), and HH (n = 274). Transrectal ultrasonography and serum progesterone (P4) were used to assess ovulation to GnRH1, GnRH2, and luteal regression after PGF_2α during Breeding-Ovsynch in a subgroup of cows (n = 651 at each evaluation). Pregnancy status was assessed 29, 39, and 74 days after TAI. In experiment 2, cows were randomly assigned to LL (n = 220) or HH (n = 226) treatment as described for experiment 1. For experiment 1, ovulation to GnRH1 was greater (P = 0.01) for cows receiving H versus L GnRH (66.6% [217/326] vs. 57.5% [187/325]) treatment, but only for cows with elevated P4 at GnRH1. Cows that ovulated to GnRH1 had increased (P < 0.001) fertility compared with cows that did not ovulate (52.2% vs. 38.5%); however, no effect of higher dose of GnRH on fertility was detected. The greater PGF_2α dose increased luteal regression primarily in multiparous cows (P = 0.03) and tended to increase fertility (P = 0.05) only at the pregnancy diagnosis 39 days after TAI. Overall, P/AI was 47.0% at 29 days and 39.7% at 74 days after TAI; P/AI did not differ (P = 0.10) among treatments at 74 days (LL, 34.6%; HL, 40.8%; LH, 42.2%; HH, 40.9%) and was greater (P < 0.001) for primiparous cows than for multiparous cows (46.1% vs. 33.8%). For experiment 2, P/AI did not differ (P = 0.21) between H versus L treatments (44.2% [100/226] vs. 40.5% [89/220]). Thus, despite an increase in ovulatory response to GnRH1 and luteal regression to PGF_2α, there were only marginal effects of increasing dose of GnRH or PGF_2α on fertility to TAI after Double-Ovsynch.     

Effect of intrauterine infusion of recombinant bovine interferon αI1 on luteal phase duration and oxytocin-induced release of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α in postpartum beef cows

The objective of this study was to determine if oxytocin-induced release of prostaglandin F₂α (PGF_2α; measured by the stable metabolite, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F₂α (PGFM)) was inhibited following intrauterine infusion of bovine interferon-α_I1 (rboIFNα_I1) into postpartum cows anticipated to have short estrous cycles following first ovulation postpartum. Cows expected to have short estrous cycles were assigned to receive twice daily intrauterine infusions of either placebo (SCP; n = 11) or 2 mg rboIFNα_I1 (SCIFN; n = 14) on Days 1–16 following hCG injection (2500 IU; day 0) on Days 30 or 31 postpartum. On Day 5 following hCG, each cow was injected with 100 IU oxytocin (i.v.) to induce the release of uterine PGF_2α (as measured by PGFM). Other treatment groups consisted of cows expected to have normal estrous cycle lengths following pretreatment with a 9 day norgestomet implant on Days 21 or 22 postpartum followed by hCG injection to induce ovulation. Cows expected to have normal estrous cycle lengths received twice daily intrauterine infusions of either placebo from Days 1 to 16 of the cycle and 100 IU oxytocin (i.v.) on Day 5 (NCPE; n = 11) or twice daily infusions of placebo (NCPL; n = 7) or rboIFNα_I1 (NCIFN; n = 10), from Day 13 post-hCG injection until luteolysis. Oxytocin was injected (100 IU; i.v.) into cows in the NCPL and NCIFN groups on Day 16. The calculated areas under the curve (arbitrary PGFM units) were: 164 ± 18 units, 96 ± 16 units, 93 ± 18 units, 137 ± 27 units and 53 ± 20 units for SCP, SCIFN, NCPE, NCPL and NCIFN, respectively (SCIFN < SCP; NCIFN < NCPL; P < 0.015). Mean luteal phase length was calculated as the number of days from injection of hCG until progesterone declined to below 0.5 ng ml⁻¹ and was: 6.7 ± 1.0 days, 10.5 ± 0.9 days, 12.0 ± 1.0 days, 18.0 ± 1.3 days and 20.7 ± 1.1 days for SCP, SCIFN, NCPE, NCPL and NCIFN, respectively (SCP < SCIFN = NCPE < NCPL = NCIFN; P < 0.01). In summary, luteal phase lengths were increased and oxytocin-induced release of PGFM was reduced by rboIFNα_I1 infusion in cows anticipated to have short luteal phases.     

The synchrony of prostaglandin-induced estrus in cows was reduced by pretreatment with hCG

The induction of optimal synchrony of estrus in cows requires synchronization of luteolysis and of the waves of follicular growth (follicular waves). The aim of this study was to determine whether hormonal treatments aimed at synchronizing follicular waves improved the synchrony of prostaglandin (PG)-induced estrus. In Experiment 1, cows were treated on Day 5 of the estrous cycle with saline in Group 1 (n = 25; 16 ml, i.v., 12 h apart), with hCG in Group 2 (n = 27; 3000 IU, i.v.), or with hCG and bovine follicular fluid (bFF) in Group 3 (n = 21; 16 ml, i.v., 12 h apart). On Day 12, all cows were treated with prostaglandin (PG; 500 micrograms cloprostenol, i.m.). In Experiment 2, cows were treated on Day 5 of the estrous cycle with saline (3 ml, i.m.) in Group 1 (n = 22) or with hCG (3000 IU, i.v.) in Group 2 (n = 20) and Group 3 (n = 22). On Day 12, the cows were treated with PG (500 micrograms in Groups 1 and 2; 1000 micrograms in Group 3). Blood samples for progesterone (P4) determination were collected on Day 12 (Experiment 1) or on Days 12 and 14 (Experiment 2). Cows were fitted with heat mount detectors and observed twice a day for signs of estrus. Four cows in Experiment 1 (1 cow each from Groups 1 and 2; 2 cows from Group 3) had plasma P4 concentrations below 1 ng/ml on Day 12 and were excluded from the analyses. In Experiment 1, cows treated with hCG or hCG + bFF had a more variable (P = 0.0007, P = 0.0005) day of occurrence of and a longer interval to estrus (5.9 +/- 0.7 d, P = 0.003 and 6.2 +/- 0.8 d, P = 0.005) than saline-treated cows (3.4 +/- 0.4 d). The plasma P4 concentrations on Day 12 were higher (P < 0.0001) in hCG- and in hCG + bFF-treated cows than in saline-treated cows (9.4 +/- 0.75 and 8.5 +/- 0.75 vs 4.1 +/- 0.27 ng/ml), but there was no correlation (P > 0.05) between plasma P4 concentrations and the interval to estrus. In Experiment 2, cows treated with hCG/500PG and hCG/1000PG had a more variable (P = 0.0007, P = 0.002) day of occurrence of and a longer interval to estrus (4.2 +/- 0.4 d, P = 0.04; 4.1 +/- 0.4 d, P = 0.03) than saline/500PG-treated cows (3.2 +/- 0.1 d). The concentrations of plasma P4 on Days 12 and 14 of both hCG/500PG- and hCG/1000PG-treated cows were higher (P < 0.05) than in saline/500PG-treated cows (7.3 +/- 0.64, 0.7 +/- 0.08 and 7.7 +/- 0.49, 0.7 +/- 0.06 vs 5.3 +/- 0.37, 0.5 +/- 0.03 ng/ml). The concentrations of plasma P4 on Days 12 or 14 and the interval to estrus were not correlated (P > 0.05) in any treatment group. The concentrations of plasma P4 on Days 12 and 14 of hCG/500PG- or hCG/1000PG-treated cows were correlated (r = 0.65, P < 0.05; r = 0.50, P < 0.05). This study indicated that treatment of cows with hCG on Day 5 of the estrous cycle reduced the synchrony of PG-induced estrus and that this reduction was not due to the failure of luteal regression.     

Plasma progesterone concentrations in the mid-luteal phase are dependent on luteal size, but independent of luteal blood flow and gene expression in lactating dairy cows

The objective of the present study was to investigate if plasma progesterone (pP(4)) concentrations are dependent on luteal size, blood flow, or gene expression in luteal tissue. To induce cycles with high and low pP(4) concentrations, respectively, 20 lactating dairy cows received either a single treatment with 25 mg prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α)) on Day 4 Hour 12 (PG1; n=8), or two treatments (25 mg PGF(2α) each) on Day 4 Hours 0 and 12 (PG2; n=12) of the estrous cycle (Day 1, Hour 0=ovulation). In four cows, ovulation occurred between 4 and 6d after the second PGF(2α) treatment; these cows and one lame cow were excluded from the study. In the 15 remaining cows with physiological interovulatory intervals, pP(4), area (LTA) and volume (LTV) of luteal tissue, as well as absolute (LBF) and relative (rLBF) luteal blood flow were determined on Day 9, and relative luteal P(4) (rLP(4)) as well as luteal mRNA expression of important receptors, angiogenic, vasoactive, and steroidogenic factors were quantified on Day 11 (±1) during two successive estrous cycles. Furthermore, rLP(4) was multiplied by LTV to produce a semiquantitative assessment of absolute luteal P(4) (LP(4)). There was no effect (P>0.05) of treatment (one or two PGF(2α) treatments), neither on pP(4) concentrations nor on any other parameter in the present study. Nevertheless, there was a lower LP(4) (P=0.01), LTA (P=0.03), and LTV (P=0.02), as well as tendencies of lower pP(4) (P=0.06) and LBF (P=0.09) at first compared with second diestrus. Plasma P(4) was related with LP(4) (r=0.43, P=0.04), LTA (r=0.65, P=0.0001), and LTV (r=0.43, P=0.02), but not with rLBF (r=-0.18, P=0.34). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between gene expression of important steroidogenic factors and P(4) concentrations in luteal tissue. Results indicate that plasma P(4) concentrations in the mid-luteal phase were dependent on luteal size, but independent of blood flow and gene expression per luteal tissue unit.     

The 9-day CIDR-PG protocol: Incorporation of PGF2α pretreatment into a long-term progestin-based estrus synchronization protocol for postpartum beef cows

A pilot experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that administration of PGF_2α before progestin treatment would allow for a reduced duration of progestin treatment in a long-term progestin-based estrus synchronization protocol. A modified presynchronization treatment was compared with a standard long-term controlled internal drug release (CIDR) treatment, and treatments were compared on the basis of ovarian follicular dynamics, estrous response rate, synchrony of estrus expression, and pregnancy rates resulting from timed artificial insemination (TAI) in postpartum beef cows. Estrous was synchronized for 85 cows, with cows assigned to one of two treatments based on age, days postpartum, and body condition score. Cows assigned to the 14-day CIDR-PG protocol received a CIDR insert (1.38 g progesterone) on Day 0, CIDR removal on Day 14, and administration of PGF_2α (25 mg im) on Day 30. Cows assigned to the 9-day CIDR-PG protocol received PGF_2α concurrent with CIDR insertion on Day 5, PGF_2α concurrent with CIDR removal on Day 14, and administration of PGF_2α on Day 30. In both treatments, split-time AI was performed based on estrous response. At 72 hours after PGF_2α (Day 33), cows having expressed estrus received TAI; cows that failed to express estrus by 72 hours received TAI 24 hours later (96 hours after PGF_2α on Day 34), with GnRH (100 μg im) administered to nonestrous cows. Estrus-detection transmitters were used from CIDR removal until AI to determine onset time of estrus expression both after CIDR removal and after PGF_2α. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed at CIDR removal on Day 14, PGF_2α on Day 30, and AI on Days 33 or 34. At CIDR removal on Day 14, diameter of the largest follicle present on the ovary was similar between treatments. The proportion of cows expressing estrus after CIDR removal tended to be higher (P = 0.09) among cows assigned to the 9-day CIDR-PG treatment (93%; 40 of 43) than among cows assigned to the 14-day CIDR-PG treatment (81%; 34 of 42). After PGF_2α, a significantly higher proportion (P = 0.02) of cows expressed estrus after synchronization with the 9-day CIDR-PG treatment (91%; 39 of 43) than the 14-day CIDR-PG treatment (69%; 29 of 42). Consequently, pregnancy rate to TAI tended to be increased (P = 0.09) among the 9-day CIDR-PG treatment (76.7%; 33 of 43) compared with the 14-day CIDR-PG treatment (59.5%; 25 of 42). In summary, a long-term CIDR-based estrous synchronization protocol for postpartum beef cows was enhanced through administration of PGF_2α at CIDR insertion and CIDR removal.     

Compared to dinoprost tromethamine, cloprostenol sodium increased rates of estrus detection, conception and pregnancy in lactating dairy cows on a large commercial dairy

Using two PGF_2α treatments 14 days apart as a way to enhance estrus detection rate following the 2nd treatment is a reproductive management tool that continues to be used on large dairy farms. In one study, in cows with a functional CL and a dominant follicle, treatment with cloprostenol vs. dinoprost resulted in greater peripheral estradiol concentrations. The objective of the present study was to determine if cloprostenol could enhance pregnancy rates of cows in a large dairy herd using a PGF_2α program for 1st artificial insemination (AI). Lactating dairy cows (n = 4549) were randomly assigned to receive two treatments of either 500 μg cloprostenol or 25 mg dinoprost 14 days apart, with the 2nd treatment on the 1st day of the voluntary waiting period (57 DIM). Cows detected in estrus within 5 days after the 2nd treatment were inseminated. There was no effect of treatment on day of estrus detection, with 78% of cows inseminated on Days 3 or 4 following treatment. Cloprostenol increased (P < 0.01) estrus detection rates in 1st parity cows compared to dinoprost, 42.4 vs. 34.0%. In cows inseminated on Days 3 or 4 after treatment, cloprostenol increased (P = 0.05) conception rates compared to dinoprost, 38.3 vs. 34.4%. When treatments and parities were combined, conception rates increased (P < 0.02) with interval after treatment (27.0, 36.4, and 44.5% for Days 1 or 2, Days 3 or 4, and Day 5, respectively). Cloprostenol increased (P = 0.02) overall pregnancy rate compared to dinoprost, 14.4 vs. 12.2%. In summary, cloprostenol increased fertility in 1st parity cows inseminated on Days 3 or 4 following treatment and subsequently enhanced pregnancy rates of 1st parity lactating dairy cows compared to dinoprost. Fertility appeared greater in cows expected to have had a young antral ovarian follicle at treatment.     

Incorporation of a rapid pregnancy-associated glycoprotein ELISA into a CIDR-Ovsynch resynchronization program for a 28 day re-insemination interval

The objective was to compare two resynchronization programs; one that used a blood-based ELISA for pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) for pregnancy diagnosis so that non-pregnant cows were re-inseminated at 28 d after first TAI, and another that used transrectal ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis so that non-pregnant cows were re-inseminated at 35 d after first TAI. The PAG_resynch cows (n = 103) began CIDR-Ovsynch resynchronization on Day 18 after first TAI (Day 0). On Day 25, the CIDR was removed and pregnancy diagnosis with a PAG ELISA was performed. If a cow was not pregnant on Day 25, she was treated with PGF_2α, treated with GnRH 2 d later (Day 27), and TAI on Day 28. Control cows (n = 99) were observed for estrus until Day 25, when they began an identical CIDR-Ovsynch program with pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography on Day 32. If a cow was not pregnant on Day 32, then she was treated with PGF_2α, treated with GnRH 2 d later (Day 34), and TAI on Day 35. There was no difference in pregnancy per AI (P/AI) for either group at first or second insemination. For cows without pregnancy loss, the interval between first and second (P < 0.001) or second and third (P < 0.016) TAI was shorter for PAG_resynch cows compared with Control cows. The interval between first and second or second and third TAI was not different if pregnancy loss cows were included in the analysis. Plasma progesterone concentrations were similar at PGF_2α treatment, and plasma estradiol concentrations increased similarly after PGF_2α treatment for PAG_resynch and Control cows. In conclusion, the 28 d CIDR-Ovsynch resynchronization protocol was comparable to a 35 d CIDR-Ovsynch resynchronization protocol that also included estrus detection. Shortened resynchronization protocols that do not require estrus detection may improve reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle.     

Estrus synchronization affects WNT signaling in the porcine reproductive tract and embryos

The purpose of the study was to investigate an effect of estrus synchronization with prostaglandin (PG) F_2α and PMSG/hCG on WNT4, WNT5A, WNT7A, β-catenin (CTNNB1) and E-cadherin (CDH1) gene expression. The weight of the uterus, morphometrical parameters of the endometrium and the number of CL were recorded. The analysis of estradiol (E₂), prostaglandin (PG) F_2α and E₂ content in the uterine luminal flushings (ULFs) and progesterone (P₄) level in the blood serum were conducted. RNA was isolated from endometrial, luteal and embryonic tissue of pregnant non-synchronized (Control; n = 15) and pregnant synchronized (PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG; n = 15) pigs. Whereas there was no change in uterine weight, differences in height of endometrial surface and glandular epithelium were found. However, height of the endometrium, number of the glands and capillaries were unaffected. The total number of the CLs was higher (P < 0.05) in animals treated with PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG. The amount of E₂ and P₄ was lower (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively) in pregnant gilts administrated with PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG. The concentration of PGF_2α in ULFs was not affected by hormonal management, while PGE₂ was higher (P < 0.01) in hormonally in comparison to non-hormonally treated pigs. The content of WNT4 mRNA in conceptuses increased on particular Days studied in Control and PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG administered animals. WNT7A and CTNNB1 were affected by PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG treatment in both conceptuses (P < 0.001, P < 0.05) and endometrial tissue (P < 0.001, P < 0.01). The PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG treatment resulted in elevated expression of WNT4 (P < 0.001) and CTNNB1 (P < 0.05) in luteal tissue in comparison to the Control gilts. Moreover, luteal amount of WNT5A mRNA was higher in PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG animals in comparison to the Control group (P < 0.05). Presented data show that exogenous hormones administration can affect gene expression in the porcine reproductive tract and embryo.     

Estrus synchronization affects WNT signaling in the porcine reproductive tract and embryos

The purpose of the study was to investigate an effect of estrus synchronization with prostaglandin (PG) F_2α and PMSG/hCG on WNT4, WNT5A, WNT7A, β-catenin (CTNNB1) and E-cadherin (CDH1) gene expression. The weight of the uterus, morphometrical parameters of the endometrium and the number of CL were recorded. The analysis of estradiol (E₂), prostaglandin (PG) F_2α and E₂ content in the uterine luminal flushings (ULFs) and progesterone (P₄) level in the blood serum were conducted. RNA was isolated from endometrial, luteal and embryonic tissue of pregnant non-synchronized (Control; n = 15) and pregnant synchronized (PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG; n = 15) pigs. Whereas there was no change in uterine weight, differences in height of endometrial surface and glandular epithelium were found. However, height of the endometrium, number of the glands and capillaries were unaffected. The total number of the CLs was higher (P < 0.05) in animals treated with PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG. The amount of E₂ and P₄ was lower (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively) in pregnant gilts administrated with PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG. The concentration of PGF_2α in ULFs was not affected by hormonal management, while PGE₂ was higher (P < 0.01) in hormonally in comparison to non-hormonally treated pigs. The content of WNT4 mRNA in conceptuses increased on particular Days studied in Control and PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG administered animals. WNT7A and CTNNB1 were affected by PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG treatment in both conceptuses (P < 0.001, P < 0.05) and endometrial tissue (P < 0.001, P < 0.01). The PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG treatment resulted in elevated expression of WNT4 (P < 0.001) and CTNNB1 (P < 0.05) in luteal tissue in comparison to the Control gilts. Moreover, luteal amount of WNT5A mRNA was higher in PGF_2α/PMSG/hCG animals in comparison to the Control group (P < 0.05). Presented data show that exogenous hormones administration can affect gene expression in the porcine reproductive tract and embryo.     

Evaluation of the 5-day versus a modified 7-day CIDR breeding program in dairy heifers

Dairy heifers were used to compared the effects of two timed AI + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocols (5-day vs. a modified 7-day) on: (1) luteal regression to initiate a new ovarian follicular wave; (2) ovarian response to the initial GnRH injection; and (3) pregnancy outcomes. Holstein heifers (N = 543) were assigned randomly to two treatments: (1) 25 mg PGF_2α (im) and a CIDR insert on Day −7 followed by 100 μg of GnRH (GnRH-1) on Day −5 and 25 mg PGF_2α (im) at CIDR insert removal (7-day [7D]) on Day 0; or (2) 100 μg GnRH (GnRH-1) and insertion of a CIDR on Day −5 and 25 mg PGF_2α (im) at CIDR removal (5-day [5D]) on Day 0. Insemination with frozen-thawed conventional or gender-biased semen occurred after detected estrus from Days 0 to 2 or by appointment at 72 h after PGF_2α when a second 100-μg dose of GnRH was given. Blood was collected on Days −7, −5, 0, and 3 to determine concentrations of progesterone and incidence of luteolysis. Ovaries were scanned on Days −5 and 0. Luteolysis in the 7D treatment by 48 h after the initial PGF_2α was greater (P < 0.01) than what occurred spontaneously in the 5D treatment (36.2% vs. 19.7%, respectively). Incidence of ovulation after GnRH-1 on Day −5 was greater (P < 0.05) for 7D than for 5D heifers, but the proportion of heifers with an induced CL on Day 0 did not differ between treatments. Heifers inseminated after detected estrus (166/543, 30.6%) on Days 0, 1, and 2 had greater (P < 0.05) pregnancy per AI (P/AI) at 32 days post AI than after timed AI (38.2% vs. 28.3%) on Day 3. Pregnancy P/AI, however, was greater (P < 0.05) for 7D heifers inseminated at estrus (46.5%) than for 7D heifers receiving the timed AI (26.8%) and differed (P < 0.05) from all 5D heifers regardless of insemination time at estrus (30.5%) or at timed AI at 72 h (29.9%). At the Florida location in which conventional and sexed semen were used during two breeding clusters, P/AI using sexed semen (43.9%, N = 56) did not differ from that of conventional semen (21.2%, N = 50). Remaining replicates of sexed semen produced similar P/AI at the other two locations (sexed = 27.6%, N = 71; and sexed = 31.9%, N = 215). We concluded that the modified 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR program produced more P/AI in heifers inseminated at estrus than a standard 5-day CO-Synch + CIDR program, but when timed AI occurred at 72 h after PGF_2α and CIDR insert removal, P/AI did not differ between programs.     

Effect of PGF2α and GnRH on the reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows subjected to synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination during the warm or cold periods of the year

This study was designed to evaluate the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows (Holstein Friesian) after the injection of PGF_2α analogue on Day 15 postpartum, and GnRH analogue on Day 23 after artificial insemination (AI) with Presynch (two injections of PGF_2α, administered 14 days apart starting at 30–35 days postpartum) + Ovsynch-based (GnRH–7 days–PGF_2α–2 days–GnRH–16–20 hours–timed artificial insemination) treatments, during the warm and cold periods of the year. All the cows (n = 313) were assigned to one of the four groups including: M₁ (n = 72) in which the cows were treated with PGF_2α on Day 15 postpartum + Presynch-Ovsynch + GnRH on Day 23 post-AI; M₂ (n = 41) in which the cows received PGF_2α on Day 15 postpartum + Presynch-Ovsynch; M₃ (n = 100) including the cows that got Presynch-Ovsynch; and control group (n = 100) including the cows that were not treated and were inseminated at natural estrus. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 28 to 35 days post-insemination by means of ultrasound. The results showed that treatment with PGF_2α on Day 15 postpartum significantly decreased the days to conception and the number of services per conception (P < 0.01) and it also improved the first service conception rate (P < 0.1) only in cows that were treated with M₂ protocol. Whereas, the days to first service was not influenced by the treatment of PGF_2α on Day 15 postpartum (P > 0.05). In contrast, administration of GnRH on Day 23 post-AI increased the days to conception and the number of service per conception (P < 0.01) and tended to decrease the first service conception rate (P < 0.1) in cows that were treated with M₁ compared with M₂ protocol. Therefore, it was concluded that Presynch-Ovsynch protocol could be more reproductive and beneficial when a single treatment with PGF_2α was administered at 15 days postpartum (15 days after the PGF_2α, Presynch-Ovsynch protocol was initiated). Interestingly, the administration of a GnRH agonist on Day 23 post-AI not only did not improve the reproductive performance of the cows receiving first postpartum timed artificial insemination after Presynch-Ovsynch protocol but also reduced that.