锈革菌属三个中国新记录种

报道了锈革菌属Hymenochaete 3个中国新记录种。双孢锈革菌Hymenochaete bispora采自吉林省,担子大多数有两个担子梗;柔软锈革菌Hymenochaete lenta采自内蒙古自治区,子实体覆瓦状叠生且担孢子呈尿囊形;暗赭色锈革菌Hymenochaete senatoumbrina采自西藏自治区,属于裸刚毛组中孢子较大的种类。文中对这3个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

中国木生革菌研究3.原毛平革属

本文报道了三种木生革菌:南方原毛平革菌Phanerochaete australis,纤毛原毛平革菌P.calotricha和革质原毛平革菌P.stereoides,分别采自河南省,吉林省和湖北省。前两种是中国新记录种,最后一种为中国大陆首次报道。本文根据采集到的标本对它们进行了详细的描述和绘图,并给出了我国该属已知19种的分种检索表。     

锈革菌属两个中国新记录种

报道了锈革菌属Hymenochaete两个中国新记录种:长孢锈革菌H.longispora采自广东省,主要特点是孢子长圆柱形且刚毛较大;微孢锈革菌H.nanospora采自海南省和广东省,主要特点是刚毛和孢子非常小。文中提供了这两个种的野外标本照片、显微结构绘图以及详细的形态学描述。     

中国锈革菌属研究1.采自广东和安徽的三个中国新记录种

报道了锈革菌属Hymenochaete 3个中国新记录种。贝尔泰罗锈革菌H. berteroi和极薄锈革菌H. tenuis采自广东省,塔斯马尼亚锈革菌H. tasmanica采自安徽省。贝尔泰罗锈革菌的主要特点是菌丝近念珠状,具刚毛状菌丝,且孢子较小;极薄锈革菌属于裸刚毛组,子实体薄且孢子窄椭圆形或短圆柱形;塔斯马尼亚锈革菌菌肉分层且子实层中存在树状侧丝。文中对这3个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

中国锈革菌属研究3.采自广西和吉林的三个中国新记录种(英文)

报道了锈革菌属 Hymenochaete 3 个中国新记录种。圆孢锈革菌 H. globispora 和莱热锈革菌 H. legeri 采自广西自治区,榆锈革菌 H. ulmicola 采自吉林省。圆孢锈革菌的主要特点是孢子宽椭圆形或近球形,属于锈革菌组;莱热锈革菌子实体灰白色,刚毛具结晶,孢子圆柱形,属于裸刚毛组;榆锈革菌生长在活的榆树树皮上,属于锈革菌组。对这 3 个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

中国蜡革菌属的研究

介绍了蜡革菌属Ceraceomyces及该属在中国的种类,其中北方蜡革菌Ceraceomyces borealis是中国新记录种,根据中国的材料对其进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图,同时给出了中国蜡革菌属5个种的检索表。     

中国锈革菌属研究.5.采自云南的两个新记录种

报道了采自云南省的锈革菌属(Hymenochaete)2个中国新记录种,即长矛锈革菌(H. contiformis)和红边锈革菌(H. rufomarginata)。前者的主要特点是解剖结构中无皮层和菌丝层,刚毛长且孢子大; 后者的主要特点是子实层具大量的侧丝,刚毛和孢子较小。提供了这两个种的野外标本照片、显微结构绘图以及详细的形态学描述,并给出了云南省锈革菌属30个种的检索表。     

中国木生革菌研究Ⅰ.簇生针齿菌和离心射脉革菌

簇生针齿菌和离心射脉革菌2种木腐菌是中国新记录种。簇生针齿菌采自河南省,湖南省和云南省,该种与金黄针齿菌比较相似,但是后者的子实层体表面金黄色,担孢子较宽。离心射脉革菌采自吉林省长白山自然保护区,该菌与辐射射脉革菌比较接近,但是后者具有囊状体和较小的担孢子。本文根据采集的材料对这2个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

海南锈革菌属研究(英文)

对海南省的锈革菌属Hymenochaete进行了初步研究,共发现了该属12个种。其中异常锈革菌H.anomala和薄锈革菌H.minuscula为中国新记录种,竹生锈革菌H.muroiana为大陆新记录种。异常锈革菌具有带结晶的菌丝和囊状体;薄锈革菌子实体薄,黄褐色;竹生锈革菌有"T"形刚毛,生于竹子上。文中对3个新记录种进行了描述,并给出了全部12个种的检索表。     

中国革菌3新记录种

本文报道了中国革菌3个新记录种:灰白片花耳采自湖南省,其担子上着生两个担孢子梗。匙形茸瑚菌采自云南省,其担子果具菌盖、侧生柄,菌丝二系。硬锈红菌采于海南省,其平伏,灰褐色至暗褐色的子实层体可使附着基物变红。本文根据所采集的标本对这3种真菌进行了详细的描述。     

Carnobacterium: positive and negative effects in the environment and in foods

The genus Carnobacterium contains nine species, but only C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum are frequently isolated from natural environments and foods. They are tolerant to freezing/thawing and high pressure and able to grow at low temperatures, anaerobically and with increased CO(2) concentrations. They metabolize arginine and various carbohydrates, including chitin, and this may improve their survival in the environment. Carnobacterium divergens and C. maltaromaticum have been extensively studied as protective cultures in order to inhibit growth of Listeria monocytogenes in fish and meat products. Several carnobacterial bacteriocins are known, and parameters that affect their production have been described. Currently, however, no isolates are commercially applied as protective cultures. Carnobacteria can spoil chilled foods, but spoilage activity shows intraspecies and interspecies variation. The responsible spoilage metabolites are not well characterized, but branched alcohols and aldehydes play a partial role. Their production of tyramine in foods is critical for susceptible individuals, but carnobacteria are not otherwise human pathogens. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum can be a fish pathogen, although carnobacteria are also suggested as probiotic cultures for use in aquaculture. Representative genome sequences are not yet available, but would be valuable to answer questions associated with fundamental and applied aspects of this important genus.     

我国人与犬、猫共患病防控存在的主要问题与对策建议

随着社会经济的发展、城市化进程的加速及人们生活水平的不断提高,越来越多的宠物走进了人们的家庭,在人类社会生活中发挥了积极作用。但同时,宠物也是人兽共患病的重要传染源和传播媒介。与人类关系最为密切的犬、猫在人兽共患病的防控中具有重要的意义。在已报道的200多种主要的人兽共患病中,与宠物犬、猫有直接或间接关系的有70余种。随着宠物犬猫数量的大幅攀升和宠物业的飞速发展,我国人与犬猫共患病可能会出现逐步高发的趋势,疫病防控工作面临着许多问题。为了完善宠物管理制度,建立有效的防疫监督体系,对人与犬猫共患病实行有效的防控,本文就完善法律法规、形成综合管理机制,加强卫生监督、强化无害化处理、培养专业人才以及广泛开展宣传教育等6个方面提出了相关建议。     

植物硒代谢和积累及相关酶的研究进展

阐述了植物硒代谢的基本途径及其积累的分子机制,详细介绍了几种参与硒代谢的关键性酶的分子生物学特性。并展望了有关植物硒代谢的发展趋势。     

Duplication and divergence in humans and chimpanzees

It has become a truism that we humans are genetically about 99% identical to chimpanzees. The origins of this assertion are clear: among early studies of DNA sequences, nucleotide identity between humans and chimpanzees was found to average around 98.9%.(1) However, this figure is correct only with respect to regions of the genome that are shared between humans and chimpanzees. Often ignored are the many parts of their genomes that are not shared. Genomic rearrangements, including insertions, deletions, translocations and duplications, have long been recognized as potentially important sources of novel genomic material(2,3) and are known to account for major genomic differences between humans and chimpanzees.(4) Further, such changes have been implicated in a number of genetic disorders, such as DiGeorge, Angelman/Prader-Willi and Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndromes.(5)     

Dogs and Cats in Animal Shelters in Japan

ABSTRACT

Although there are proportionately fewer pet owners in Japan than in the United States, the keeping of indigenous Japanese dog breeds, along with those common in Europe and North America, is long-established. Japan has a centralized governmental network of animal shelters, which permits accurate record-keeping of the numbers of dogs and cats admitted, reclaimed, and euthanized. Although in the United States an accurate census is not simple to accomplish because a variety of humane societies and animal control agencies admit homeless dogs and cats, some cultural comparisons are possible.

Despite recent increases in petkeeping in Japan, the numbers of dogs admitted to shelters have decreased from 345,136 dogs in 1984 to 243, 753 dogs in 1994. The numbers euthanized show similar declines, from 331,442 in 1984 to 219,831 in 1994. In the city of Tokyo, kittens account for the majority of the animals admitted: 34,745 kittens (55%) of a total of 62,803 dogs and cats in 1980; 12,805 kittens (61%) of a total of 21,075 in 1993. Cats usually are brought in after being found on the street and are not reclaimed by their owners; virtually all are euthanized. Most dogs, 61%, are caught as strays by shelter personnel. Among those admitted to Tokyo shelters, 41% are reclaimed or returned to the owner, 7% are adopted by new owners, and 52% are euthanized.

Spaying and neutering of dogs and cats are not wide spread practices in Japan. There are few private shelters; the government provides no tax incentives for charitable contributions to such organizations. While American shelters invariably offer animals for adoption, most of Japan's governmental shelters do not. However, this is gradually changing.     

Hereditary stability and variation in evolution and development

Evolution and development are both lineage processes but are often conceptualized as occurring by different and mutually exclusive mechanisms. It is conventionally asserted that evolution occurs via the random generation of diversity and the subsequent survival of those that pass selection. On the other hand, development is too often presented as proceeding via the unfolding of a deterministic program encoded in the DNA sequence. In biology, universal generalizations are rare and dogmas are often wrong for particular cases. Deterministic mechanisms contribute some of the new DNA sequences that subsequently become substrates for natural selection. Conversely, stochastic and selective mechanisms are intrinsic to development, and also to maintenance of the immune, and possibly, nervous systems. Cancer appears to be another process that straddles distinctions between evolutionary and developmental modes of hereditary change and stabilization. DNA sequence changes are an essential feature of many cancers, but there are also aspects of the disease similar to developmental lineage gone awry. The literature suggests that the cellular changes that give rise to cancer occur by mechanisms commonly associated with both evolutionary and developmental lineage pathways.     

Telomeres in cancer and ageing

Telomeres protect the chromosome ends from unscheduled DNA repair and degradation. Telomeres are heterochromatic domains composed of repetitive DNA (TTAGGG repeats) bound to an array of specialized proteins. The length of telomere repeats and the integrity of telomere-binding proteins are both important for telomere protection. Furthermore, telomere length and integrity are regulated by a number of epigenetic modifications, thus pointing to higher order control of telomere function. In this regard, we have recently discovered that telomeres are transcribed generating long, non-coding RNAs, which remain associated with the telomeric chromatin and are likely to have important roles in telomere regulation. In the past, we showed that telomere length and the catalytic component of telomerase, Tert, are critical determinants for the mobilization of stem cells. These effects of telomerase and telomere length on stem cell behaviour anticipate the premature ageing and cancer phenotypes of telomerase mutant mice. Recently, we have demonstrated the anti-ageing activity of telomerase by forcing telomerase expression in mice with augmented cancer resistance. Shelterin is the major protein complex bound to mammalian telomeres; however, its potential relevance for cancer and ageing remained unaddressed to date. To this end, we have generated mice conditionally deleted for the shelterin proteins TRF1, TPP1 and Rap1. The study of these mice demonstrates that telomere dysfunction, even if telomeres are of a normal length, is sufficient to produce premature tissue degeneration, acquisition of chromosomal aberrations and initiation of neoplastic lesions. These new mouse models, together with the telomerase-deficient mouse model, are valuable tools for understanding human pathologies produced by telomere dysfunction.     

Seasonality and reproduction in aphids

Aphids are short-lived and occupy habitats which vary in quality in both time and space. They exploit their ephemerally nutritious habitats by rapidly producing many small offspring when conditions are good, and fewer, larger offspring when conditions are poor, at which time they also divert more of their resources into fat storage. Aphids of each of the generations which make up a life cycle have specific reproductive strategies adapted to the conditions they are most likely to encounter, that is they anticipate the predictable seasonal trends in habitat quality.     

Flavonoid and isoflavonoid distribution in developing soybean seedling tissues and in seed and root exudates

The distribution of flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and their conjugates in developing soybean (Glycine max L.) seedling organs and in root and seed exudates has been examined. Conjugates of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein are major metabolites in all embryonic organs within the dry seed and in seedling roots, hypocotyl, and cotyledon tissues at all times after germination. Primary leaf tissues undergo a programmed shift from isoflavonoid to flavonoid metabolism 3 days after germination and become largely predominated by glycosides of the flavonols kampferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin by 5 days. Cotyledons contain relatively constant and very high levels of conjugates of both daidzein and genistein. Hypocotyl tissues contain a third unidentified compound, P19.3, also present in multiple conjugated forms. Conjugates of daidzein, genistein, and P19.3 are at their highest levels in the hypocotyl hook and fall off progressively down the hypocotyl. These isoflavones also undergo a programmed and dramatic decrease between 2 and 4 days in the hypocotyl hook. All root sections are predominated by daidzein and its conjugates, particularly in the root tip, where they reach the highest levels in the seedling. Light has a pronounced effect on the distribution of the isoflavones; in the dark, isoflavone levels in the root tips are greatly reduced, while those in the cotyledons are higher. Finally, the conjugates of daidzein and genistein and several unidentified aromatic metabolites are selectively excreted into root and seed exudates. Analysis of seed exudates suggests that this is a continuous, but saturable event.     

生态毒理基因组学和生态毒理蛋白质组学研究进展

将基因组学和蛋白质组学知识整合到生态毒理学中形成了生态毒理基因组学和生态毒理蛋白质组学.通过生态毒理基因组学和生态毒理蛋白质组学的研究能够在基因组和蛋白质组水平更深入理解毒物的作用机制,寻找更敏感、有效的生物标记物,形成潜在的强有力的生态风险评价工具.介绍了生态毒理基因组学和生态毒理蛋白质组学的研究进展,以及DNA芯片技术和2D-凝胶电泳技术在持久性有毒污染物的生态毒理学研究中的应用.