枯草芽孢杆菌碱性蛋白酶基因的克隆和表达

目的:获得碱性蛋白酶基因。方法:用PCR的方法从枯草芽孢杆菌A-109中扩增碱性蛋白酶基因(apr),并进行测序分析,构建表达载体,最后转化大肠杆菌BL21,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测该基因的表达情况。结果:apr基因片段含1092个碱基对。该基因片段核苷酸序列与Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin DFE precursor有99%的同源性,对应的氨基酸序列与Bacillussp.DJ-4有99%的同源性。apr基因在大肠杆菌BL21中获得表达,并表现出蛋白酶活性。结论:获得了具有活性的新的碱性蛋白酶基因。     

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)发酵生产乙偶姻的pH调控策略

【目的】为了提高Bacillus subtilis CCTCC M 208157发酵生产乙偶姻的效率。【方法】在7 L发酵罐水平上考察不同pH条件对菌株生长及乙偶姻合成的影响。【结果】pH对菌株合成乙偶姻有显著影响,pH 4.5有利于细胞合成乙偶姻,但是延迟期较长;pH 5.5时菌株生长较快,但乙偶姻的产量偏低。因此提出了两阶段pH控制策略:发酵前期(0 16 h),控制pH 5.5;发酵中后期(16 72 h),控制pH 4.5。【结论】通过此策略,菌株合成乙偶姻的能力得到进一步提高,乙偶姻的产量、产率和生产强度分别为32.7 g/L、0.41 g/g和0.91 g/(L.h),分别比初始发酵条件下提高了41%、42%和69%。     

地衣芽孢杆菌α—淀粉酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的诱导表达

采用PCR技术扩增了sacB基因的启动子-信号序列,并将扩增的序列重组进含地衣芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶基因的质粒载体上构建了含α-淀粉酶基因的分泌型表达载体pSA60。将pSA60转化枯草芽孢杆菌QB1098后,α-淀粉酶基因在sacB基因启动子-信号序列的调控和蔗糖的诱导下获得表达,表达产物分泌至胞外。     

枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂发酵研究进展

微生态制剂是饲用抗生素的绿色有效替代品。枯草芽孢杆菌在逆境中可形成抗逆性强的芽孢,在生产和应用过程中保持高活性,是一种高效的微生态制剂菌种。提高枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数及芽孢率是保证微生态制剂产品质量的关键。本文综述了枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢形成的分子生物学机制及影响芽孢形成的重要因素,进一步比较枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂不同发酵方式的特点,重点阐述了提高枯草芽孢杆菌有效生物量的工艺优化,最后介绍了枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂的应用,并对将来研究思路进行了讨论。     

枯草芽孢杆菌生物茵剂对五味子白粉病防效及生长的影响

通过对不同年生五味子进行叶面喷施和根部灌施枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂进行田间试验,结果表明:(1)枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂对五味子白粉病有很好的抑制作用,喷施加灌施处理的发病率为13.0％,喷施的发病率为22.5％,清水对照的发病率为37.5％.对二年生、三年生、四年生五味子的防治效果分别为78.9％、77.8％、75.0％,这...     

枯草芽孢杆菌表达与调控工具相关研究进展

枯草芽孢杆菌作为革兰氏阳性模式微生物,由于其清晰的遗传背景、高效的分泌能力以及简单的培养条件等优势被广泛的应用于生物技术产业。近年来,随着代谢工程与合成生物学的发展,枯草芽孢杆菌相关表达系统与调控工具研究也取得了很大进展。围绕枯草芽孢杆菌动态调控工具的研究进展,分别从转录水平调控和转录后水平调控两个层面上进行综述,并对调控元件在生物技术中的应用进行了讨论。最后,对未来枯草芽孢杆菌表达与调控工具的发展进行了展望。     

hprK基因敲除及对其枯草芽孢杆菌核黄素发酵的影响

枯草芽孢杆菌在葡萄糖丰富的环境中,胞内糖分解代谢物浓度的提高将引起碳分解代谢物阻遏效应(CCR)及糖吸收的抑制,对核黄素等发酵过程产生不利影响。通过缺陷细胞的分解代谢物控制蛋白A(CcpA)可以解除CCR效应,但不能解除糖吸收的抑制。磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-糖磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)是枯草芽孢杆菌主要的糖吸收方式,HPr蛋白和双功能的HPr激酶/HPr-Ser46-P磷酸酶(HprK/P)参与PTS系统的调控。在葡萄糖丰富的条件下,HprK/P的激酶活性受1,6-二磷酸果糖激活,催化HPr蛋白46位丝氨酸残基磷酸化,形成HPr-Ser46-P。HPr-Ser46-P抑制某些碳源透过酶基因的表达;同时HPr-Ser46-P难以被酶Ⅰ在His15磷酸化,不能在PTS系统中发挥转移磷酸基团的作用,使细胞的糖吸收受到抑制。在CcpA缺陷的背景下,敲除核黄素生产菌株B.subtilis24A1/pMX45的HprK/P编码基因hprK,构建了CcpA和HprK/P双缺陷的重组菌B.subtilisZHc/pMX45。摇瓶发酵显示,B.subtilisZHc/pMX45核黄素发酵的最适葡萄糖浓度由24A1/pMX45的8%提高到10%;核黄素产量达到4.374mg/mL,比24A1/pMX45提高了19.2%。结果表明,CcpA和HprK/P的双缺陷可有效解除高浓度葡萄糖所引起的CCR效应和糖吸收抑制,有助于提高细胞对葡萄糖的耐受力,并提高核黄素产量。     

枯草芽孢杆菌生物茵剂对五味子白粉病防效及生长的影响

通过对不同年生五味子进行叶面喷施和根部灌施枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂进行田间试验,结果表明:(1)枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂对五味子白粉病有很好的抑制作用,喷施加灌施处理的发病率为13.0％,喷施的发病率为22.5％,清水对照的发病率为37.5％.对二年生、三年生、四年生五味子的防治效果分别为78.9％、77.8％、75.0％,这表明喷施加灌施枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂对五味子白粉病的防治效果最好.(2)枯草芽孢杆菌生物菌剂对五味子生长有明显的促进作用,对二年生、三年生、四年生五味子植株喷施加灌施的处理与清水对照相比叶面积总平均值分别增加了6.7％、42.4％、27.6％;单独喷施处理和喷施加灌施处理分别比清水对照处理的百果重增加了21.33％、28.79％;喷施加灌施处理的五味子醇甲含量最高达到0.74％.     

枯草芽孢杆菌cdd基因敲除及对胞苷发酵的影响

目的:通过敲除出发菌株上的胞苷脱氨酶基因,阻断嘧啶代谢通量由胞苷流向尿苷和尿嘧啶,选育胞苷产生菌。方法:采用同源重组的方法敲除枯草芽孢杆菌TS8的胞苷脱氨酶基因cdd,并通过遗传稳定性实验验证其缺失标记和胞苷产量,通过摇瓶发酵实验对比出发菌株和缺失株的产苷水平。结果:cdd基因缺失菌株TSb发酵72h,发酵液中胞苷产量达到1.72g/L,与原始菌株相比提高了44.19%,且遗传性状稳定。结论:cdd基因的缺失可有效阻断嘧啶代谢通量由胞苷流向尿苷和尿嘧啶,提高胞苷产量。     

Effects of degU32(Hy), degQa and degR Pleiotropic Regulatory Genes on the Growth and Protease Fermentation of Bacillus Subtilis Ki-2-132

Effects of degU32 (Hy), degR genes from Bacillus subtilis 168 and deg Qa gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on Bacillus subtilis Ki-2-132 cell growth, sporulation and protease fermentation were investigated by introducing these genes into B. subtilis Ki-2-132 chromosome and/or cytoplasm. Although the genes come from different species and strains, they showed pleiotropic effects in B. subtilis Ki-2-132. B. subtilis Ki-2-132degU32 (Hy) showed increased protease production, and when cooperating with deg Qa either in plasmid or in chromosome, further altered cell growth, increased protease production and affected the spore formation in a glucose and dosage dependent manner. By contrast, degR did not significantly affect the protease productivity in degU32 (Hy) mutant, consisting with that DegR was used to stabilise DegU-phosphate, which in degU32 (Hy) strain no longer further amplify the DegU-phosphate effect.     

Sequence Analysis of the 36-kb Region Between gntZ and trnY Genes of Bacillus Subtilis Genome*

Within the framework of an international Bacillus subtilis genomesequencing project, we have determined a 36-kb sequence coveringthe region between the gntZ and trnY genes. In addition to fivegenes sequenced and characterized previously, 27 putative proteincoding sequences (open reading frame; ORF) were identified.A homology search for the newly identified ORFs revealed thatsix of them had similarities to known proteins. It is notablethat new ORFs belonging to response-regulator aspartate phosphatase(Rap) and its regulator (Phr) families, and response regulatorand sensory kinase families of two-component signal transductionsystems have been identified. Furthermore, we found that some180-bp non-coding sequence, that might be an remnant of an ancientIS element, is preserved in at least five loci of the B. subtilisgenome.     

Effects of the sinR and degU32 (Hy) mutations on the regulation of the aprE gene in Bacillus subtilis

The aprE gene of Bacillus subtilis codes for the serine alkaline protease known as subtilisin. Its expression is regulated by a complex network of activators and repressors that includes the products of hpr, degU and sinR. In order to understand the effect of these gene products on subtilisin expression, strains carrying combinations of the degU32(Hy), hpr2 and sinR null mutations, were constructed. We found that in all the genetic backgrounds tested, the sinR null mutation decreased aprE expression. Also, by measuring alkaline phosphatase synthesis and the formation of heat-resistant spores, as indicators of sporulation, we found that some of the mutant strains showed alterations in the sporulation process. These results suggest that these alterations are partially responsible for some of the observed changes in aprE expression.     

枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

蛋白酶是枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)产生的具有重要工业价值的水解酶。对蛋白酶基因的分离与高效率表达一直是基因工程研究领域的重要内容之一^[1-4]。蛋白酶基因的筛选可采用不同的方法,如“免疫法”、“DNA 杂交法”、“遗传互补法”等。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)是基因工程中最常用的宿主菌, 若能以E．Coli作为筛选蛋白酶基因的宿主苗,那么使用E．Coli的常规载体,便可直接获得完整的蛋白 酶基因。枯草杆菌的蛋白酶基因能否在大肠杆菌中表达．则是实现这一目标的关键。Koide等人^[5]报道过枯草杆菌的胞内丝氨酸蛋白酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达。转化细胞在含有脱脂牛奶的平板上可产生十分微弱的水解圈。Ikeraara等人^[6]将Subtilisin E(枯草杆菌蛋白酶E)插人大肠杆菌的表达载体,具有活性的Subtilisin E便可分泌到大肠杆菌的细胞周质中。吴汝平撰文指出^[7]。克隆的枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因不能在大肠杆菌中表达。是因为大肠杆菌不能转录枯草杆菌的促使生长调节基因。Wang等人^[8]则认为,在大肠杆菌中观察不到野生型的中性蛋白酶基因E(nprE)的表达。是因为nprE的表达产物对大肠杆菌有致死作用．除去该基因上的核糖体结合位点,nprE便能在大肠杆菌中低水平表达,并能将表达产 物分泌至胞外。由上可知．枯草杆菌的蛋白酶基因能否在大肠杆菌中表达以及表达的位置仍然是一个众说纷纭的问题,这一问题也正是能否用大肠杆菌作为宿主菌筛选蛋白酶基因的关键。     

拮抗Bacillus subtilis的筛选及发酵条件对拮抗能力的影响

筛选了3株对大肠埃希菌具有拮抗活性的枯草芽胞杆菌,并对这3个菌株的拮抗能力最强的Bf菌株的发酵条件进行了初步研究。先将不同枯草芽胞杆菌菌株与株大肠埃希菌进行拮抗试验,根据抑菌率,筛选出对大肠埃希菌拮抗效果较好的枯草芽胞杆菌Bf。然后,在不同pH值、温度以及不同的培养时间下观察记录Bf对大肠埃希菌的拮抗作用。根据实验结果分析得到:筛选到的枯草芽胞杆菌在pH值为7.0,37℃下培养40 h后抑菌效果最好。     

Immunomodulatory effects of Bacillus subtilis (natto) B4 spores on murine macrophages

To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) (natto) B4 spores on murine macrophage, RAW 264.7 cells were cultured alone or with B subtilis (natto) B4 spores at 37°C for 12 hrs, then both cells and culture supernatants were collected for analyses. Exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to B. subtilis (natto) B4 spores had no significant effects on macrophage viability and amounts of extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). However, it remarkably increased the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cells and the amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interferon‐gamma, interleukin [IL]‐1 beta, IL‐6, IL‐12, IL‐10 and macrophage inflammatory protein‐2) in culture supernatants. These results demonstrate that B. subtilis (natto) B4 spores are harmless to murine macrophages and can stimulate their activation through up‐regulation of ACP and LDH activities and enhance their immune function by increasing iNOS activity and stimulating NO and cytokine production. The above findings suggest that B. subtilis (natto) B4 spores have immunomodulatory effects on macrophages.     

Flagellin as a Biomarker for Bacillus subtilis Strains; Application to the DB9011 Strain and the Study of Interspecific Diversity in Amino-acid Sequences

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the flagellin central domain coding region (FCD-PCR) was applied to the detection and discrimination of Bacillus subtilis DB9011, a strain with useful functions in agriculture. Cross-reactions were observed in 4 B. subtilis strains with similar flagellin genes (hag). Alignment of partial amino-acid sequences of flagellin and the results of PCR for the 16S/23S rRNA spacer in 11 B. subtilis strains suggested the presence of a group including strains with antifungal activity (DB9011 and others).     

地衣芽孢杆菌固态发酵麻疯树饼粕产蛋白酶及其酶学性质

利用地衣芽孢杆菌作为出发菌株,以提油后的麻疯树饼粕作为培养基,采用固态发酵方式生产蛋白酶。控制培养基湿度为125%,添加10%的乳糖和5%的蛋白胨,30°C条件下发酵3d,蛋白酶产量达到最大值(7465U/g)。酶学性质研究表明,蛋白酶最适作用pH为5?6,最适催化温度为55°C,最大催化速度Vmax为0.0324μmol/(s·mg),Km值为0.0531mmol/L。有机溶剂对酶活力有明显促进作用,10%(V/V)甲醇和5%(V/V)乙醇可以使酶活力分别提高13.55%和70.9%。Mg2+可以使蛋白酶活力提高42.54%,而Hg2+却使酶彻底失活。