黄汲清先生与中国的二叠系

值此黄汲清先生100周年冥诞之际,我们深切地感念先生对后学的奖掖提携,十分钦敬先生早年在我国二叠系学术园地里的辛勤耕耘和丰硕成果。令人感动的是先生以耄耋之年,仍然关注和督促着我国二叠系的研究,并且在二叠系“三分”和下界国际化的认识回归中作出无人可以替代的重大贡献。     

鼠疟原虫动合子体外培养及其生物学活性的研究

体外形成的动合子能否感染蚊媒并继续在蚊体内发育是评价体外形成动合子发育成熟的重要指标。它关系到动合子-卵囊阶段的体外培养和整个蚊期疟原虫的培养。由于体外形成动合子的培养物中含有大量各阶段的疟原虫,对检验体外形成动合子的生物活性造成一定的困难。为此我们对约氏疟原虫动合子进行培养和分离,并检测了体外形成动合子的生物活性。     

水杨酸对山葵试管根茎形成的影响

采用固体培养和固液循环培养2种方式,探讨0、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg·L-14种浓度水杨酸(SA)对山葵试管根茎形成的影响,结果表明,在2种培养方式下,不同浓度SA对山葵试管根茎形成和膨大均有明显促进作用,其中以1.0mg·L-1SA进行固液循环培养的山葵根茎鲜重、根茎长和根茎粗为最大.     

大蒜花序轴离体培养器官发生途径的解剖学研究

以大蒜品种‘三月黄’(Allium sativum L.cv. Sanyuehuang)花序轴为外植体进行离体培养,对其器官发生过程进行了形态学和解剖学观察。结果显示:大蒜花序轴离体培养不经过愈伤组织,通过器官直接发生途径形成不定芽,其不定芽起源于大蒜花序轴维管组织韧皮部一侧周围的皮层薄壁细胞,属于外起源;皮层薄壁细胞经脱分化后,由最先形成的拟分生组织发育为茎尖分生组织,然后环绕其形成叶原基,茎尖和叶共同构成一个完整的不定芽;大蒜花序轴离体培养发生的不定芽与花苞中自然形成的营养芽发生部位一致。不定芽通过壮苗、生根培养可正常生根形成植株,如果继代培养周期超过21 d,鳞茎形成率可达90.56%。     

髋关节置换后感染的微生物学分析和生物被膜研究

对髋关节置换后感染病例的微生物学结果进行研究,分析细菌培养结果、药敏结果、术前和术中培养结果符合率和生物被膜形成情况。发现术前和术中培养阳性率较低,分别为77.1%和78.5%,术前和术中培养结果符合率也不高,仅为59.1%;表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌占术前和术中培养比例分别为56.2%和46%,细菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、苯唑西林的耐药比例很高,表皮葡萄球菌形成大量生物被膜。上述结果表明目前的细菌学诊断手段准确性不高,应改进取材和培养方法,提高诊断准确性;髋关节置换后感染细菌中高毒力菌株和耐药菌株比例高,细菌可形成大量生物被膜,是引起感染难治的主要因素。     

深切缅怀陈世骧先生,加快发展我国系统昆虫学--纪念陈世骧先生诞辰100周年

今年11月5日是我国已故著名昆虫学家陈世骧院士诞辰100周年纪念日.陈世骧先生是著名的生物学家、昆虫学家、进化分类理论家.40年前,在陈世骧先生等老一辈动物分类学家们的努力下,<动物分类学报>得以创刊.1964-1979年陈先生一直担任<动物分类学报>主编,为学报的成长与发展及我国动物分类学事业的发展与知识普及做出了突出贡献.值此之际,我们借本文对陈世骧先生的主要学术贡献进行简要回顾,以表达我们对陈先生的缅怀之情,同时也希望国内的系统昆虫学工作者(特别是年轻一代的系统昆虫学工作者)能向陈先生学习,努力开创我国系统昆虫学研究的新局面.     

影响火炬松胚性悬浮细胞原生质体的胚胎发生的因素

火炬松（Pinus taeda L.）是我国亚热带和部分地区最重要的绿化和造林树种。它的生长周期长,杂合程度高,难以用常规的杂文进行品种改良。建立火世松的原生质抗体胚胎发生体系,有可能、进而以遗传转化为基础进行火炬松等针叶树的品种改良。本研究以湖南省绍阳市的火炬松成熟种子为材料,建立胚性细胞悬浮系。将其培养至对数生长期,用1％RS、2．5％和0．2％Y－23的酶混各液分离原生质体,活力达90％以上（Fig.1)。纯化原生质体,在再生培养基上培养2天后,细胞壁再生（Fig.2);6天后,（65％的原生质体第1次分裂（Fig.3);培养3周后,形成小细胞团（Fig.4);6周后,形成大细胞团（Fig.5);8周后,形成胚性胚柄细胞团（ESM）（Fig.6);10周后,形成早期体细胞胚（ESE）（Fig.7);12周后,形成后期体细胞胚（LSE）（Fig.8)。火炬松原生质体胚形成过程中的关键结构是ESM,ESE和LSE。它们形成的最佳基本培养基是1．25LP培养基。再生培养基中高浓度的BA和低浓度的肌醇有利于ESM的形成,但不利于ESE和LSE厮。再生培养基中高浓度的BA和低浓度的肌醇有利于ESM的形成。但不利于ESF和LSE的形成;反之,低的BA和高的浓度的肌醇不利于ESM的形成,但有利于ESE和LSE的形成。因此,用不同的再生培养基对火炬松原生质体培养物所形成的ESM,ESE和LSE进行分步培养可能更有利于火炬松原生质体胚胎发生效率的提高。     

鲤鱼DNA的超速离心分析

鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio L.)是我国常见的淡水鱼类之一,在很多地方都可以找到,我国著名生物学家秉志先生,对鲤鱼的形态学有较系统和深入的研究,他著有《鲤鱼解剖》和《鲤鱼组织》等,但在秉志先生的工作中,因当时条件不具备,尚未使用电镜与超速离心分析技术进行工作。本文著者已用扫描电子显微镜对鲤鱼组织按秉志先生所著《鲤鱼解剖》所定的系统进行过观察,提出了一些新的资料,可能对动物学、水生生物学、水产学以及脊椎动物形态学的研究,有一定的参考价值。但对鲤鱼组织在分子水平上进行分析,尤其用超速离心分析的方法,测定它的沉降系数,尚未有人报道。本实验所用样品为鲤鱼 DNA,将其溶于0·2M 氯化钠水溶液中,PH6·5,浓度为1毫升     

沉痛悼念著名生理学家张香桐院士

中国科学院上海生命科学研究 院张香桐先生治丧委员会： 惊悉张香桐先生不幸逝世,我和中国生理学会理事会的全体同仁感到十分沉痛。张香桐先生是我国著名的生理学家,是我国应用生理学的奠基人之一,为我国生理学的发展和科学事业的进步做出了重大的贡献。张香桐先生治学严谨、[第一段]     

细枝木麻黄离体培养过程中愈伤组织和再生芽的细胞组织学观察

为探讨细枝木麻黄(Casuarina cunninghamianaMiq.)愈伤组织分化过程的细胞组织学,对离体培养条件下的愈伤组织进行扫描电子显微镜和石蜡切片观察,分析愈伤组织的细胞分裂、分化以及芽再生的发生过程。结果表明,新鲜外植体培养于愈伤组织诱导培养基上,伤口处的薄壁细胞开始脱分化,培养1周后形成明显的愈伤组织;继续培养2周后,胚性愈伤组织形成,且表层细胞启动分化形成芽原基;培养4周,可肉眼观察到胚性芽原基,数量增多并逐渐分化形成不定芽;培养至第6周,生成不定芽,并大量增殖和分化。因此,细枝木麻黄是通过愈伤组织分化形成胚状体的途径进行植株再生的,为建立细枝木麻黄组织培养高效再生体系提供了理论依据。     

Identification and characterization of a GroEL homologue in Rhodobacter sphaeroides

A protein closely related to the Escherichia coli GroEL protein has been isolated from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Native and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this protein have shown that it is present in the cell as a multimeric complex of Mr 670,000 which is composed of a monomer of Mr 58,000. Antisera raised against the Mr 58,000 polypeptide have been shown to cross-react with GroEL and the alpha subunit of the pea plastid chaperonin. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the Mr 58,000 polypeptide is identical to that of GroEL at 15 of 19 residues and is also closely related to the alpha subunit of the pea plastid chaperonin, though less so to the beta subunit.     

Binding of the bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) to the 33,000 Mr and 54,000 Mr species of human urokinase: thermodynamic study

The effect of pH and temperature on the apparent association equilibrium constant (Ka) for the binding of the bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI, Kunitz inhibitor) to the 33,000 Mr and 54,000 Mr species of human urokinase (EC 3.4.21.31) has been investigated. Under all the experimental conditions, values of Ka for BPTI binding to the 33,000 Mr and 54,000 Mr species of human urokinase are identical. On lowering the pH from 9.5 to 4.5, values of Ka (at 21.0 degrees C) for BPTI binding to human urokinase (33,000 Mr and 54,000 Mr species) decrease thus reflecting the acidic pK-shift of the His-57 catalytic residue from 6.9, in the free enzyme, to 5.1, in the proteinase:inhibitor complex. At pH 8.0, values of the apparent thermodynamic parameters for BPTI binding to human urokinase (33,000 Mr and 54,000 Mr species) are: Ka = 4.9 x 10(4) M-1, delta G degree = -6.3 kcal/mol, and delta S degree = -37 entropy units (all at 21.0 degrees C); and delta H degree = +4.6 kcal/mol (temperature independent over the explored range, from 5.0 degrees C to 45.0 degrees C). Thermodynamics of BPTI binding to human urokinase (33,000 Mr and 54,000 Mr species) have been analyzed in parallel with those of related serine (pro)enzyme Kazal- and /Kunitz-type inhibitor systems. Considering the known molecular models, the observed binding behaviour of BPTI to human urokinase (33,000 Mr and 54,000 Mr species) was related to the inferred stereochemistry of the proteinase/inhibitor contact region.     

Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: comparison with insulin receptor suggests structural determinants that define functional specificity.

To identify structural characteristics of the closely related cell surface receptors for insulin and IGF-I that define their distinct physiological roles, we determined the complete primary structure of the human IGF-I receptor from cloned cDNA. The deduced sequence predicts a 1367 amino acid receptor precursor, including a 30-residue signal peptide, which is removed during translocation of the nascent polypeptide chain. The 1337 residue, unmodified proreceptor polypeptide has a predicted Mr of 151,869, which compares with the 180,000 Mr IGF-I receptor precursor. In analogy with the 152,784 Mr insulin receptor precursor, cleavage of the Arg-Lys-Arg-Arg sequence at position 707 of the IGF-I receptor precursor will generate alpha (80,423 Mr) and beta (70,866 Mr) subunits, which compare with approximately 135,000 Mr (alpha) and 90,000 Mr (beta) fully glycosylated subunits.     

Phosphorylase phosphatase regulatory subunit. "Western" blotting with immunoglobulins against inhibitor-2 reveals a protein of Mr = 60,000

Rabbit muscle phosphorylase phosphatase has been isolated in different laboratories as an inactive complex of Mr = 70,000, composed of separate catalytic (Mr = 38,000) and regulatory (Mr = 31,000) proteins. The regulatory protein is identical to one of two heatstable inhibitors called inhibitor-2 (I2). Antiserum raised in sheep against I2 by repeated immunization potently blocked inhibitory activity, whereas preimmune serum did not. Immunoglobulins which blocked inhibitory activity were purified by affinity chromatography with I2 as the immobilized ligand. Using a "Western" immunoblotting procedure, as little as 1-5 ng of pure I2, obtained by electroelution of the Mr = 31,000 band of I2 from a polyacrylamide gel segment, were detected. Immunoblotting of the immunogen revealed only a band at Mr = 31,000, indicating the absence of contaminating antigenic proteins. When extracts of skeletal muscle and other rabbit tissues were denatured directly in dodecyl sulfate for immunoblotting the most intensely stained band was present at Mr = 60,000, rather than at Mr = 31,000 as expected. A small amount of I2 and other bands were detected, in particular at Mr = 36,000 and 25,000. Subsequent to heat treatment of the tissue extracts, there was an enrichment of I2 content relative to the Mr = 60,000 band. The results indicate the existence of a Mr = 60,000 protein related to I2. Activation of phosphorylase phosphatase in a muscle extract by treatment with Co2+ plus trypsin exactly coincided with digestion of the Mr = 60,000 immunoreactive protein. Available data indicate that this protein may function as a regulatory subunit of phosphorylase phosphatase.     

Evidence of an alpha 2-macroglobulin-like molecule in plasma of Salamandra salamandra. Structural and functional similarity with human alpha 2-macroglobulin

A high-Mr (Mr 750,000) alpha 1-macroglobulin, obtained from Salamandra salamandra, is described. Salamander alpha 1-macroglobulin is composed of two monomers of equal Mr, which are composed of two polypeptide chains, each of Mr 180,000, linked by disulfide bonds. The molecular parameters of this protein, its binding to trypsin and inactivation by methylamine suggest that salamander alpha 1-macroglobulin is closely related to human alpha 2-macroglobulin and to other related proteins described in the animal kingdom.     

Purification and characterization of a high-Mr carbonic anhydrase from sheep parotid gland.

Approximately half the carbonic anhydrase activity of sheep parotid-gland homogenate is derived from a high-Mr protein [Fernley, Wright & Coghlan (1979) FEBS Lett. 105, 299-302]. This enzyme has now been purified to homogeneity, and its properties were compared with those of the well-characterized sheep carbonic anhydrase II. The protein has an apparent Mr of 540,000 as measured by gel filtration under non-denaturing conditions and an apparent subunit Mr of 45,000 as measured by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After deglycosylation with the enzyme N-glycanase the protein migrates with an apparent Mr of 36,000 on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The CO2-hydrating activity was 340 units/mg compared with 488 units/mg for sheep carbonic anhydrase II measured under identical conditions. This enzyme does not, however, hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl acetate. The enzyme contains 0.8 g-atom of zinc/mol of protein subunit. The peptide maps of the two carbonic anhydrases differ significantly from one another, indicating they are not related closely structurally. Unlike the carbonic anhydrase II isoenzyme, which has a blocked N-terminus, the high-Mr enzyme has a free glycine residue at its N-terminus.     

Extracellular proteins secreted by the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune in response to carbon source

The secretion of 1,4-beta-D-glucanases by the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune in response to cellulose or cellobiose has been studied. The proteins were labeled with 35S, and the secretion of enzymes was measured by beta-glucosidase and carboxymethyl cellulase activities and by immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies. The antigen proteins used were a beta-glucosidase (Mr, 93,000), an avicelase (avicelase II; Mr, 64,000), and a carboxymethyl cellulose (carboxymethyl cellulase I; Mr 41,000). The beta-glucosidase was initially secreted as an Mr 110,000 form, which was followed later by lower-molecular-weight (88,000 to 93,000) forms. The avicelase II, which accounted for about 50% of the secreted labeled protein, had an Mr of 64,000. Secretion of the related avicelase I (Mr 61,000) followed later. The carboxymethyl cellulose I was secreted in two molecular weight forms, Mr 44,000 and 41,000. The evidence is consistent with the idea that three genes account for the secreted glucanase activities. Other species result from different glycosylation or proteolytic cleavage processing, which may occur during or after secretion. The beta-glucosidase secretion appears to be regulated differently than that of avicelase II or carboxymethyl cellulase I; the latter two were regulated coordinately under the conditions used in this work. No common immune determinants between the three antigens were observed.     

Purification of a human milk protein closely similar to tumor-secreted phosphoproteins and osteopontin

A wide variety of rodent and human tumor cells secrete antigenically related phosphoproteins with molecular weights (Mr) of approximately 58,000 (hamster), 62,000 (rat, mouse), 67,000 (human) (Senger, D.R. and Perruzzi, C.A. (1985) Cancer Res. 45, 5818-5823). Expression of these phosphoproteins is transformation-related; tumor cells produce at least 10-fold or more of this protein as compared to their normal or untransformed counterparts. N-terminal and internal sequences derived from the rat tumor-secreted phosphoprotein indicate that it is identical to rat osteopontin, a bone protein with an Arg-Gly-Asp cell-binding sequence (Oldberg, A., Franzen, A. and Heinegard, D. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8819-8823). Antibody raised to the Mr 62,000 rat tumor-secreted phosphoprotein was found to bind Mr 75,000 and Mr 35,000 components of human milk, indicating that milk contains antigenically related proteins. The Mr 75,000 protein, which is present in human milk at concentrations ranging from 3 to 10 micrograms/ml, has been purified to homogeneity. The Mr 35,000 component is apparently derived from the Mr 75,000 protein by proteolytic cleavage, and this cleavage also occurs in vitro in the presence of thrombin. N-terminal and internal amino acid sequences were derived from the Mr 75,000 milk protein and found to be similar (12/21 residues) to N-terminal and internal sequences derived from the rat tumor-secreted phosphoprotein and osteopontin. Moreover, sequence derived from the N-terminus of the human milk protein is identical to that of human bone sialoprotein I (the likely human homolog of rat osteopontin) (Fisher, L.W., Hawkins, G.R., Tuross, N. and Termine, J.D. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9702-9708).     

Rearrangement of nuclear calmodulin during proliferative liver cell activation

Calmodulin increases about three-fold in rat liver nuclei after partial hepatectomy. The increase is maximal after 24 hours, when DNA synthesis is also maximal. During the same time re-distribution of calmodulin within the nuclear structure takes place, leading to its association with the nuclear matrix. Incubation of normal rat liver nuclei with Ca2+ induces association of calmodulin with the matrix, indicating that the re-distribution of calmodulin during the replicative period is related to the increase in nuclear Ca2+. The nuclear matrix contains several calmodulin binding proteins of which one, having Mr of 130 kDa, has been identified as myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Three acceptor proteins, having Mr of 120, 65, and 60 kDa decrease 24 hours after partial hepatectomy, MLCK and a protein of Mr 150 kDa instead increase.     

Isolation and characterization of the transferrin receptor from human placenta.

The transferrin receptor has been isolated from human placenta using immunochromatography and affinity chromatography. The receptor is a glycoprotein and has a Mr = 90,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The isolated receptor is immunologically related to the transferrin receptor on the reticulocyte cell surface.