几种中国肥蛛的修订（蜘蛛目：园蛛科）

对尹长民等1990年发表的中国肥蛛属作了必要的修订,其中新的同物异名2种,3种肥蛛雄蛛配对有误。     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Pfannenstiel , H.-D., ed. (1990): Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Kramer , B. (1990): Electrocommunication in teleost fishes (Elektrische Verständigung bei Knochenfischen). Martin , G. (1990): Birds by night (Vögel bei Nacht). T. & A. Poyser, London. Stoddard , D. M. (1990): The scented ape. The biology and culture of human odour (Der parfümierte Affe).     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Davis , L. S., & J. T. Darby, eds. (1990): Penguin biology (Biologie der Pinguine). Academic Press, London. Labhardt , F. (1990): Der Rotfucns (The red fox). Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin — Hamburg. Mech , L. D. (1990): Der weiße Wolf. Mit einem Wolfsrudel unterwegs in der Arktis (Arctic wolves. The pack). Frederking & Thaler, München. Sieg , J., & W. Wägele, eds. (1990): Fauna der Antarktis (Marine invertebrates of Antarctica). Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg. Selkirk , P. M., R. D. Seppelt , & D. R. Selkirk (1990): Subantarctic Macquarie Island (Die subantarktische Macquarie-Insel). Studies in polar research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Naveen , R., C. Monteath, T. de Roi , & M. Jones (1990): Wild ice — Antarctic journeys (Reisen in die Antarktis). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington—London. Krause , G. (1990): Biogenetische Interphänotypen — Wegweiser durch die Stammeslinien der Tiere (Phylogeny as seen by a comparative embryologist). Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin — Hamburg. Jeßberger , R. (1990): Kreationismus. Kritik des modernen Antievolutionismus (Creationism. A criticism of modern anti-evolutionary thinking). Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg.     

Book Reviews

Dumont, H.J., Tundisi, J.G. & Roche, K. (eds) (1990) Intrazooplankton Predation—Developments in Hydrobiology 60 .
Bnrescu, P. (1990) Zoogeography of Fresh Waters .
Wallace, I.D., Wallace, B. & Philipson, G.N. (1990) A Key to the Case-Bearing Caddis Larvae of Britain and Ireland .
Humpesch, U.H. & Elliott, J.M. (eds) (1990) Methods of Biological Sampling in a Large Deep River—The Danube in Austria .     

Short Notices

Burkardt, Nina. (1990) Opportunities to Protect Instream Flows and Wetland Uses of Water in Florida. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report
Wolff S.W., Wesche T.A., Harris D.D. & Hubert W.A. (1990) Brown trout population and habitat changes associated with increased minimum low flows in Douglas Creek, Wyoming. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report
Clark Donald R. Jr (1990) Dicofol (Kelthane) as an Environmental Contaminant: A Review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Technical Report
Todd Thomas N. (1990) Genetic differentiation of walleye stocks in Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish and Wildlife Technical Report
Hudson Patrick L., Lenat David R., Caldwell Broughton A. & Smith David (1990) Chiro-nomidae of the Southeastern United States: a checklist of species and notes on biology, distribution and habitat. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish and Wildlife Research
Eisler Ronald (1990) Chlordane hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: a synoptic review. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report
Eisler Ronald (1990) Paraquat hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: a synoptic review. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report
Gopal Brij. (Ed.) (1990) Ecology and Management of Aquatic Vegetation in the Indian Subcontinent     

鼎湖山马尾松群落能量分配及其生产的动态

对鼎湖山马尾松群落各组分热值、能量现存量、能量净生产量及群落太阳能转化效率进行了研究。结果表明:(1)乔木层马尾松各器官热值相差不大,为19.02~20.30 kJ/g(总平均 19.34 kJ/g);灌木层植物热值低于乔木层,为16.55~18.78 kJ/g(总平均17.82 kJ/g);草本层植物热值低于灌木层,为13.07~16.16 kJ/g(总平均15.03 kJ/g)。(2)群落能量总现存量随时间而增加,且组分分配比例因年份不同而异。在 1990、1995和2000年分别为167 141.4、270 295.9和321 294.3 kJ/m2,其中乔木层占93.4%、79.8%和86.7%,林下层占3.5%、10.6%和7.2%,而地表现存凋落物层仅占3.2%、9.5%和6.1%。(3)群落在1990~1995年和1995~2000年期间能量净生产每年分别为 1 7083. 2 kJ/m2 和 21 571. 8 kJ/m2,其中乔木层占 96. 6%和95 5%,林下层仅占3.4%和5.0%。所有能量生产量中,群落自身增长能量(即年能量存留量)占 72.7%和57.6%,而释放到其它子系统的能量占27.3%和42.4%。(4)群落太阳能转化效率在 1990~1995 年和 1995~2001年分别为0.759%和0.958%,10年平均为0.873%。     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Erber , J., R. Menzel , H.-J. Pflüger , & D. Todt, eds. (1989): Neural mechanisms of behavior (Neurale Mechanismen des Verhaltens). Bischof , H.-J. (1989): Neuroethologie (Neuroethology). Uni-Taschenbücher 1473, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Reichert , H. (1990): Neurobiologie (Neurobiology). Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart. Huber , F., T. E. Moore , & W. Loher, eds. (1989): Cricket behavior and neurobiology (Verhalten und Neurobiologie der Grillen). Lindauer , M. (1990): Botschaft ohne Worte. Wie Tiere sich verständigen (How animals communicate). Berthold , P. (1990): Vogelzug. Eine kurze, aktuelle Gesamtübersicht (Bird migration. A short up-to-date survey). Gwinner , E., ed. (1990): Bird migration. Physiology and ecophysiology (Vogelzug: Physiologie und Ökophysiologie). Alerstam , Th. (1990): Bird migration (Vogelzug). Crowcroft , P. (1991): Elton's ecologists. A history of the Bureau of Animal Population (Zur Geschichte der Populations-Forschung).     

Regulation of bacterioplankton production and biomass in an oligotrophic cleanvater lake--the importance of the phytoplankton community

Estimations of bacterioplankton production and biomass werecarried out in enclosure experiments during two consecutiveyears (1989 and 1990) in oligotrophic clearwater Lake Njupfatet.The lake was limed in November 1989, and the experiments werecarried out both in 1989 (unlimed) and in 1990 (limed). Bags(3001) were manipulated with inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen,organic carbon, and metazoan zooplankton abundance. Both years,bacterial production was stimulated by inorganic nutrients aloneand in combination with organic carbon. However, the increasein bacterial production when inorganic nutrients were addedalone was much stronger in 1990 than in 1989. In 1989. bacterialproduction increased strongly only when inorganic nutrientsand organic carbon were added together. The phytoplankton communitywas dominated by the cyanobacterium Merismopedia tenuis-simaduring 1989, and the phytoplankton biomass increased only slightlywhen receiving inorganic nutrients. In 1990, when the lake hadbeen limed. M.tenuissima had completely disappeared and thephytoplankton community, dominated by Chrysophyceae and Chlorophyceae,responded strongly to additions of inorganic nutrients. Theincreased phytoplankton productivity in 1990 may have resultedin increased release of organic carbon, and this in turn thatthe carbon limitation of bacterioplankton production decreasedfrom 1989 to 1990. Zooplankton had a positive effect on bacterioplanktonproduction in 1989, but no effect in 1990. The loss of bacterialbiomass approximated 60% of the bacterial production in 1989,while in 1990 it almost equalled the bacterioplankton production.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Gould , J. L., & C. G. Gould (1989): Sexual selection (Sexuelle Selektion). Scientific American Library. W. H. Freeman and Comp. Ltd., Oxford, U.K. Gould , J. L., & C. G. Gould (1990): Partnerwahl im Tierreich. Sexualität als Evolutionsfaktor (Sexual selection, aus dem Amerikanischen übersetzt von Karl-Hans Taake). Spektrum der Wissenschaft-Verlagsgesellschaft Heidelberg. Skinner , J. D., & R. H. N. Smithers (1990): The mammals of the Southern African subregion. (Die Säugetiere des südlichen Afrika). 2. Auflage. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. Hermann , H.-J. (1990): Die Buntbarsche der alten Welt. Tanganjikasee (Old World Cichlids: Lake Tanganjuka). 2. verbesserte Auflage. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Wagener , V., & W. Lantermann (1990): Die afrikanischen Großpapageien (Large African parrots). Natur Verlag Augsburg. Moss , C. (1990): Die Elefanten vom Kilimandscharo. 13 Jahre im Leben einer Elefantenfainilie (Elephant memories. Thirteen years in the life of an elephant family. Elm Tree Books, William Morrow and Co, New York 1988). Übersetzt von Dr. Inge Schröder . Rasch und Röhring Verlag, Hamburg. Strum , S. C. (1990): Leben unter Pavianen. Fünfzehn Jahre in Kenia. (Almost human. A journey into the world of baboons. Aus dem Amerikanischen übersetzt von H. Pisibauer ). Mit Zeichnungen von Deborah Ross , Vorwort von G. B. Schaller . Verlag Paul Zsolnay Wien—Darmstadt. Munkenbeck Fragaszy , D., J. G. Robinson , & E. Visalberghi, eds. (1990): Adaptation and adaptability of capuchin monkeys (Anpassung und Anpassungsfähigkeit bei Kapuzineraffen). Folia Primatologica 54 /3–4. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, Basel. Desportes , C., & B. Thierry (1990): Destins de singes (Monkey destinies — Affenlebenswege). Acropole, Paris.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Wehner , R., & W. Gehring (1990): Zoologie (Zoology). 22. vòllig neu bearbeitete Auflage. Thieme-Verlag Stuttgart — New York. 816 S., 406 zweifarbige Abb., 30 Tab., DM 48,—. Schmidt-Nielsen , K. (1990): Animal physiology: adaptation and environment (Tierphysiologie: Anpassung una Umwelt). Wünnenberg , W. (1990): Physiologie des Winterschlafes (The physiology of hibernation). Mammalia depicta, H. 14. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg—Berlin. Scheiba , B. (1990): Schwimmen, Laufen, Fliegen: Die Bewegung der Tiere (Swimming, running, flying: animal locomotion). Mit 120 Zeichnungen von M. Kleinwächter und M. Lissmann . H. Deutsch, Frankfurt/Main, Urania, Leipzig/Jena/Berlin. Norbere , U. M. (1990): Vertebrate flight (Wirbeltierflug). Zoophysiology, Vol. 27. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Brain , P. F., S. Parmigiani , R. Blanchard , & D. Mainardi, eds. (1990): Fear and defence (Angst und Verteidigung). Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur, Switzerland. Fersen , L. v. (1989): Kognitive Prozesse bei Tauben (Columba livia) (Cognitive processes in pigeons). Centaurus Verlagsgesellschaft, Pfaffenweiler. Peirce , C. S. (1988): Naturordnung und Zeichenprozeß. Schriften über Semiotik und Naturphilosophie (Evolutionary metaphysics of nature). Mit einem Vorwort von Ilya Prigogine . Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Helmut Pape . (Aachener Studien zur Semiotik und Kommunikationsforschung Bd. 18) Alano Verlag, Aachen.     

Asthma care in Darley Dale: general practitioner audit.

OBJECTIVE--To complete a first audit cycle of asthma care in Darley Dale after starting an asthma clinic. DESIGN--Pre-clinic (1989) and post-clinic (1990) analysis of medical records of patients with asthma. SETTING--A group practice in Derbyshire. PATIENTS--161 pre-clinic, 238 post-clinic patients with asthma. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Term "asthma" in the patient''s computerised problem list, recording of peak expiratory flow rate, smoking history, clinical review, medication, and hospital admissions for asthma. RESULTS--There were significant improvements post-clinic with respect to the term "asthma" in the computer file (1989, 93/161 (58%); 1990, 233/238 (98%) (difference 0.40; 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 0.48)); at least one peak flow measurement (1989, 24/161 (15%); 1990, 143/238 (60%) (0.45; 0.37 to 0.53)); three or more peak flow measurements (1989, 15/161 (9%); 1990, 40/238 (17%) (0.08; 0.02 to 0.14)); and smoking history (1989, 24/161 (15%); 1990, 133/238 (56%) (0.41; 0.33 to 0.49)). There were no significant differences post-clinic with respect to asthma reviewed at least once (1989, 61/161 (38%); 1990, 74/238 (31%) (0.07; -0.03 to 0.17)); recording long term medication; treating acute asthma; or ratio of average to best peak flow rate of 38 patients who had one or more measurements (1989, 31/38 (82%); 1990, 34/38 (89%) (0.08; -0.08 to 0.24)). CONCLUSIONS--Setting up an asthma clinic resulted in better recording of data relevant to patients with asthma. However, objective improvement in patients'' asthma could not be detected. Renewed emphasis on prophylactic measures may result in measurable improvement in these patients'' asthma in the future.     

Prof. Dr. Habil. Klaus Naumann 70 Jahre

In den Jahren 1990 und 1991 wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß des Fungizids Furesan (Flusilazol + Pyrazophos) auf räuberische Käfer in Wintergerstefeldern bei Halles/S. mittels Bodenfallen auf Großparzellen durchgeführt. Die Applikation von Furesan fand im Jahre 1990 zum Schossen (DC 37/40) und zum Beginn des Ährenschiebens (DC 49/52), 1991 nur zum Schossen der Wintergerste, aber im Vergleich zu Desmel (Propiconazol) statt. Furesan rief im Jahre 1990 zum Schossen der Wintergerste nur in der ersten Woche nach Behandlung schwache Nebenwirkungen bei Laufkäfern (Carabidae) und Kurzflüglern (Staphylinidae) hervor. Die Applikation zum Ährenschieben beeinflußte die Laufkäfer nicht und die Kurzflügler nur schwach. Im Jahre 1991 fielen die Nebenwirkungen zum Schossen noch geringer als 1990 aus. Nur bei der häufigsten Kurzflüglerart Tachyporus hypnorum (L.) wurden im Jahre 1990 mittlere, 1991 zeitweise sogar starke Minderungen durch die Fungizide hervorgerufen.     

HSP27 特异性shRNA 表达载体的构建及在耐吉西他滨人胰腺癌细胞株 SW1990/Gem 中的表达

目的:构建HSP27基因的短发夹RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)真核表达载体及观察其在耐吉西他滨人胰腺癌细胞株SW1990/Gem中的表达,为进一步探索肿瘤的基因治疗打下前期基础。方法:参考文献及shRNA设计原则,设计并合成2条能转录shRNA的DNA序列,退火连接后,插入含绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescence protein,GFP)基因和U6启动子的真核表达载体pRNAT-U6.3中,构建重组载体pRNAT-shHSP27。重组载体经鉴定后转染SW1990/Gem,倒置荧光显微镜观察转染情况,RT-PCR、Western Blot从mRNA及蛋白水平探讨转染对耐吉西他滨人胰腺癌细胞株SW1990/Gem的影响。结果:成功构建了针对HSP27基因的shRNA表达载体。倒置荧光显微镜下显示转染48h后SW1990/Gem细胞内存在GFP表达。RT-PCR、WesternBlot结果提示转染后HSP27的mRNA及蛋白表达水平较对照组有明显抑制(P<0.05)。结论:成功构建针对HSP27基因的特异性shRNA真核表达载体,转染细胞后可抑制HSP27表达,为进一步研究HSP27与胰腺癌生物学行为及化疗耐药等相关性奠定了基础。     

Workload of general practitioners before and after the new contract.

OBJECTIVE--To assess changes in general practitioners'' workload associated with the new contract introduced in April 1990. DESIGN--Weekly workload diary completed during four weeks in February-March 1990 and during the same period in 1991. SETTING--Sheffield, United Kingdom. SUBJECTS--All 300 general practitioners on Sheffield Family Health Services Authority list as principals in 1990 and 1991. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Mean number of hours worked per week, number of patients seen each week, and mean time spent per patient. RESULTS--181 (60%) general practitioners responded in 1990 and 163 (54%) in 1991. Of these, 18 (10%) were not working in 1990 and 14 (7%) in 1991. General medical service work increased during a "normal working week" from a mean of 38.6 hours a week in 1990 to 40.6 hours in 1991, and non-general medical service work decreased from 5.4 hours a week to 4.5 hours. Hours spent on call were similar before and after the contract. For the 99 general practitioners who responded in both years, time spent on general medical service duties increased significantly (40.5 h in 1990 v 42.5 h [corrected] in 1991; p = 0.033), mainly due to more time being spent in clinics. Significantly more patients were being seen in clinics (9 v 14; p = 0.001); the average time spent per patient remained at about 8 1/2 minutes during surgeries and 16 minutes for a home visit, and rose from 13 to 14 minutes for patients seen in clinics. The time spent on practice administration fell but not significantly. CONCLUSION--Since the new contract there has been a significant increase in general medical services work, mainly due to more patients being seen in clinics, with no reduction in the time spent per patient.     

Job stress,satisfaction, and mental health among general practitioners before and after introduction of new contract.

OBJECTIVE--To compare measures of job stress, job satisfaction, and mental health among general practitioners before and after the introduction of the new contract in April 1990. DESIGN--Cross sectional postal questionnaire survey in July 1990. Comparison of results with those obtained in previous survey in November 1987. SETTING--General practice in United Kingdom. SUBJECTS--1500 general practitioners randomly selected from general medical services lists, 917 of whom (61%) returned questionnaires usable for statistical analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Aspects of job causing stress, job satisfaction (Warr, Cook, and Wall scale), and mental health (Crown-Crisp experiential index). RESULTS--Compared with 1987, in 1990 doctors experienced more stress from night calls (mean score 3.83 in 1990 v 3.45 in 1987), emergencies during surgery hours (3.72 v 3.48), and interruption of family life by telephone (3.58 v 2.73; p less than 0.001 for all three variables). Scores for somatic anxiety and depression were higher in both men and women in 1990 (men: somatic anxiety 3.12 v 2.36; depression 3.80 v 2.94; women: somatic anxiety 3.56 v 2.65; depression 4.02 v 3.37; p less than 0.001). Job satisfaction had also decreased in 1990 (5.23 v 4.26; p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS--Doctors experienced more stress, less job satisfaction, and poorer mental health in 1990 than in 1987. These changes may have resulted from the introduction of the new contract.     

Book Reviews

Pennak, R. W. (1990) Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States
Round F. E., Crawford R. M. & Mann D. G. (1990). The Diatoms. Biology & Morphology of the Genera     

Winter growth of juvenile plaice on the Port Erin Bay (Isle of Man) nursery ground

Juvenile plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa ) were studied in Port Erin Bay, Isle of Man, U.K. between September and March 1989/1990 and 1990/1991. Plaice (>90 mm) were tagged and individual growth rates calculated for the autumn, winter and over-winter time periods. During the study the population of fish >90 mm remained fairly stable both within a study season and between years. Autumn growth rates ranged from 0 to 0.39 mm day⁻¹ (mean₁₉₈₉=0.13 mm day⁻¹, mean₁₉₉₀=0.10 mm day ⁻¹) and winter 0 to 0.5 mm day⁻¹ (mean₁₉₉₀=0.11 mm day⁻¹ and mean₁₉₉₁=0.17 mm day ⁻¹). In general, growth rates were higher at higher mean seasonal temperatures. However, relative growth rate was significantly higher in the colder winter period of 1991 than 1990.     

Interactions between northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis (Pandalidae), and its key predators within the eastern Newfoundland and Labrador marine ecosystem

An examination of population trends for northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and its key predators off eastern Newfoundland and Labrador provided the basis for investigating predator-prey relationships within an ecosystem that experienced major changes in species composition during the 1980s and 1990s. Populations of several demersal fish species, known to feed on northern shrimp, declined to historically low levels by the early 1990s and remained depressed thereafter. Some declines were precipitous from the late 1980s to early 1990s, coincident with an increase in shrimp. Populations of other important predator species increased throughout the 1990s along with shrimp. Lacking representative estimates of shrimp consumption, the net effect on predation mortality was unquantifiable and it was not possible to demonstrate with certainty that the major increase in shrimp biomass that occurred throughout the 1990s resulted from a concomitant reduction in predation mortality. Factors (and their interactions) relevant to the dynamics of shrimp populations include the effects of ocean climate, predation, competition, as well as commercial harvesting.