中国大豆品种生态区划的修正Ⅱ.各区范围及主要品种类型

根据我国各地256份代表性大豆地方品种在南京分期播种,延长或缩短光照长度各处理条件下的生育期表现,结合供试材料来源地的地理与气候条件,播种季节类型,熟期组类型以及光温反应特性等因素,将我国大豆品种生态区划分为：北方一熟制春作大豆品种生态区（Ⅰ）,黄淮海二熟制春夏作大豆品种生态区（Ⅱ）,长江中下游二熟制春夏作大豆品种生态区（Ⅲ）,中南多熟制春夏秋作大豆品种生态区（Ⅳ）,西南高原二熟制春夏作大豆品种生态区（Ⅴ）,华南热带多熟制四季大豆品种生态区（Ⅵ）等六大区,10亚区,并阐述各区的一般生态条件及代表生态类型。     

香港地区现代人头骨的研究：性别和地区类型的判别分析

本文报告了香港地区现代中国人头骨测量性状的性别差异情况和香港与太原的男性头骨的差异情况。在此基础上,使用判别分析的方法建立了各自的判别函数,正判率分别达到93.1％和85.3％。它们分别适用于华南头骨的性别鉴定和华南与华北男性头骨的区分。     

上海地区郁金香引种栽培与品种综合评价

通过建立郁金香(Tulipa gesneriana)品种评价体系,筛选生长适应性好、观赏价值高,适宜应用于园林景观的郁金香品种。对29个郁金香进口品种在上海地区进行引种栽培,观察记录其物候期,并对植株高、冠幅等12个生长特性,以及开花整齐度、花型、花色等32个观赏特性进行了观测。从观测指标中筛选出了包括开花整齐度、花色均匀度、花色等27个评价指标,使用层次分析法与灰色关联度分析法建立了评价体系。综合评价将29个品种分成了4个等级：Ⅰ级包含10个品种, Ⅱ级12个品种,而Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级包含品种数较少,分别只有4和3个品种。Ⅰ、Ⅱ级品种普遍具有较高的观赏价值,同时适应性较强,适合今后推广应用于上海及周边地区园林绿化。这对筛选适于上海及周边地区园林种植的郁金香品种有重要的指导作用,建立的评价体系对评价其他郁金香品种在园林中应用也有积极参考意义。     

阜平山区草莓错季栽培的生物表现及适宜区域

通过田间试验和平行观测气象资料,利用地理信息技术和气候要素计算模型,研究了阜平山区种植草莓的生物表现及适宜种植区域.结果表明:在阜平山区种植草莓能够安全越冬、开花、结果,草莓发育期滞后于河北平原,从而达到错季生产的目的;其草莓品质优良,果实中可溶性固形物和维生素C含量均高于河北平原对应的草莓品种;阜平山区错季草莓的适宜发展区域为海拔900～1 200 m的地区.     

芍药组植物的分布和栽培格局及其促成栽培研究现状

通过对芍药属(Paeonia L.)芍药组(Sect.Paeonia DC.)植物在世界和中国的自然分布状况及栽培区和地理气候因子的综合分析,探讨了影响芍药生长发育的气候因子,并据此划分出芍药的适宜栽培区和可栽培区;在对芍药主栽品种和促成栽培研究现状进行分析的基础上,对中国芍药的研究目标及产业化发展提出了一些建议。分析结果表明:芍药是典型的温带植物,适宜在温带气候条件下生长,但忌湿热;适宜栽培区位于N 30°至N 40°之间;露天栽培需要足够的冬季自然低温积累才能完成春化过程和打破休眠。在中国,华北、华中、华东等大部分地区是芍药的适宜栽培区,但南岭山脉以南则不宜露天栽培。全世界的芍药栽培品种较多,但各国的主栽品种不同。目前芍药的促成栽培研究已有一些进展;影响芍药生长及成花的主要环境因子为温度和光照,除此之外,内源激素水平等因子也对芍药花期有一定影响。受传统文化的影响,中国的芍药产业化发展及研究较为滞后,建议从研究栽培控制因子、改善园艺设施、引进和培育优良品种、适度发展现代栽培技术、开展鲜切花品种筛选及规模化生产以及提高人们对芍药的重视程度6个方面加以改进。     

吉林通化地区杨树栽培的生态区划

选取通化地区与杨树生长有密切关系的、具典型代表和鲜明时空分布规律的气候因子和自然地理因子作为统计指标,运用聚类分析方法对全区林业生态环境进行分类区划,划分为4个气候小区;调查全区26个引种的杨树生长状况,重点针对其抗寒性进行分类分级;针对杨树新品种与该地区环境适应性关系,确定杨树栽培的生态区划结果,并对每一气候小区的特殊情况具体分析,提出杨树引种栽培的科学依据．     

三江源地区刺柏属植物群落类型特征

三江源地区位于青藏高原的腹地, 是典型的生态脆弱区, 刺柏属(Juniperus)植物群落是该地区天然林资源的重要组分, 在维持生物多样性与水生态安全方面发挥着重要作用。该研究调查了刺柏属植物群落的主要植被类型, 通过对53个样地的样方数据分析, 量化描述了其各个群落类型的主要特征。结果表明: (1)根据生活型和优势度原则, 该区刺柏属植物群落可划分为祁连圆柏(J. przewalskii)林、大果圆柏(J. tibetica)林、密枝圆柏(J. convallium)林、塔枝圆柏(J. komarovii)林、大果圆柏灌丛和密枝圆柏灌丛, 进一步分为15个群丛。(2)调查所得维管植物共有142种, 隶属34科90属, 其中菊科种数最多, 占总种数的16.20%。(3)群落垂直结构明显, 其中乔木层优势种单一, 灌木层优势种主要有鲜黄小檗(Berberis diaphana)、银露梅(Potentilla glabra)及灌木状的大果圆柏, 草本层以薹草属(Carex)和马先蒿属(Pedicularis)占优势。(4)该区种子植物种的地理成分中, 温带成分占总种数的52.59%, 温带亚洲分布、东亚分布和中亚分布等为本区分布占比较大的分布区类型; 中国特有种占47.41%; 区系成分呈现横断山植物区系和唐古特植物区系成分互相交融的特点。     

Genetic relationships within avocado (Persea americana Mill) cultivars and between Persea species

The origin of avocado (Persea americana Mill) cultivars, as well as the genetic relationships between Persea species, are not well defined and are based mainly on morphological parameters. Minisatellite DNA markers were used to analyze 24 P. americana cultivars in an attempt to define their racial allocation. DNA mixes representing the three races were evaluated and used for analysis. The allocation of 19 of the above cultivars was substantiated by the DNA markers, while new suggestions were offered regarding the remaining five. Eight cultivars, of unknown racial origin, were also examined, and a phylogenetic tree suggesting their origin is offered. Selfing progeny of five cultivars were analyzed for six morphological traits which differentiate the three races, and were compared to their parents in order to assess their origin. Eleven Persea species were analyzed, using DNA fingerprint patterns and SSR (simple sequence repeat) alleles, in order to identify the genetic relationships among the Persea species, and between them and the three P. americana races. The phylogenetic tree obtained is presented. The high value of variation between the avocado cultivars and Persea species observed in this work, suggests that the validity of race and species definition within Persea be treated with caution. Received: 3 August 1996 / Accepted: 23 August 1996     

鳄梨资源的开发利用

介绍鳄梨的植物形态、生态习性、地理分布、化学成分及综合利用。     

甜樱桃品种及其砧木的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术,从130个随机引物中筛选出46个引物,对欧洲甜樱桃、欧洲酸樱桃、马哈利樱桃和野生中国樱桃4个类型樱桃种,以及欧洲甜樱桃与中国樱桃的种间杂交种共15个品种的基因组遗传变异进行分析。结果表明,46个随机引物均得到了稳定可重复的RAPD图谱,扩增出的DNA条带大小在100~2625bp之间,多态性位点数517个,多态性位点百分率为98.85%,每个随机引物扩增出的多态性DNA条带数在4~23条。品种间Nei遗传距离在0.166~0.479之间,平均遗传距离0.329;甜樱桃新品种‘秦樱1号’与‘秦岭玛瑙’、‘CDR-1’等10个樱桃砧木之间的遗传距离在0.248~0.376,并且根据遗传距离可以相互区分,所分析的15个樱桃品种均扩增出了特有的DNA条带,每个樱桃特有标记带在2~17个之间,共扩增出149个特有标记,据此可以进行樱桃品种及砧木的RAPD鉴定。研究认为利用RAPD技术可以在分子水平上对甜樱桃品种及其砧木进行快速鉴定。     

Esterase Isozyme analyses of the Species and Their Varieties of the Genus Gossypium

The isozyme make up of esterases of the seeds from fifteen species and twenty-three cultivar of Gossypium was analyzed by isoelectrofocusing. The experimental results are summarized as follows: 1. Differeces were observed in the number of esterase isozyme bands among the species of different genome groups. The cultivated species, G. hirsutum (AD)1 gave rise to 46 isozyme bands, the most among the species of the genus Gossypium. G. barba- dense (AD)2, G. arboreum (A2) and G. herbaceum (A1) gave rise to 42, 40 and 38 bands, respectively. In wild species, G. australe (C3) had 20 esterase bands, the least in all species of Gossypium. The bands given rise from other wild species ranged from 26 to 40. 2. Each species of every genome groups had its marker bands. The results were in agreement with the traditional classification and provided some biochemical evidence for modern classification of Gossypium. 3. It was clear that all cotton species of different genome groups contain 5 main isozyme bands, viz. PI=3.85, 4.61, 5.48, 5.73 and 5.91 in the zymograms. In other words, these zymograms are common characters of Gossypium. 4. The esterase of 23 cultivers in four cultivated species studied showed that no variation in isozyme patterns existed within one species, except the disease-resistant variety Hea-7124 which differs from other 4 cultivars of G. barbadense.     

Cultivation of Rice Protoplasts and Their Transformation Mediated by Agrobacterium Spheroplasts

Improvement of the cultivation of rice (Oryza saliva L.) protoplastsisolated from suspension cultures led to their division at afrequency of 5 to 10%. Rapidly growing colonies were obtainedon a hormone-free medium when Agrobacterium tumefaciens spheroplastswere introduced into the protoplasts by polyethylene glycoltreatment. Opines corresponding to the strains of A. tumefaciensused for the spheroplast treatments were detected in some ofthese colonies at a frequency of about 10^–4. Using radioactiveprecursors, [¹⁴C]--ketoglutaric acid and [³H]-arginine, activitiesof nopaline synthase, a marker enzyme of nopaline-type crowngall, were also detected in some of these clones. These resultsshow that the rice cells were transformed by Ti plasmid introducedby the spheroplast method. (Received September 6, 1985; Accepted January 24, 1986)     

甘蔗品种主要性状的基因型与环境及其互作效应分析

用AMMI模型双标图对国家第六轮甘蔗品种区域试验5个试点的12个甘蔗品种试验数据进行分析,研究甘蔗区试中不同品种的产量稳定性问题。结果表明,参试品种的6个产量性状在品种间和地点间差异显著,品种与地点的互作效应差异显著;FN30、YG16蔗茎产量和含糖量高,稳定性强,属于高产、稳产性较好的品种。AMMI模型很好地解释了甘蔗品种产量性状的基因型效应、环境效应和GE互作效应。     

不同绿豆品种生育后期叶片衰老的研究

以夏播绿豆品种‘冀绿2号’和‘泰来’为材料,研究其开花至成熟期间主茎开花节叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、酶促防御系统的保护酶SOD、CAT、POD活性和MDA积累量的动态变化规律。结果表明,两品种各功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、SOD、CAT活性均在其开花15 d后逐渐下降,但POD活性和MDA含量随着叶片的衰老而升高。虽然两品种叶片衰老的总体变化趋势一致,但衰老进程存在着显著差异。与‘泰来’绿豆相比,‘冀绿2号’各功能叶片衰老过程中SOD、CAT活性下降较慢,叶片功能期持续时间长,生育后期仍能保持相对较高的净光合速率,籽粒产量显著高于‘泰来’绿豆。综合分析表明,在绿豆开花结荚期间,有效控制或延缓开花节叶片的衰老进程,维持叶片生理功能,对籽粒产量形成具有重要作用。     

不同萝卜品种游离小孢子的诱导及培养体系优化研究

以19个萝卜品种为试验材料,研究各种因素对萝卜游离小孢子培养的影响.结果表明:(1)13个品种可诱导出胚状体,诱导率达到68.4%,但不同品种间产胚量存在较大差异,其中路路通翠雪产胚量可达每蕾10个,而圆白萝卜的产胚量最小为每蕾0.125个,进一步培养有8个品种得到再生植株;(2)在NLN-13液体培养基中添加活性炭和6-BA对萝卜游离小孢子出胚有较好的促进作用,小孢子分离30d后将胚状体转移至固体MS培养基上,子叶型胚可获得大量的再生植株,而畸形胚状体转移后不能获得正常的再生植株.     

产黑色素拟杆菌群菌株的培养,鉴定及其免疫血清的特异性检测

本文报告了6种产黑色素拟杆菌国际标准菌株、2株参考菌株的培养、鉴定特点。厌氧菌药敏试验发现中间型拟杆菌、牙龈拟杆菌、产黑色素拟杆菌对头孢霉素、利福平、灭滴灵、青霉素、洁霉素、氨苄青霉素、羧苄青霉索敏感,可供临床治疗中参考。对中间型拟杆菌、牙龈拟杆菌、产黑色素拟杆菌、不解糖拟杆菌,牙髓拟杆菌制备的免疫血清进行了特异性鉴定,发现牙龈拟杆菌免疫血清特异性强,可用于临床辅助鉴定该菌,其它免疫血清均具有不同程度的交叉反应。