六种酸模属药用植物茎的显微特征研究

目的：研究酸模属植物茎的组织学特征,为显微鉴别提供依据.方法：对酸模属6种药用植物羊蹄Rumex japonicus Houtt.、酸模Rumex acetosaL.、皱叶酸模Rumex crispusL.、网果酸模Rumex chalepensis MiⅡ.、齿果酸模Rumex dentatusL.和长刺酸模Rumex trisetifer Stokes的茎的横切面进行了制作和观察.结果：首次在羊蹄和网果酸模茎中观察到异常构造——内生维管束（internal bundle）.结论：6种酸模属植物茎横切面的显微特征虽然较为相似,但或多或少具有一定的区别,可为6种植物的鉴别提供依据;根据茎中内生维管束的有无及生长年限,初步推测了其演化关系.     

江西产酸模属植物叶片比较解剖学研究

对江西产酸模属(Rumex L.)7种植物进行了叶形态结构的显微观察.结果表明:(1)叶片上表皮均有气孔器分布,表皮上普遍具有腺体和异细胞,叶肉中均含有晶体细胞,晶体类型为簇晶;(2)下表皮细胞特征及气孔类型、叶肉细胞的分化及排列方式、中脉维管束数目等特征具有明显的种间差异,可以作为属下种级鉴定指标;(3)小酸模在气孔类型、栅栏组织和海绵组织排列紧密程度、中脉形状及维管束数量等特征上与同属其它种类具有显著的差异,形态解剖学证据支持小酸模亚属(Subgen.Acetosella(Meisn.)Rech.)的成立;(4)根据酸模属植物气孔器类型的演化阶段,并结合孢粉学、形态学等证据,认为酸模属处于蓼科植物系统演化的较低或中等地位.通过对酸模属植物叶形态结构的比较观察,为探讨该属的系统演化关系及属下分类提供叶解剖学证据.     

蓼科羊蹄减数分裂过程的观察

首次对蓼科酸模属植物羊蹄（Rumex japonicus Houtt．）进行了花粉母细胞减数分裂观察。减数分裂后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ存在染色体桥、染色体断片和落后染色体等异常现象,统计各时期畸形率都低于5％。随机统计花粉粒活性,成熟率达到95％。羊蹄的减数分裂过程基本正常,也证实了羊蹄的体细胞染色体数目2n=2x=100是可信的。     

柴胡不同部位显微特征研究

目的:对柴胡不同部位的显微构造进行研究,为柴胡正本清源提供依据。方法:采用显微制片方法,对柴胡植物各部位进行显微观察及显微描述。结果:阐明了柴胡根、茎、叶、果实的组织横切面显微特征。结论:该研究结果可作为正品柴胡原植物和药材鉴别依据。     

用酸模治疗皮癣的新方法

酸模(酸巴溜)Rumex acetosa L.(图1)为蓼科酸模属植物.全草入药,可用以治疗皮肤病,已有多年的记载.我们发现用其治皮肤癣采用下面两种新方法,其效果尤为显著,现介绍如下.一、用酸模粘液直接涂抹法此法适用于面积较小、轻微的皮肤癣,如头癣、花斑癣、体癣等.方法:将酸模带根挖出(最好是春天酸模刚出土不久时采,这时含粘液多,功能也较强),去掉根和地面以上茎叶部     

连翘叶黄芩的组织学研究

应用组织学的方法,研究了连翘叶黄芩部分组织的内部构造。观察比较了药材川黄芩、黄芩、滇黄芩、粘毛黄芩、甘肃黄芩的外部形态、组织横切面及粉未特征,得到其性状鉴别检索表、组织横切面鉴别表和粉未显微特征鉴别表。     

六盘水酸模属植物资源的初步调查研究

通过野外调查、标本采集、分类学研究及资料考证,对六盘水酸模属植物的资源进行了调查.结果表明,六盘水有酸模属植物7种,其中钝叶酸模(Rumex obtusifoliusL.)为贵州省的分布新纪录,并对酸模属植物药用价值、食用价值及生态价值等进行了分析.     

山西被子植物5个新记录种

【目的】为丰富山西省被子植物种质资源,促进中条山生物多样性和森林生态系统的研究。【方法】在大量野外植被调查工作基础上,通过标本鉴定、资料查阅和专家咨询,对中条山植物标本、典型特征照片进行整理。【结果】发现小酸模（Rumex acetosella L.）、伏毛银莲花（Anemone narcissiflora subsp. protracta (Ulbrich) Ziman & Fedoronczuk）、弯曲碎米荠（Cardamine flexuosa With.）、卢氏凤仙花（Impatiens lushiensis Y. L. Chen）、小酸浆（Physalis minima L.）等5种被子植物在山西未有分布记录。【结论】确认该5种植物隶属于5科5属,为山西省被子植物分布新记录,新记录发现不仅丰富了山西省被子植物种质资源,而且对研究山西省生物多样性和森林生态系统也具有重要意义。     

中国柽柳科植物叶解剖特征与分类关系的探讨

对分布于新疆的柽柳科植物叶的结构进行了比较观察,结果表明：水柏枝属叶为一般背腹叶,具湿中性特征;红砂属植物的叶横切面呈扁圆形,栅栏组织呈现状排列于表皮之下;柽柳属的叶与一般的背腹叶不同,栅栏组织位于远轴面,海绵组织位于近轴面。同时对叶的解剖结构与分类关系进行探讨,认为柽柳科植物的某些叶特征稳定且具类群特异性,在确定亲缘关系和分类方面具有重要意义。最后列出了柽柳科分属和柽柳属分种检索表。     

哈萨克野生药材多根乌头的生药研究

探讨了多根乌头的性状、显微和粉末特征,以及形态变异的情况.对实地采集的多根乌头样本进行测量,通过数码显微镜观察其根、茎和叶的横切面及粉末特征.多根乌头的根含有特征的9个木质部束环列在髓部外围,形成层呈椭圆形,皮层宽广,韧皮部狭窄,含大量的糊化淀粉粒,黄色或黄绿色的纤维,以及清晰可见的具缘纹孔导管,还发现了其花的三种变异形态.实验结果可为多根乌头的真伪鉴别、质量标准提供科学依据.     

Ethylene Biosynthesis and Accumulation under Drained and Submerged Conditions (A Comparative Study of Two Rumex Species)

A model is presented of the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in relation to submergence and flooding resistance. It is based on time-course measurements of ethylene production, ethylene accumulation, and concentrations of free and conjugated 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in submerged and drained flooding-resistant Rumex palustris Sm. and flooding-sensitive Rumex acetosella L. plants. From these data, in vivo reaction rates of the final steps in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway were calculated. According to our model, submergence stimulates ACC formation and inhibits conversion of ACC to ethylene in both Rumex species, and as a result, ACC accumulates. This may explain the stimulated ACC conjugation observed in submerged plants. Although submergence inhibited ethylene production, physical entrapment increased endogenous ethylene concentrations in both flooding-resistant R. palustris and flooding-sensitive R. acetosella plants. However, R. palustris plants controlled their internal ethylene levels in the long term by a negative regulation of ACC synthase induced by ethylene. In flooding-sensitive R. acetosella plants, absence of negative regulation increased internal ethylene levels to more than 20 [mu]L L-1 after 6 d of submergence. This may accelerate the process of senescence and contribute to their low level of flooding resistance.     

Contrasting patterns of genetic divergence in two sympatric pseudo-metallophytes: Rumex acetosa L. and commelina communis L

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Patterns of genetic divergence between populations of facultative metallophytes have been investigated extensively. However, most previous investigations have focused on a single plant species making it unclear if genetic divergence shows common patterns or, conversely, is species-specific. The herbs Rumex acetosa L. and Commelina communis L. are two pseudo-metallophytes thriving in both normal and cupriferous soils along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Their non-metallicolous and metallicolous populations are often sympatric thus providing an ideal opportunity for comparative estimation of genetic structures and divergence under the selective pressure derived from copper toxicity. RESULTS: In the present study, patterns of genetic divergence of R. acetosa and C. communis, including metal tolerance, genetic structure and genetic relationships between populations, were investigated and compared using hydroponic experiments, AFLP, ISSR and chloroplast genetic markers. Our results show a significant reduction in genetic diversity in metallicolous populations of C. communis but not in R. acetosa. Moreover, genetic differentiation is less in R. acetosa than in C. communis, the latter species also shows a clustering of its metallicolous populations. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that the genetic divergences apparent in R. acetosa and C. communis, and the contrasting responses of the two species to copper contamination, might be attributed to the differences in their intrinsic physiological and ecological properties. No simple and generalised conclusions on genetic divergence in pseudo-metallophytes can thus be drawn.     

Growth responses of Rumex species in relation to submergence and ethylene

Abstract. Submergence stimulates growth of the petioles of Rumex palustris and Rumex crispus under field, greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Growth of Rumex acetosa petioles was hardly influenced by submergence. These growth responses under flooded conditions can be partially mimicked by exposing non-submerged Rumex plants to ethylene-air mixtures. Submergence of intact plants in a solution of AgNO₃ inhibited the elongation of all petioles of R. palustris and the youngest petiole of R. crispus and stimulated growth of the youngest petiole of R. acetosa , The ethylene-air mixture experiments, the effect of AgNO₃ and observed increase of the endogenous ethylene concentration during submergence suggest that ethylene plays a regulatory role in the growth responses of these Rumex species under submerged conditions. The three Rumex species showed a gradient in elongation responses to submergence, which correlates with the field distribution of the three species in a flooding gradient.     

Development of Diagnostic Microscopic and Chemical Markers of Some Euphorbia Latexes

The latexes of the three Euphorbia species, namely E. antiquorum L., E. nerifolia L., and E. tirucalli L., are highly valued in the Indian system of medicine as purgatives, in addition to their specific and distinct therapeutic activities. In order to distinguish these latexes and develop their diagnostic microscopic and chemical markers, we performed extensive chemical and microscopic studies. The three latexes differ significantly in their microscopic features by exhibiting characteristic starch grain patterns. Although amoebic structures were found to be characteristic of E. antiquorum, dumb-bell and oval structures are characteristic of E. nerifolia and E. tirucalli, respectively. In addition, these latexes showed bone-shaped structures as a common feature, but these differed considerably in their length （10-60, 30-55, and 50-70 μm in length in E. antiquorum, E. nerifolia, and E. tirucalli, respectively）. The chemical markers nerifoliene and euphol were found to be common to both E. antiquorum and E. nerifolia, whereas euphol is the only marker for E. tirucalli. A reverse-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatographic （HPTLC） method was developed to distinguish these three latexes and to generate their standard fingerprinting patterns. Most significantly, the markers nerifoliene and euphol could be resolved by RP-18 F254s precoated aluminium plates and the latexes have been quantitatively estimated with respect to these markers. The developed microscopic, chemical and HPTLC patterns can be used to distinguish the three latexes.     

Despite high uptake efficiency, non-mycorrhizal Rumex acetosella increases available phosphorous in the rhizosphere soil, whereas Viscaria vulgaris, Plantago lanceolata and Achillea millefolium does not

The phosphorous (P) uptake efficiency, reduction of the soil extractable P, and the root morphology was determined for the four common grassland species Rumex acetosella , Viscaria vulgaris , Plantago lanceolata and Achillea millefolium in one pot cultivation and one microcosm experiment. Rumex acetosella produced more than tree times as much biomass as each of V. vulgaris , P. lanceolata and A. millefolium, and could maintain a P concentration in the tissue that was twice as high as in the other species. R. acetosella was able to take up 10 times more phosphorous than the other species but the high uptake was not reflected in reduced Olsen P levels in the root affected soil. Calculating the uptake efficiency of the roots with a diameter less than 0.5  mm showed that the P uptake, calculated per root area, had been more efficient in R. acetosella than in the other species. The calculated rhizosphere volume (explored by the plant) seemed to correlate with the higher uptake efficiency of R. acetosella. We can conclude that R. acetosella have mechanisms to maintain a high P availability in the soil and may sustain a high uptake without any mycorrhizal interactions.     

Contrasting interactions between ethylene and abscisic acid in Rumex species differing in submergence tolerance

Complete submergence of flooding-tolerant Rumex palustris plants strongly stimulates petiole elongation. This escape response is initiated by the accumulation of ethylene inside the submerged tissue. In contrast, petioles of flooding-intolerant Rumex acetosa do not increase their elongation rate under water even though ethylene also accumulates when they are submerged. Abscisic acid (ABA) was found to be a negative regulator of enhanced petiole growth in both species. In R. palustris, accumulated ethylene stimulated elongation by inhibiting biosynthesis of ABA via a reduction of RpNCED expression and enhancing degradation of ABA to phaseic acid. Externally applied ABA inhibited petiole elongation and prevented the upregulation of gibberellin A(1) normally found in submerged R. palustris. In R. acetosa submergence did not stimulate petiole elongation nor did it depress levels of ABA. However, if ABA concentrations in R. acetosa were first artificially reduced, submergence (but not ethylene) was then able to enhance petiole elongation strongly. This result suggests that in Rumex a decrease in ABA is a prerequisite for ethylene and other stimuli to promote elongation.     

The distribution and decline of a widespread butterfly Lycaena phlaeas in a pastoral landscape

1. Ecological specialists are often regarded as most likely to be threatened by anthropogenic habitat changes but few relevant data are available on changes in the status of widespread species. 2. Grid square distribution maps have been used widely to measure rates of decline and target conservation resources but it is known that coarse grain mapping is not appropriate to identify declines in widespread species that initially contain numerous local populations per grid cell. Changes in the status of widespread species need to be quantified. 3. Present‐day habitat associations, determined from over 2000 transect counts, combined with data on historical and present‐day habitat distributions, reveal that the area of occupancy and population‐level rate of decline of the Small Copper butterfly Lycaena phlaeas is likely to have been of the order of 92 and 89% respectively, in 35 km² of North Wales. Similar data on the species' major host plants Rumex acetosa and R. acetosella indicate possible declines in area occupied of 48 and 91%. If a 1‐km² grid was applied to the landscape, and if L. phlaeas, R. acetosa, and R. acetosella had occupied all 1‐km² cells in the study area in 1901 (non‐limestone cells for R. acetosella only), their declines would only have been recorded as 15, 9, and 35% respectively. 4. Many declining ecological specialists are threatened with extinction because of their initial rarity. At a population level, however, they may or may not be declining faster than less specialised species. The results presented here illustrate that some widespread species may have declined as much as many of Britain's rarities.