端粒酶在细胞永生化和癌变中的作用

重点讨论了端粒酶在肿瘤细胞和永生化细胞中的作用和功能,以及它与细胞衰老和永生化的关系.多数真核细胞的端粒酶能将单一重复序列加到端粒DNA的3′末端.端粒酶主要由模板RNA和端粒酶蛋白催化亚基组成,后者以前者为模板起逆转录酶的作用.端粒酶活性存在于肿瘤细胞中,而在良性肿瘤、体细胞中未发现端粒酶.     

Periostin Promotes Colorectal Tumorigenesis through Integrin-FAK-Src Pathway-Mediated YAP/TAZ Activation

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泛素介导的蛋白质降解与肿瘤发生

泛素介导的蛋白质降解途径是降解细胞内蛋白质的主要途径, 在维持细胞正常的蛋白质代谢中起着至关重要的作用。泛素介导的蛋白质降解途径的异常与许多疾病特别是肿瘤的发生密切相关。通过介绍泛素介导的蛋白质降解途径在细胞周期、DNA修复、细胞凋亡中的作用, 系统阐述了泛素介导的蛋白质降解途径与肿瘤发生的关系。     

干细胞不对称分裂模式与肿瘤发生

干细胞发育中存在对称/不对称两种方式的交替分裂,精确调控维持正常发育。相关调控因素有外源性机制和内源性机制,发现于基本模式生物果蝇,主要包括干细胞周围微环境、细胞极性、纺锤体轴向和命运决定子不对称分布。调控机制的失常将导致干细胞分裂模式紊乱,可能造成肿瘤发生。简要综述了相关研究进展。     

Supplemental Silk Protein,Sericin, Suppresses Colon Tumorigenesis in 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Treated Mice by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Cell Proliferation

This study was done to discover the underlying mechanism of the inhibitory effect of sericin against colon tumorigenesis. Mice were fed a diet with 30 g/kg sericin for 115 d, and given a weekly injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (10 mg/kg body weight) for the initial 10 wk. Dietary supplemental sericin caused a 62% reduction in the incidence of colonic adenoma (P<0.05), but did not affect the incidence of colonic adenocarcinoma. Sericin intake significantly reduced the number of colon adenomas. Consumption of sericin significantly reduced the BrdU labeling index of colonic proliferating cells and the expression of colonic c-myc and c-fos. The levels of colonic 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein were significantly suppressed by sericin. The results suggest that dietary sericin suppresses the development of colon tumors by reducing oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and nitric oxide production.     

Ubiquitin D Promotes Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via NF-Kappa B Signaling

Ubiquitin D (UBD) is highly upregulated in many cancers, and plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiological processes of cancers. However, its roles and underlying mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of UBD in patients with OSCC. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to measure the expression of UBD in OSCC tissues. Immunohistochemistry assay was used to detect the differential expressions of UBD in 244 OSCC patients and 32 cases of normal oral mucosae. In addition, CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate the effect of UBD on the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in OSCC. Furthermore, a xenograft tumor model was established to verify the role of UBD on tumor formation in vivo. We found that UBD was upregulated in human OSCC tissues and cell lines and was associated with clinical and pathological features of patients. Moreover, the overexpression of UBD promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of OSCC cells; however, the knockdown of UBD exerted the opposite effects. In this study, our results also suggested that UBD promoted OSCC progression through NF-κB signaling. Our findings indicated that UBD played a critical role in OSCC and may serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for OSCC treatment.     

Scrib复合物和Par复合物——从细胞极性调控到肿瘤发生

上皮细胞和组织发生癌变时,通常会伴随细胞极性丧失和组织结构紊乱的现象。然而,极性丧失对肿瘤发生的贡献却一直存在争论。随着控制上皮细胞顶-底极性分子机制的逐步揭示,人们发现,这一极性机制与肿瘤发生联系紧密。上皮细胞顶-底极性的确立主要依赖于顶膜区Par复合物与底侧膜区Scrib复合物之间的拮抗。当Scrib复合物活性下调或Par复合物活性上调时,两复合物间的这种相互制约的平衡就会被打破,从而导致肿瘤发生。本文主要综述Scrib复合物和Par复合物如何参与上皮细胞顶-底极性的建立,以及两者间的互作与肿瘤发生的关系。     

CXCL16 Promotes Gastric Cancer Tumorigenesis via ADAM10-Dependent CXCL16/CXCR6 Axis and Activates Akt and MAPK Signaling Pathways

Abnormal expression of CXC motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) has been demonstrated to be associated with tumor progression and metastasis, served as a prognostic factor in many cancers, with higher relative expression behaving as a marker of tumor progression. However, its role and mechanisms underlying progression and metastasis of gastric cancer (GC) are yet to be elucidated. In our investigation, public datasets and human GC tissue samples were used to determine the CXCL16 expression levels. Our results revealed that CXCL16 was upregulated in GC. The high expression CXCL16 in GC was significantly associated with histologic poor differentiation and pTNM staging. And high CXCL16 was positively correlated with the poor survival of GC patients. Gain-and loss-of-function experiments were employed to investigate the biological role of CXCL16 in proliferation and migration both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), Akt and MAPK signal pathway related genes were significantly enriched in the high CXCL16 group, which was confirmed by western blot. Moreover, overexpression CXCL16 promoted the disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM10) and the CXC motif chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) expression, which mediated the CXCL16/CXCR6 positive feedback loop in GC, with activating Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Knocking down ADAM10 would interrupted the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis in the carcinogenesis and progression of GC. In conclusion, our findings offered insights into that CXCL16 promoted GC tumorigenesis by enhancing ADAM10-dependent CXCL16/CXCR6 axis activation.     

Protein Depalmitoylation Is Induced by Wnt5a and Promotes Polarized Cell Behavior

Wnt5a signaling regulates polarized cell behavior, but the downstream signaling events that promote cell polarity are not well understood. Our results show that Wnt5a promotes depalmitoylation of the melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) at cysteine 590. Mutation of Cys-590 to glycine is sufficient to polarize MCAM localization, similar to what is observed with Wnt5a stimulation. Inhibition of the depalmitoylating enzyme APT1 blocks Wnt5a-induced depalmitoylation, asymmetric MCAM localization, and cell invasion. Directly altering expression of the basal protein palmitoylation machinery is sufficient to promote cell invasion. Additionally, cancer mutations in palmitoyltransferases decrease MCAM palmitoylation and have impaired ability to suppress cell invasion. Our results provide evidence that Wnt5a induces protein depalmitoylation, which promotes polarized protein localization and cell invasion.     

NEK2 plays an active role in Tumorigenesis and Tumor Microenvironment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Abnormal expression and dysfunction of Never-in-mitosis-A-related kinase 2 (NEK2) result in tumorigenesis. High levels of NEK2 are related to malignant progression, drug resistance, and poor prognosis. However, the relationship between NEK2 levels and the occurrence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the impacts of NEK2 on the oncogenesis of NSCLC and the tumor microenvironment. Downregulation of NEK2 inhibited A549 and H1299 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, blocking cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Loss of NEK2 inhibited the release of IL-10 from tumor cells, M2-like polarization of macrophages, angiogenesis, and vascular endothelial cell migration. Furthermore, NEK2 deficiency inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, NEK2 knockdown inhibited the occurrence and development of NSCLC, M2 polarization of macrophages, and angiogenesis. The abnormal expression of NEK2 might not only indicate tumor progression and patient prognosis but also serve as a potential molecular therapeutic target with great development prospects.     

丙型肝炎病毒E1蛋白活化MAPK／ERK信号通路促进肝癌细胞增殖

目的研究丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitisCvirus,HCV）编码蛋白E1的生物学功能。方法分别构建编码HCV重要蛋白E1、E2、NS3、NS5a、NS5b的腺病毒载体Ad—E1、Ad—E2、Ad—NS3、Ad—NS5a、Ad—NS5b;将重组并包装的腺病毒分别感染SMMC-7721细胞,测定感染滴度,通过RT—PCR方法在转录水平鉴定HCVE1、E2、NS3、NS5a、NSSb的表达,用Western印迹在蛋白水平鉴定E1蛋白的表达。腺病毒感染SMMC-7721细胞后,通过细胞增殖实验筛选生物学功能最明显的蛋白。将筛选到的Ad—E1感染SMMC-7721细胞,用MTS、结晶紫、细胞周期实验观察体外过表达E1蛋白对感染细胞增殖的影响;Western印迹检测p-ERK、ERK的表达;RT—PCR检测c—Myc、cyclinD1、c—Jun、c．Fos基因的表达。结果成功扩增了能够编码HCV重要蛋白E1、E2、NS3、NS5a、NS5b的高滴度腺病毒Ad—E1、Ad—E2、Ad—NS3、Ad—NS5a、Ad—NS5b,并且通过RT—PCR方法在转录水平鉴定了目的基因的表达,Western印迹方法在蛋白水平鉴定了E1蚩白的表达。通过细胞计数、MTS、结晶紫实验证实Ad—E1感染组细胞较对照组增殖速度加快,细胞周期显示Ad-E1感染组细胞34．38％处于S期,明显高于Ad—GFP（27．32％）（P〈0．05）对照组;Ad-E1感染绢p-ERK蛋白表达量增高,同时与细胞增殖相关的MAPK／ERK下游基因转录水平上凋。结论体外过表达HCVE1蛋白可以明显促进SMMC-7721细胞的增殖,其促增殖作用可能与MAPK／ERK信号通路的活化相关。     

乳头瘤病毒11型完整基因组成功转染角质形成细胞并促其增殖

构建含人乳头瘤病毒11型(Human papillomavirus type 11, HPV11)完整开放读码框(Open reading frame, ORF)基因组的质粒并对其功能进行初步验证, 为构建HPV11转基因动物模型奠定基础。分别构建重组质粒pQE-Trisystem- EGFP/HPV11(pE/H)、pQE-Trisystem-EGFP/1.1copyHPV11(pE/1.1H), 将pE/1.1H、pE/H、闭环状HPV11基因组分别转染原代人角质形成细胞(Keratinocyte, KC)并进行检测。在质粒上成功构建了目的序列, 转染后在pE/1.1H组、pE/H组、HPV11组中检测到HPV11E6基因的表达; 在pE/1.1H组、pE/H组中检测到荧光; HPV11组、pE/H组、pE/1.1H组具备促细胞增殖功能, 实验组间比较pE/1.1H组稍弱(P<0.01), 但与对照组相比均差异极显著(P<0.01)。将具有完整ORF的HPV11基因组(1.1copyHPV11)成功构建于质粒上, 其具备野生型HPV11病理表型; 为研究低危型HPV致病机理提供了实验材料和方法学指导; 为进一步构建HPV11转基因小鼠奠定了基础。     

lats基因在细胞周期和肿瘤发生中的作用

lats基因(large tumor suppressor gene)最早在果蝇中发现,在小鼠和人中均有同源基因.该基因的功能从果蝇到人是高度保守的.lats基因的功能包括:作为肿瘤抑制基因,其突变会导致肿瘤的发生;磷酸化的Lats与Cdc2结合,参与细胞周期的调控;通过细胞-细胞间的通讯,可能参与生物体个体大小的调控机制.从果蝇到人lats基因功能的研究,提供了以果蝇作为模式生物研究哺乳动物基因功能的方法.     

The Bacterial Cell Cycle: DNA Replication,Nucleoid Segregation,and Cell Division

Data on the bacterial cell cycle published in the last 10–15 years are considered, with a special stress on studies of nucleoid segregation between dividing cells. The degree of similarity between the eukaryotic mitotic apparatus and the apparatus performing nucleoid separation is discussed.__________Translated from Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 74, No. 4, 2005, pp. 437–451.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Prozorov.     

Cleavage of Rabbit Myelin Basic Protein by Plasmin: Isolation and Identification of the Major Products

Rabbit myelin basic protein (BP) was subjected to partial cleavage with plasmin, and 15 cleavage products were isolated by a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Their identification was achieved by amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide mapping, supplemented in some instances by carboxy-terminal analyses with carboxypeptidases A, B, and Y and amino-terminal analyses with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I. The results showed that major plasmic cleavage sites included the Lys89-Asn90, Lys133-Ser134, and Lys153-Leu154 bonds. Cleavages also occurred at the Arg31-His32, Lys53-Arg54, and Arg25-His26 bonds, but these appeared to be less extensive. A large number of additional peptides were produced in relatively low yield. The smaller of these were isolated from heterogeneous fractions by high-voltage electrophoresis-TLC. Amino acid analysis of these peptides showed that minor cleavage sites included the Arg9-His10, Lys13-Tyr14, Lys103-Gly104, Lys137-Gly138, Lys140-Gly141, and Arg160-Ser161 bonds. In spite of a lower selectivity toward peptide bonds in BP as compared with pepsin, cathepsin D, and thrombin, plasmin has the advantage over the former proteinases in that it does not cleave at or near the Phe44-Phe45 bond. Instead it cleaves at the Arg31-His32 and Lys53-Arg54 bonds, thus preserving the entire hydrophobic sequence Ile-Leu-Asp-Ser-Ile-Gly-Arg-Phe-Phe as well as short sequences to either side.     

Cleavage of recombinant proteins at poly-His sequences by Co(II) and Cu(II)

Improved ways to cleave peptide chains at engineered sites easily and specifically would form useful tools for biochemical research. Uses of such methods include the activation or inactivation of enzymes or the removal of tags for enhancement of recombinant protein expression or tags used for purification of recombinant proteins. In this work we show by gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy that salts of Co(II) and Cu(II) can be used to cleave fusion proteins specifically at sites where sequences of His residues have been introduced by protein engineering. The His residues could be either consecutive or spaced with other amino acids in between. The cleavage reaction required the presence of low concentrations of ascorbate and in the case of Cu(II) also hydrogen peroxide. The amount of metal ions required for cleavage was very low; in the case of Cu(II) only one to two molar equivalents of Cu(II) to protein was required. In the case of Co(II), 10 molar equivalents gave optimal cleavage. The reaction occurred within minutes, at a wide pH range, and efficiently at temperatures ranging from 0 degrees C to 70 degrees C. The work described here can also have implications for understanding protein stability in vitro and in vivo.     

IL-13促进肝星状细胞增殖和胶原蛋白表达

肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell,HSC)是肝纤维化发展过程中过量细胞外基质的主要来源。该研究首先利用MTT法检测IL-13实验剂量和时间条件下肝星状细胞增殖情况;然后运用RT-PCR技术检测IL-13对人肝星状细胞LX-2细胞系IL-13Rα1、IL-4Rα、TGF-β和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白转录水平的影响;最后通过羟脯氨酸法定量分析各组细胞培养上清液中的胶原蛋白含量。结果发现:IL-13能促进肝星状细胞的增殖;在不改变IL-13Rα1和IL-4Rα转录水平的同时,对TGF-β和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白mRNA的表达以及细胞总胶原蛋白含量的上调作用均呈现出较为明显的剂量和时间依赖性。     

中国鄂温克、鄂伦春、达斡尔族永生细胞系的建立与保存

本采用ＥＢＶ（Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒ Ｖｉｒｕｓ）上清液转化Ｂ淋巴细胞,并加入环胞霉素Ａ（Ｃｙｃｌｏｓｐｏｒｉｎｅ Ａ）抑制Ｔ淋巴细胞,成功地对中国东北地区鄂温克族、鄂伦春族及达斡尔族的部分个体建立了永生细胞系,其中鄂温克族４９株,鄂伦春族４０株,达斡尔族５１例,总计１４０株。永久保存我国特有民族的基因组,为分析其遗传学差异奠定了基础。