外源基因在转基因禾谷类作物中的表达

最近由于转化技术的长足进步,已在越来越多的禾谷类作物中培育出转基因植株。为了借助基因工程改良禾谷类作物的品质及其它农艺性状,目前的重点已开始放在那些能调控外源基因在转基因禾谷类作物中表达的分子元件的鉴定上。 禾谷类作物包括一大群具有经济价值的植物种,如果引入一些控制优良品质及其它农艺性状如抗病性和抗逆性的外源基因,并让其表达,那么这些作物对人类的价值会更高。然而,自从首次发明在双子叶植     

植物miRNA参与调控作物农艺性状的研究进展

植物microRNA (miRNA)是一类长度约为20～24 nt的内源非编码小RNA,它们通过在转录后水平调控靶基因的表达,在植物的生长发育、逆境响应和环境适应等过程中起着关键作用. miRNA对水稻、玉米、大豆等重要经济作物的农艺性状也起着重要的调控作用,在改良农作物性状上具有重大的应用潜能.本文重点介绍了参与作物农艺性状(如株型、花期、种子发育及抗逆等)调控的关键miRNA及其调控途径,同时总结了miRNA参与作物性状改良的主要研究方法和手段,并讨论了miRNA在作物性状改良应用中的前景.     

植物多基因转化研究进展

通过转基因技术改良植物品质近几年已成为热点研究问题,基因工程不断发展,单基因转化技术已不能满足人们对植物改良的需要。更多的研究者投身于参与某个代谢途径的多个基因在植物体中共同表达的研究,通过多基因调控来获得更好的植物性状。基因的协调表达有四种研究思路,在此基础上多基因转化方法可概述为传统转化法、改进后的共转化法,及新兴的基因融合方法,综合分析每种方法在植物代谢调控中的优缺点与应用,并探讨多基因整合的不稳定及相互作用问题。     

分离植物基因

通过遗传转化,按人们的意愿、有目的改良作物的农艺性状,现已成为可能。目前,该技术在实际应用中因缺少控制重要农艺性状的克隆基因受到了限制。近期,图谱克隆、插入突变、大片段cDNA测序等植物基因鉴定和分离技术的发展,大大提高了分离基因的效率,这为遗传工程在作物改良中的利用提供了更多的机会。 自然界没有作物完全适合人类的需要。所以,在作物改良过程中,育种学家很自然将育种目标集中在培育抗病、抗逆、高产、优质及合理株型等更适合于人类需要的性状改良方面。另外,有些能生产对人类有用产品的植物却不大适合大面积种植。因此将生产这些有用产品的能力转移进适于现代农业耕种的植物     

RNA调控与作物农艺性状改良

具有重要育种价值的基因资源挖掘与功能研究对于现代农业育种应用至关重要.已有大量研究显示,核糖核酸(ribonucleic acid, RNA)在多种植物的生长发育和环境信号应答中发挥重要作用,是调控多种农作物与经济作物复杂农艺性状的重要基因资源.本文综述了小RNA和长链非编码RNA的生成代谢和功能机制,着重介绍了小RNA、长链非编码RNA及其RNA修饰在调控作物产量与品质、抗病与抗逆等方面的研究进展.同时介绍了利用RNA技术改良遗传性状的研究,并展望了RNA技术的开发与利用对于未来农业生物技术应用的重要意义.     

芸薹属作物的遗传转化

本文论述了用于芸薹作物转化的各种受体组织的优缺点,转化筛选标记,转化方法的特点以及转化的基因在转基因芸薹作物农艺性状改良中所发挥的作用,在此基础上,综述了芸薹属作物遗传转化的研究成果与进展。     

植物反义寡核苷酸的研究进展

本文介绍了近年来植物中反义寡核苷酸的研究现状,它包括反义ＤＮＡ、反义ＲＮＡ和Ｒｉｂｏｚｙｍｅ。反义寡核苷酸能特异地桔抗内源或外源基因的表达,这为研究某特定基因功能提供了更为有效的方法。此外也为培育抗病植株、建立植物反向筛选系统,次生代谢调控及农艺性状改良提供了可能途径。     

microRNA在玉米生长发育及非生物胁迫响应中的调控功能

microRNA（miRNA）是一类广泛存在于真核生物中长度为20~24 nt的内源非编码小RNA，它们通过对靶基因mRNA进行切割或翻译抑制，在转录后水平调控靶基因的表达。近期研究表明，miRNA参与植物生长发育与逆境胁迫响应的多个重要生物学过程，对作物的农艺性状也起到重要的调控作用。玉米作为重要的粮食、饲料和工业原料，提高其产量和品质对于保障世界粮食安全至关重要，然而与模式植物拟南芥和水稻相比，玉米中miRNA的研究仍然相对较少，理解miRNA在玉米中的功能和调控机理有助于通过分子育种对关键农艺性状进行遗传改良。本文综述了玉米中miRNA的发现与鉴定，系统总结了参与玉米miRNA代谢途径的关键蛋白DCL、AGO和HEN1的研究进展，重点阐述了在玉米生长发育和非生物胁迫响应过程中已开展功能研究miRNA的调控作用，并对玉米miRNA研究当前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势进行了讨论。     

甘蔗一次多基因遗传转化及多重PCR检测

通过多基因遗传转化策略,水稻、玉米等农作物实现了一次多个性状的遗传改良,为探索甘蔗一次多基因遗传转化的可行性,用一个多基因植物表达载体,对甘蔗进行遗传转化。通过多重PCR法对4个外源基因在各个转基因株系内的整合与缺失进行检测。结果证明,甘蔗一次多基因遗传转化是可行的,但因插入的DNA片段较大,会发生基因丢失现象。因此,一次多基因遗传转化需要在转化的过程中获得相对较多的转化株系,才能从中筛选到有应用价值的株系。     

gfP基因甘蓝质体表达载体构建及原核表达分析

以甘蓝自交系‘03097’为试材,PCR扩增并克隆了甘蓝质体的trnI-trnA基因区段,利用该基因区段作为定点整合外源基因的同源重组片段,构建了甘蓝质体定点转化载体,并进行了原核表达分析。结果表明,所扩增的基因区段大小为2.7 kb。进行序列分析后,经酶切、连接和转化,构建成含Prrn-gfp-aadA-TpsbA表达盒的质体表达载体,酶切鉴定表明,所构建载体符合预期设计;gfp基因能够在质体特异性启动子Prrn及终止子TpsbA的调控下高水平表达,表达量约占总可溶性蛋白的41.0%,包涵体占菌体蛋白的38.0%。该载体的构建为后期甘蓝质体转化体系的建立和其它功能基因导入甘蓝质体进行性状改良奠定了基础。     

Comparative mapping reveals similar linkage of functional genes to QTL of yield-related traits between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>

Oryza sativa and Brassica napus-two important crops for food and oil, respectively-share high seed yield as a common breeding goal. As a model plant, O. sativa genomics have been intensively investigated and its agronomic traits have been advanced. In the present study, we used the available information on O. sativa to conduct comparative mapping between O. sativa and B. napus, with the aim of advancing research on seed-yield and yield-related traits in B. napus. Firstly, functional markers (from 55 differentially expressed genes between a hybrid and its parents) were used to detect B. napus genes that co-localized with yield-related traits in an F(2:3) population. Referring to publicly available sequences of 55 B. napus genes, 53 homologous O. sativa genes were subsequently detected by screening, and their chromosomal locations were determined using silico mapping. Comparative location of yield-related QTL between the two species showed that a total of 37 O. sativa and B. napus homologues were located in similar yield-related QTL between species. Our results indicate that homologous genes between O. sativa and B. napus may have consistent function and control similar traits, which may be helpful for agronomic gene characterization in B. napus based on what is known in O. sativa.     

Genome-wide association study-based identification genes influencing agronomic traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice is one of the most important cereal crops, providing the daily dietary intake for approximately 50% of the global human population. Here, we re-sequenced 259 rice accessions, generating 1371.65 Gb of raw data. Furthermore, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 13 agronomic traits using 2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) characterized in 259 rice accessions. Phenotypic data and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values of each of the 13 traits over two years of each trait were used for the GWAS. The results showed that 816 SNP signals were significantly associated with the 13 agronomic traits. Then we detected candidate genes related to target traits within 200 kb upstream and downstream of the associated SNP loci, based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks in the whole rice genome. These candidate genes were further identified through haplotype block constructions. This comprehensive study provides a timely and important genomic resource for breeding high yielding rice cultivars.     

作物QTL定位常用作图群体

作物大多重要农艺性状是数量性状,受多基因控制,基因之间及基因与环境之间都会发生互作,这为研究带来了很大的不便。因此,好的QTL作图群体,是研究QTL间的互作、QTL与环境的互作、QTL定位以及基因克隆的最根本保障。随着分子标记技术的发展,QTL定位的作图群体也在不断的发展并逐渐满足研究者对于QTL的精细定位及基因克隆等研究的进一步要求。文章主要综述了作物QTL定位常用作图群体的构建及优缺点。     

A genome‐wide association study of 23 agronomic traits in Chinese wheat landraces

Uncovering the genetic basis of agronomic traits in wheat landraces is important for ensuring global food security via the development of improved varieties. Here, 723 wheat landraces from 10 Chinese agro‐ecological zones were evaluated for 23 agronomic traits in six environments. All accessions could be clustered into five subgroups based on phenotypic data via discriminant function analysis, which was highly consistent with genotypic classification. A genome‐wide association study was conducted for these traits using 52 303 DArT‐seq markers to identify marker‐trait associations and candidate genes. Using both the general linear model and the mixed linear model, 149 significant markers were identified for 21 agronomic traits based on best linear unbiased prediction values. Considering the linkage disequilibrium decay distance in this study, significant markers within 10 cM were combined as a quantitative trait locus (QTL), with a total of 29 QTL identified for 15 traits. Of these, five QTL for heading date, flag leaf width, peduncle length, and thousand kernel weight had been reported previously. Twenty‐five candidate genes associated with significant markers were identified. These included the known vernalization genes VRN‐B1 and vrn‐B3 and the photoperiod response genes Ppd and PRR. Overall, this study should be helpful in elucidating the underlying genetic mechanisms of complex agronomic traits and performing marker‐assisted selection in wheat.     

Genetic modification of plant architecture and variety improvement in rice

The structure of the aerial part of a plant, referred to as plant architecture, is subject to strict genetic control, and grain production in cereal crops is governed by an array of agronomic traits. Rice is one of the most important cereal crops and is also a model plant for molecular biological research. Recently, significant progress has been made in isolating and collecting rice mutants that exhibit altered plant architecture. In this article we summarize the recent progress in understanding the basic patterning mechanisms involved in the regulation of tillering (branching) pattern, stem structure and leaf arrangement in rice plants. We discuss the relationship between the genetic modification of plant architecture and the improvement of pivotal agronomic traits in rice.     

赤霉素生物合成与信号传递对植物株高的调控

植物株高是影响作物产量和品质的重要农艺性状。赤霉素(Gibberellins,GAs)是调控植物株高的重要激素,GA相关株高基因的克隆与分子机制研究对于合理调控作物生长发育和农业生产具有极其重要的利用价值,在水稻、小麦等粮食作物育种中得到了广泛应用。为了促进GA在果树、花卉等园艺作物育种中的有效利用,文中在分子生物学水平上介绍GA生物合成和GA信号传递途径对植物株高的调控。     

Fitness analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants depleted of FtsH metalloproteases and characterization of three FtsH6 deletion mutants exposed to high light stress, senescence and chilling

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a key role in the growth, nitrogen (N) use and yield potential of cereal crops. Investigating the haplotype variation of GS genes and its association with agronomic traits may provide useful information for improving wheat N-use efficiency and yield. We isolated the promoter and coding region sequences of the plastic glutamine synthetase isoform (GS2) genes located on chromosomes 2A, 2B and 2D in bread wheat. By analyzing nucleotide sequence variations of the coding region, two, six and two haplotypes were distinguished for TaGS2-A1 (a and b), TaGS2-B1 (a-f) and TaGS2-D1 (a and b), respectively. By analyzing the frequency data of different haplotypes and their association with N use and agronomic traits, four major and favorable TaGS2 haplotypes (A1b, B1a, B1b, D1a) were revealed. These favorable haplotypes may confer better seedling growth, better agronomic performance, and improved N uptake during vegetative growth or grain N concentration. Our data suggest that certain TaGS2 haplotypes may be valuable in breeding wheat varieties with improved agronomic performance and N-use efficiency.     

Genome-wide identification and analysis of rice genes to elucidate morphological agronomic traits

Molecular understanding of morphological agronomic traits is very important to improve grain yield and quality. According to the literature information summarized in Overview of Functionally Characterized Genes in Rice online database, 430 genes related to these traits have been functionally characterized in rice, while the functions of other genes remain to be elucidated. Gene indexed mutants are available for at least half of the genes identified in the rice genome, and are very useful resources to study gene function. To suggest candidate genes for functional studies associated with morphological agronomic traits, we identified genes with tissue/organ-preferred expression patterns through meta-analysis of microarray data, and identified 781 genes for roots, 1,084 for leaves, 1,029 for calluses, 927 for anthers, 241 for embryos, and 343 for endosperms. Additionally, 4,243 genes expressed in all tissue types were allocated to a ubiquitously-expressed gene group (‘housekeeping’ genes). The estimated tissue/organ-preferred and housekeeping genes accounted for 40% of the characterized genes associated with morphological agronomic traits, indicating that identification of tissue/organ-preferred genes is an effective way to provide putative gene function. In this study, we reported the information of gene-indexed mutants for 84% of the identified candidate genes. Our candidate genes and relating indexed mutant resources can potentially be used to improve morphological agronomic traits in rice.     

胚乳性状的遗传模型和世代平均数

谷类作物的胚乳是三倍体组织,胚乳性状受3N遗传控制。本文分析了胚乳性状的遗传特征,建立了相应的遗传模型,推导了世代群体的平均数分量,并提出了研究胚乳性状基因效应的一些简单的交配设计。