新型α-半乳糖苷酶的稳定性研究

目的：观察脆弱类杆菌来源的α-半乳糖苷酶（GAL）在不同pH缓冲液、不同温度下的稳定性,以及不同离子及还原剂对酶活性的影响。方法：以GAL对单糖底物对硝基-苯基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷（PNPG）的活性为主要检测指标,观察不同离子及还原剂等对酶活性的影响;观察GAL在不同pH缓冲液中和不同温度下的稳定性。结果：钙离子、锌离子、钴离子和高浓度的锰离子增强酶的活性,DTT抑制酶的活性,螯合剂EDTA的加入提高了酶活性。GAL在pH4.6～7.5时保存1 h后稳定性很好,能保持最高活性的90％以上;在4℃～45℃下保存的稳定性最好,45℃开始活性下降。结论：GAL具有很好的温度稳定性和pH稳定性,使其适用于血型转变和异种移植。     

一种来源于青霉的新的α-半乳糖苷酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质

从丝状真菌中筛选到一株产α-半乳糖苷酶的菌株F63,对该菌株进行了形态观察和18SrDNA序列分析,该菌株属于青霉属。采用硫酸铵沉淀、阴离子交换层析和分子筛层析等方法分离纯化了该菌株的一种α-半乳糖苷酶。经过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,此酶蛋白的分子量约为82kDa。该α-半乳糖苷酶反应的最适pH为5.0,最适温度为45℃。此α-半乳糖苷酶的热稳定性在40℃以下,pH稳定性为pH5.0-6.0。与已报道的α-半乳糖苷酶的活性都受到Ag 的强烈抑制不同的是,该α-半乳糖苷酶受Ag 的抑制作用不显著。以pNPG为底物的Km值为1.4mmol/L和Vmax=1.556mmol/L.min-1.mg-1。该酶可以有效降解蜜二糖、棉子糖和水苏糖,但不能降解末端含α-半乳糖苷键的多糖。通过利用质谱技术对纯化的α-半乳糖苷酶进行鉴定以及内肽的N端测序证明该蛋白为一种新的α-半乳糖苷酶。     

微生物α-半乳糖苷酶的研究进展

α-半乳糖苷酶在多种生物内广泛存在,微生物是目前α-半乳糖苷酶的主要来源。微生物α-半乳糖苷酶可按照底物特异性或序列同源性分类,在古菌、细菌和真菌中均存在,其性质与来源和家族有关,催化机理大多为构型保留机制,目前主要应用于食品与饲料工业,还可用于生物质降解和医药领域。展望了微生物α-半乳糖苷酶的研究趋势。本文对相关研究者具有一定的参考意义。     

微生物源α-半乳糖苷酶的研究进展

介绍了微生物源α-半乳糖苷酶的生理生化特性、合成调控机制的研究进展情况及其在食品、饲料、医药工业等领域的一些应用。Α-半乳糖苷酶均是糖蛋白,不同来源的α-半乳糖苷酶的作用基质特异性差别较大,作用基质特异性差别是由蛋白质部分N-末端氨基酸序列决定的。不同微生物来源的α-半乳糖苷酶其最佳作用条件、pH稳定性及耐热性差异较大。微生物α-半乳糖苷酶是一种诱导酶,其合成受多个基因的调控,高浓度的葡萄糖能抑制其合成。     

α-半乳糖苷酶清除猪细胞表面的α-Gal抗原

目的:探讨脆弱类杆菌来源的基因重组α-半乳糖苷酶清除猪细胞表面α-Gal抗原的作用。方法:用不同浓度的α-半乳糖苷酶酶解猪红细胞、猪胚肾细胞PK15、猪睾丸细胞ST和原代培养的猪成纤维细胞上的α-Gal抗原,酶解温度为26℃,作用时间为2 h;用25μg/m L的FITC-IB4凝集素标记酶解前后的细胞,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面α-Gal抗原的清除率。结果:流式细胞检测结果表明,不同组织来源的猪细胞表面的α-Gal抗原的表达量明显不同,所需酶的剂量也不同,但其表面的α-Gal抗原均能被α-半乳糖苷酶清除。结论:脆弱类杆菌来源的α-半乳糖苷酶可以清除猪细胞表面的α-Gal抗原,提示该酶对降低异种移植引起的超急性排斥反应有重要意义。     

新型α-半乳糖苷酶多克隆抗体的制备及特异性鉴定

目的：制备高效价、高特异性的新型α-半乳糖苷酶的兔多抗,并鉴定该抗体的特异性。方法：用脆弱类杆菌来源的基因重组α-半乳糖苷酶（纯度大于90％）免疫新西兰大白兔,获得α-半乳糖苷酶的兔抗血清,并经HiTrap rProteinA柱纯化获得高纯度的抗体;用间接ELISA法检测抗体效价,Western印迹评价抗体的特异性。结果：通过免疫法得到了α-半乳糖苷酶的兔多克隆抗体血清,抗体效价达1：1×10^6,经rProteinA柱纯化后获得了高效价、高纯度的抗体,Western印迹显示该抗体特异性地与新型α-半乳糖苷酶结合。结论：获得了新型α-半乳糖苷酶的高效价、高特异性的兔多克隆抗体,可用于血型转变过程中残留α-半乳糖苷酶含量的特异性检测。     

基因工程α-半乳糖苷酶的制备及其性质研究

在获得可分泌表达α 半乳糖苷酶基因工程毕赤酵母菌株的基础上 ,尝试了基因工程α 半乳糖苷酶在 5L发酵罐中的表达以及从发酵液中纯化α 半乳糖苷酶的研究。在 4L无机盐培养基中接种 0 .4LpPIC9K Gal GS115培养物 ,最终得到 3 .5L发酵液。离心所得上清中总蛋白含量为 2 .1g L。根据发酵液中目的蛋白含量高、杂质少等特点 ,设计了如下的纯化流程 :离心→超滤→阳离子交换层析→脱盐→浓缩。纯化后电泳银染结果呈单一蛋白带 ,总回收率 41%。通过测定米氏常数等生化性质对重组酶进行鉴定后 ,完成了人B型红细胞的酶解实验。结果表明 ,从发酵液中纯化的α 半乳糖苷酶可将B型红细胞改造成O型红细胞。本研究同时在数量和质量上为α 半乳糖苷酶在众多领域的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

基因工程α-半乳糖苷酶的制备及其性质研究

在获得可分泌表达α-半乳糖苷酶基因工程毕赤酵母菌株的基础上,尝试了基因工程α-半乳糖苷酶在5 L发酵罐中的表达以及从发酵液中纯化α-半乳糖苷酶的研究。在4 L无机盐培养基中接种0.4 L pPIC9K-Gal/GS115培养物,最终得到3.5 L发酵液。离心所得上清中总蛋白含量为2.1 g/L。根据发酵液中目的蛋白含量高、杂质少等特点,设计了如下的纯化流程：离心→超滤→阳离子交换层析→脱盐→浓缩。纯化后电泳银染结果呈单一蛋白带,总回收率41%。通过测定米氏常数等生化性质对重组酶进行鉴定后,完成了人B型红细胞的酶解实验。结果表明,从发酵液中纯化的α-半乳糖苷酶可将B型红细胞改造成O型红细胞。本研究同时在数量和质量上为α-半乳糖苷酶在众多领域的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

人α-半乳糖苷酶转导克服异种移植HAR的小鼠实验研究

α 半乳糖苷酶可以特异地清除半乳糖α 1,3 半乳糖抗原 (Galα1,3Galantigen) ,此抗原是引起异种器官移植超急性排斥反应 (HyperacuteRejection ,HAR)的主要异种抗原 .将构建好的α半乳糖苷酶转基因载体通过显微注射的方式注入小鼠受精卵 ,培育出了转基因小鼠 .结果表明 ,转基因小鼠的心、肝、肾、脾、肺组织中均有人α 半乳糖苷酶基因的表达 ,其表达可以有效减少小鼠器官表面Galα1,3Gal抗原的表达水平 ,可以降低转基因小鼠脾细胞对补体介导的杀伤作用的敏感性 .研究表明人源α半乳糖苷酶基因可用于研制不表达Galα1,3Gal抗原的转基因动物 ,从而可以降低异种器官移植HAR的反应强度 ,提高移植物的存活期     

重组α-半乳糖苷酶的制备工艺研究

α-半乳糖苷酶是B→O血型改造研究中的关键工具酶。在获得了可分泌表达α-半乳糖苷酶的基因工程毕赤酵母菌株的基础上,进行了工程菌株在5L发酵罐中的发酵。发酵液上清中α-半乳糖苷酶活性为80～150U／mL,蛋白浓度为3～4.5mg／mL,比活性约为20-30U／mg。发酵液采用超滤、阳离子交换层析、疏水层析和阴离子交换层析等纯化方法,建立起了规模化生产重组α-半乳糖苷酶的工艺。制备的重组酶纯度经鉴定达98％以上,符合新生物制品的纯度要求。制备的重组α-半乳糖苷酶可有效地将B型红细胞改造成O型红细胞,从而解决了应用此酶开展B→O血型改造研究的关键问题。     

Three-dimensional structure of a glycosphingolipid having a novel carbohydrate linkage, Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)Glc beta 1-3Gal beta, determined by theoretical calculations

The novel glycosphingolipid, SEGLx (Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)Glc beta 1-3Gal beta Cer), which was identified by us (Kawakami Y, et al. (1993) J Biochem 114: 677-83), shows a characteristic spectrum on 1H-NMR analysis, in which the anomeric proton resonances of a reducing end galactose and a glucose are split. To elucidate the structural characteristics of SEGLx, we determined its three-dimensional (3D) structure by means of computer simulation, involving such techniques as molecular mechanics (MM2), the semiempirical molecular orbital method (AM1), molecular dynamics (Amber), and computer 3D modelling. With the hypothesis that all OH group(s) of a ceramide participate in intramolecular hydrogen bonds, two kinds of stable conformers, horizontal and right-angled ones, were formed, depending on the ceramide species. The present findings suggest that the chemical species of both the long chain base and fatty acid moieties, mainly the occurrence of OH group(s), affect the chemical shifts of the anomeric proton resonances not only of the reducing terminal galactose but also the penultimate glucose through the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Computer simulation through theoretical calculation and 3D modelling was shown to be the best means of confirming the results obtained by experimental analysis.     

Identification of enzymes acting on alpha-glycated amino acids in Bacillus subtilis

We have characterized the Bacillus subtilis homologs of fructoselysine 6-kinase and fructoselysine-6-phosphate deglycase, two enzymes that specifically metabolize the Amadori compound fructose-epsilon-lysine in Escherichia coli. The B. subtilis enzymes also catalyzed the phosphorylation of fructosamines to fructosamine 6-phosphates (YurL) and the conversion of the latter to glucose 6-phosphate and a free amino acid (YurP). However, their specificity was totally different from that of the E. coli enzymes, since they acted on fructoseglycine, fructosevaline (YurL) or their 6-phosphoderivatives (YurP) with more than 30-fold higher catalytic efficiencies than on fructose-alpha-lysine (6-phosphate). These enzymes are therefore involved in the metabolism of alpha-glycated amino acids.     

Binding of interleukin 2 to gangliosides

Exogenous gangliosides inhibit interleukin 2 (IL2)-dependent growth of a T cell line, AKIL -1.E8. IL2 activity is retained by columns of ganglioside covalently linked to poly(L-lysine)-agarose and is not eluted with ethylene glycol but is completely recovered by elution with 1% SDS. The ability of gangliosides to inhibit IL2 activity is directly related to the complexity of their carbohydrate portion, and related ceramide derivatives at similar concentrations do not inhibit IL2 activity. We conclude that IL2 bound to exogenous gangliosides is inactive and that the carbohydrate portion of the ganglioside is crucial to its interaction with IL2.     

Characterization of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha (alpha) 9 (CHRNA9) and alpha (alpha) 10 (CHRNA10) in lymphocytes

Though the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits alpha9 and alpha 10 have been thoroughly characterized within hair cells of the organ of Corti in the inner ear, prior studies have shown that they are also expressed in lymphocytes. In this report, we sought to more definitively characterize the nAChR subunits alpha9 and alpha10 within various populations of human lymphocytes. Using a combination of techniques, including RT-PCR, single-cell RT-PCR, Northern and western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence, expression of both alpha9 and alpha 10 was demonstrated in purified populations of T-cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and the Jurkat, MT2 and CEM T-cell lines) and B-cells (CD19+, CD80+ and EBV-immortalized B-cells). Single-lymphocyte recording techniques failed to identify an ionic current in response to applied acetylcholine in either T-cells or B-cells. These results clearly demonstrate the presence of these nicotinic receptor subunits within several populations of human lymphocytes, implicating their role in the immune response. However, a lack of demonstrated response to applied acetylcholine using standard single-cell recording techniques suggests a physiology different than that seen in hair cells of the inner ear.     

Isolation and identification of a fucose-containing ganglioside from bovine thyroid gland

Bovine thyroid glands are known to contain a complex array of gangliosides. One of the predominant gangliosides was isolated and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The carbohydrate composition was fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and glucose in molar ratios of 1:1:2:1:1. The structure of the ganglioside was identified as:

     

Separation and quantitation of (R)- and (S)-atenolol in human plasma and urine using an alpha 1-AGP column

A method for the determination of (R)- and (S)-atenolol in human plasma and urine is described. The enantiomers of atenolol are extracted into dichloromethane containing 3% heptafluorobutanol followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride at 60 degrees C for 2 h. The acetylated enantiomers were separated on a chiral alpha 1-AGP column. Quantitation was performed using fluorescence detection. A phosphate buffer pH 7.1 (0.01 M phosphate) containing 0.25% (v/v) acetonitrile was used as mobile phase. The described procedure allows the detection of less than 6 ng of each enantiomer in 1 ml plasma. The relative standard deviation is 4.4% at 30 ng/ml of each enantiomer in plasma. The plasma concentration of (R)- and (S)-atenolol did not differ significantly in two subjects who received a single tablet of racemic atenolol. The R/S ratio of atenolol in urine was approximately 1.     

Direct and indirect roles of His‐418 in metal binding and in the activity of β‐galactosidase (E. coli)

The active site of ß‐galactosidase (E. coli) contains a Mg²⁺ ion ligated by Glu‐416, His‐418 and Glu‐461 plus three water molecules. A Na⁺ ion binds nearby. To better understand the role of the active site Mg²⁺ and its ligands, His‐418 was substituted with Asn, Glu and Phe. The Asn‐418 and Glu‐418 variants could be crystallized and the structures were shown to be very similar to native enzyme. The Glu‐418 variant showed increased mobility of some residues in the active site, which explains why the substitutions at the Mg²⁺ site also reduce Na⁺ binding affinity. The Phe variant had reduced stability, bound Mg²⁺ weakly and could not be crystallized. All three variants have low catalytic activity due to large decreases in the degalactosylation rate. Large decreases in substrate binding affinity were also observed but transition state analogs bound as well or better than to native. The results indicate that His‐418, together with the Mg²⁺, modulate the central role of Glu‐461 in binding and as a general acid/base catalyst in the overall catalytic mechanism. Glucose binding as an acceptor was also dramatically decreased, indicating that His‐418 is very important for the formation of allolactose (the natural inducer of the lac operon).     

Increased abundance of cytoplasmic and nuclear caveolin 1 in human diploid fibroblasts in H(2)O(2)-induced premature senescence and interplay with p38alpha(MAPK)

Treatment of IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts with a sublethal concentration of H(2)O(2) induces premature senescence. We investigated the protein abundance, subcellular localization and involvement of caveolin 1 in premature senescence. Caveolin 1 is a scaffolding protein able to concentrate and organize signaling molecules within the caveolae membrane domains. We report the first evidence of increased nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of caveolin 1 during establishment of H(2)O(2)-induced premature senescence. Moreover, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of caveolin 1 during treatment with H(2)O(2) is dependent on p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase.     

Effect of drugs and temperature on biosynthesis and transport of glycosphingolipids in cultured neurotumor cells

Neuroblastoma and glioma cells were grown in the presence of [³H]galactose, and the incorporation of ³H into gangliosides and the transport of newly synthesized gangliosides to the cell surface were examined under different experimental conditions. A variety of drugs, including inhibitors of protein synthesis and energy metabolism, modulators of the cytoskeleton and the ionophore monensin, had no effect on the transport of newly synthesized GD1a in neuroblastoma cells. Only low temperature effectively blocked translocation to the plasma membrane. Monensin, however, had marked effects on the biosynthesis of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids. Whereas incorporation of ³H into complex glycosphingolipids was reduced, labeling of glucosylceramide was increased in cells exposed to monensin. In addition, biosynthesis of the latter glycolipid was less susceptible to low temperatures than that of more complex ones. Previous studies have implicated the Golgi apparatus as the predominant site of glycosylation of gangliosides. As monensin has been reported to interfere with the Golgi apparatus, our results indicate that glucosylceramide may be synthesized at a site that is separate from the site where further glycosylation occurs. Once synthesis of a ganglioside is completed, transport of the molecule to the cell surface proceeds under conditions of cytoskeletal disruption, energy depletion and ionic inbalance, but not low temperature.