土壤铅胁迫对地被竹出笋成竹的影响研究

以6种地被竹(菲黄竹、菲白竹、铺地竹、美丽箬竹、白纹椎谷笹和狭叶倭竹)为材料,设计3个土壤铅浓度处理(0、300、1500mg·kg^-1),研究土壤铅胁迫对地被竹出笋成竹数量和新竹抗逆生理特性的影响,并采用隶属函数法对地被竹出笋成竹期的土壤铅耐受性进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)土壤铅胁迫对地被竹笋期节律的影响主要出现在出笋盛期(4~5月),发笋数的降低会导致多数竹种退笋率下降,以稳定新竹数量,只有菲白竹、白纹椎谷笹、狭叶倭竹的新竹数在高浓度土壤铅胁迫下显著低于CK,降幅分别为15.87%、23.64%和31.25%。(2)土壤铅胁迫会普遍引起地被竹新竹超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量的增加,在高浓度铅胁迫下铺地竹中二者含量最低(9.96μg·g^-1、0.016μmol·g^-1),狭叶倭竹的超氧阴离子含量最高(15.99μg·g^-1),菲黄竹的丙二醛含量最高(0.021μmol·g^-1)。(3)与其余4个竹种不同,在土壤铅胁迫下白纹椎谷笹和狭叶倭竹不能显著积累游离脯氨酸,细胞渗透调节作用弱。(4)6种地被竹在出笋成竹期对高浓度土壤铅的耐受性排序为:美丽箬竹(0.79)>铺地竹(0.75)>菲白竹(0.70)>狭叶倭竹(0.49)>白纹椎谷笹(0.39)>菲黄竹(0.38),其中美丽箬竹、铺地竹和菲白竹出笋成竹数量正常,且具有较强的抗逆生理特性,具有在高浓度土壤铅污染地区应用的潜力。     

毛竹(Phyllostachys Pubescens)笋体生长及退败过程中生长调节物质的研究

毛竹笋体的生长极其迅速,在快速生长阶段,日平均生长量为35—50厘米,在高峰时可达1米(熊文愈,1962)。但出土的毛竹笋不是全部都能生长成竹,不成竹的笋称为退笋(退败),约占出笋的50％,除部分为虫害所致外,生理退笋占很大比例。本文从生理角度来研究毛竹笋体的生长和退败与内源生长调节物质的关系,为减少或克服生理退笋提供参考。     

汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹——拐棍竹竹笋生长发育的影响

为了了解汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹生长发育的影响,2009年10月—2011年4月,在地震重灾区四川龙溪-虹口国家级自然保护区内设置150个样方,就地震强度、中度、轻度干扰对大熊猫主食竹拐棍竹(Fargesia robusta)竹笋生长发育的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示:(1)发笋物候上,地震强度干扰的发笋时间(Julian时间)较中度和轻度干扰显著推迟,而发笋期不受影响。(2)发笋量和当年生幼竹数是拐棍竹更新生长的数量指标。地震强度和中度干扰样方的发笋量都显著高于轻度干扰,而发笋量在强度和中度干扰间差异不显著;地震强度干扰样方的当年生幼竹数显著高于中度和轻度干扰,中度和轻度干扰样方间差异不显著。这说明地震的强度和中度干扰都有利于拐棍竹竹笋和当年生幼竹数量的更新。(3)基径和株高是拐棍竹更新生长的质量指标。强度干扰下拐棍竹的基径和株高都显著小于中度和轻度干扰,中度干扰样方的基径与轻度干扰差异不显著,但株高显著矮于轻度干扰样方。表明强度干扰下拐棍竹的质量最差,中度干扰的基径已基本得到恢复,但株高仍受到抑制。(4)地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因划分为:外力机械损伤、动物取食、生长停止、其他4种。对地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因比率的分析发现,强度干扰样方因外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋的比率显著高于中度和轻度干扰样方,而因动物取食退笋的比率显著低于中度和轻度干扰样方。证明强度干扰样方的竹笋更容易受到外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋,而中度和轻度干扰的竹笋更倾向于动物取食致退,揭示了拐棍竹的生长是与震后不同程度的干扰相适应的。     

带状采伐毛竹林恢复的质量特征研究

以安徽省黄山区毛竹林样地内2018年春笋和新竹为研究对象,以传统择伐林为对照(CK),设置4个梯度的采伐强度,分别为3m采伐带(D1)、6m采伐带(D2)、9m采伐带(D3)和12m采伐带(D4),分析带状采伐后毛竹林主要生产力指标(春笋数量、新竹数量、胸径和生物量等)的差异,探讨不同强度带状采伐方式对毛竹林恢复更新的影响程度,为毛竹林合理带状采伐提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)4种带状采伐处理单位面积发笋数量均大于对照,且随采伐强度增加,单位面积发笋数量呈现增加的趋势;较高采伐强度(9m和12m采伐带)下单位面积退笋数量和退笋率比采伐强度较低处理(3m和6m采伐带)和CK更低;单位面积成竹数量和成竹率以较高采伐强度(9m和12m采伐带)处理下相对较高。(2)4种带状采伐处理的新竹平均胸径均小于对照,较高采伐强度(9m和12m采伐带)下新竹平均胸径显著小于母竹,林地中小径级新竹比例增加,且新竹胸径与采伐带边距呈负相关关系。(3)4种带状采伐处理下单位面积新竹地上生物量均小于对照,表现为CK>D3>D4>D2>D1。研究认为,毛竹林恢复的质量特征对不同强度带状采伐措施存在响应差异,6~9m采伐带的毛竹林恢复能力较强,但毛竹林带状采伐后恢复是一个周期性过程,需要综合考虑不同强度带状采伐措施对新竹质量影响的长期效应。     

慈竹母株大小对克隆生长的影响

 克隆生长在慈竹种群更新中占有重要地位。本文以基径和生物量两个指标同时衡量慈竹(Neosinocalamus affinis)的母株大小,并分析了母株大小对新竹笋产生、竹笋大小和根茎大小的影响。结果表明：1）慈竹的成竹基径与一级母株基径、二级母株基径以及与2龄和3龄母株平均单株生物量呈正相关,但是成竹基径随一级母株基径增加比随二级母株基径增加而增加的速率快得多;2）慈竹母株大小与各样方中出笋数、活笋数和死笋数无显著的正相关;3）发笋母株的基径显著大于未发笋母株,但发一个笋母株与发两个以上笋母株的基径无显著差异;4）母株基径、2龄和3龄母株平均单株生物量都与根茎的长度和粗度呈显著正相关,且竹笋基径与根茎粗度也呈显著的正相关。母株大小对慈竹竹笋的影响是通过影响根茎实现的。总之,慈竹的克隆生长在个体水平受母株大小制约。     

斑苦竹无性系种群克隆繁殖的动态与调节研究

本文依据了JLHarper (1977)的构件生物(madular organism)种群理论,将某一特定生境内的斑苦竹竹子的集合作为一个无性系种群,研究了它的克隆繁殖构件的数量动态,以及克隆繁殖与无性系基株年龄和分株密度的关系。结果表明:斑苦竹以Ⅲ龄级基株形成的克隆繁殖构件(笋芽)数量最多,以后,随龄级的增大而逐渐减少。发笋数、退笋数和成竹数均与无性系分株密度相关,它们的最适密度都为2.5×10⁴株/ha。退笋率和成竹率与繁殖构件的出土时间呈直线相关关系。退笋率模型:D=27.253+0.702t(R²=0.636)成竹率模型:M=72.662-0.701t(R²=0.634)     

早竹林内蝇类多样性动态及其影响因子分析

【目的】早竹是一种重要的笋用竹种,人工经营的早竹林出笋率高、经济价值大。然而一些蝇类寄生于早竹笋内,导致竹笋品质降低、竹林退笋率增加。通过研究早竹林内蝇类种群动态和物种多样性,为科学防治笋蝇提供依据,以降低早竹笋的退笋率,增加竹笋产量,提高早竹种植的经济效益。【方法】采用黄板诱捕法调查早竹林内蝇类的多样性,运用多元线性回归分析了环境因子对蝇类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的影响;并使用变异分解的方法分析了空间变量和环境变量对蝇类β多样性的影响。【结果】研究结果显示:在早竹林内共诱捕到的蝇类有8科10种,其中竹笋绒茎蝇Chyliza bambusae、江苏泉蝇Pegomyia kiangsuensis、横带花蝇Anthomyia illocata、常齿股蝇Hydrotaea dentipes、黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteata是早竹林内的优势物种;黄板周围1.5 m范围内成竹数量和幼笋数量对蝇类的多样性有显著性影响,早竹林内蝇类的物种多样性随着成竹数量的增加而降低;空间变量单独对蝇类β多样性的解释量为8.54%,环境变量单独解释的量为28.84%,两者共同解释的量为10.46%,不能被环境变量和空间变量解释的量为52.16%。【结论】本研究展示了早竹林内蝇类多样性变动的动态,并阐释了蝇类多样性的主要影响因子,对于竹林害虫的综合治理、提高竹笋产量具有现实和理论意义。     

黑竹缘蝽的生物学研究

<正> 黑竹缘蝽Notobitus meleagris Fabricius属半翅目缘蝽科(Coreidae),是一种为害丛生竹笋期的常见害虫。国内分布于浙扛、福建、江西、广东、广西,四川、云南、台湾,在广东则遍布全省各地;国外分布于印度、缅甸、越南、新加坡。 据1985～1986年在广州地区的系统观察,黑竹缘蝽几为害所有的丛生竹,尤其嗜好取食麻竹Sinocalamus latiflorris、钓丝竹S. bec-cheyana、硬头黄Bambusa rigida、佛肚竹B.ventricosa、龙头竹B. vulgaris、黄金间碧绿竹B. vulgaris var. striata、鱼肚腩B. gibboides、撑篙竹B. pervariabilis、青皮竹B. textilis、坭竹B. gibba、海南硬头黄B.fecunda等多     

中国亚热高大竹类植物毛竹竹笋克隆生长的密度调节（英文）

 对许多多年生克隆植物来说,大量的研究表明：当光是限制因子时,随着立地密度的不断增加,克隆分株的出生率逐渐减小、死亡率逐渐增加。本文观测了乔木状高大竹类植物毛竹竹笋的出生与存活过程,结果表明：竹笋的出生率,即每样方的出笋数,明显地随着成竹立竹度的增加而增加。更确切地说,竹笋的数量,不管是出笋数还是活笋数,都明显地随着带新叶(1龄叶)的成竹立竹度的增加而增加,而与带老叶(2龄叶)的成竹立竹度相关性不显著。并且竹笋的死亡率是非密度制约的。这可能是由于对毛竹来说,其立地总是比较开敞,而且,其竹笋的生长在很大程度上是不直接需光的。     

采笋对大熊猫主食竹八月竹竹笋生长的影响

采笋是大熊猫栖息地内一种持续的人类干扰活动。为了评估采笋对大熊猫主食竹竹笋生长发育的影响,2009年7—11月,在四川省洪雅县瓦屋山镇设置实验样方,对比研究了早期采笋、中期采笋、晚期采笋、一直采笋和不采笋5种采笋方式对大熊猫主食竹八月竹竹笋生长和发育的影响。结果表明:1)早期采笋、中期采笋和一直采笋样方的发笋量显著高于不采笋样方(P0.05),其发笋量分别是不采笋的1.53倍,1.57倍和1.62倍;晚期采笋样方发笋量与不采笋样方差异不显著(P0.05)。2)早期采笋使八月竹在发笋早期和发笋中期的发笋量增加,中期采笋仅使八月竹在发笋中期的发笋量增加,而一直采笋使八月竹在整个发笋期的各个阶段的发笋量均显著增加(P0.05)。3)一直采笋样方的幼竹数量、株高均显著低于其他采笋样方,其基径只显著低于不采笋样方(P0.05);早期、中期、晚期采笋和不采笋样方相互间仅幼竹株高差异显著(P0.05)。4)早期、中期和晚期采笋与不采笋样方的发笋总量、退笋总量和采笋总量相互之间均呈显著正相关(P0.05)。建议仅在八月竹发笋中期采笋,同时政府应加大对大熊猫栖息地周边社区经济发展的引导和扶持。     

Guadua amplexifolia现存生物量分配和竹材物理结构研究

通过对Guadua amplexifolia现存单株生物量结构和竹材物理结构研究,结果表明:地上部分生物量在枝条上的分配比例高于相同径级毛竹,根冠比较其他丛生竹种大,具有发达的地下根系且易形成密集林分,是良好的防风植物材料;地上部分各器官生物量与地径、全高均呈显著的正相关,可以用相对生长模型进行模拟;竹秆有较大的相对壁厚和较低的含水率,可以作为良好的材用竹种进行培育。虽然竹秆壁厚的分布特点有很大差异,但竹秆实际材积和地径之间具有显著的相关性,可以用3次多项式进行模拟。     

城市绿化竹子生态适应性评价

针对城市绿化竹种要求,选择生长和抗性指标,用集对分析方法,分析和评价华安竹种园200个丛生竹和散混生竹种（或变种）生态适应性,结果表明：丛生竹种中,黄竹、小叶琴丝竹、糯竹、花竹、乡土竹、妈竹、青竿竹、泰竹等在华安生态适应性好,银丝大眼竹、孟竹、大绿竹、麻竹、白节勒竹、撑篙竹、石角竹、大木竹、小刺竹、勃氏甜龙竹、鱼肚腩竹等竹种生态适应性较差,其它竹种适应性中等.而散混生竹种中,衢县苦竹、实心竹、南平倭竹、矮若竹、乌哺鸡竹、毛竹、高节竹、红哺鸡竹、毛环水竹、斑苦竹、满山爆竹、斑箨茶秆竹等竹种适应性较好;缅甸方竹、四季竹、玉山竹篌竹、花毛竹、金镶玉竹等竹种适应性较差,其它竹种适应性中等.     

中国竹类二新种及某些种类花的补充描述

本文记载了中国西南牡竹属二新种,席竹ＤｅｎｄｒｏｃａｌａｍｕｓｅｘｉｌｉｓＸｉａｅｔＣｈｉａ,钓鱼竹ＤｅｎｄｒｏｃａｌａｍｕｓｇｕｉｙａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＸｉａｅｔＣｉａ,并对妈竹ＢａｍｂｕｓａｂｏｎｉｏｐｓｉｓＭｃＣｌ．、大眼竹Ｂ．ｅｕｔｕｌｄｏｉｄｅｓＭｃＣｌ．、撑篙竹Ｂ．ｐｅｒｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓＭｃＣｌ．、紫秆竹Ｂ．ｔｅｘｔｉｌｉｓＭｃＣｌ．ｃｖ．Ｐｕｒｐｕｒａｓｃｅｎｓ和佛肚竹Ｂ．ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｏｓａＭｃＣｌ．的花作了补充描述．     

土壤水分对两个冬小麦品种产量和竞争能力的影响

研究了黄土塬区两个旱作冬小麦品种(长武135和平凉40,前者是后者的换代品种)在不同土壤水分条件下竞争能力和产量形成的关系。研究设2种土壤水分条件(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的75%～80%和40%～45%),采用生态替代法设计了同一播种密度的6个播种比例组合的盆栽试验。低水分单播条件下,长武135具有较高的产量(长武135为27.59g/pot,平凉40为24.91g/pot),而混播条件下平凉40在产量和相对产量上较长武135品种具有明显的竞争优势。高水分条件下,平凉40产量随播种比例的减小下降较快(长武135产量曲线斜率35.468,平凉40为36.237)。平凉40低水分单播时花后干物质积累量较少(长武135为0.67g/pot,平凉40为0.55g/pot),而混播时较多(长武135各比例均值0.58g/pot,平凉40为0.71g/pot),导致了平凉40品种单播时产量较低和混播时产量较高。平凉40地下生物量显著大于长武135(高水分条件下,长武135为10.03g/pot、平凉40为11.51g/pot;低水分条件下二者分别为8.41g/pot和10.69g/pot),且耗水量大(高水分条件下平凉40多耗水2.72kg/pot,低水分条件下多耗0.98kg/pot),而耗水量/地下生物量的比值平凉40低于长武135,从而平凉40品种单位根量消耗的水分低于长武135。总之,在两个生长属性接近的冬小麦品种中,老品种以较大的根系生物量赢得了较高的竞争能力,消耗了较多的水分,而新品种虽然根系生物量较低,耗水量较少,但籽粒产量却较高。亦即,小麦新品种籽粒产量的提高是与根系的减少和对水资源竞争能力的下降相伴随的。     

Root deployment and shoot growth for two desert species in response to soil rockiness

Soil texture, as well as the presence of rocks, can determine the water status, growth, and distribution of plants in arid environments. The effects of soil rockiness and soil particle size distribution on shoot and root growth, root system size, rooting depth, and water relations were therefore investigated for the Crassulacean acid metabolism leaf succulent Agave deserti and the C(4) bunchgrass Pleuraphis rigida after precipitation events during the summer and winter/spring rainfall periods in the northwestern Sonoran Desert. The soils at the field site varied from sandy (<3% rocks by volume) to rocky (up to 35% rocks), with greater water availability at higher water potentials for sandy than for rocky soils. Although A. deserti was absent from the sandiest sites, its shoot and root growth during both rainfall periods were greatest in comparatively sandier sites and decreased as the soil rock content increased. Furthermore, A. deserti had twofold greater root surface area, root?:?leaf area ratio, and mean rooting depth at sandier than at rocky sites. As for A. deserti, shoot growth was greater for P. rigida at the sandier sites than at the rockier sites, even though its root surface area and mean rooting depth did not vary significantly. After early spring rainfall events, the leaf water potential for A. deserti did not differ between rocky and sandy sites, but transpiration rates were almost twofold greater at rocky than at sandy sites. During the same period, P. rigida had lower leaf water potentials and 25% lower transpiration rates at rocky than at sandy sites. The greater variability in the deployment of the root systems of A. deserti in response to soil rockiness may reflect its evergreen habit and slower growth, which allow it to endure periods of lower water availability than does P. rigida, whose leaves die during drought.     

群体分布和灌溉对冬小麦农田光能利用的影响

于2006-2008年进行冬小麦田间试验,设置行距×株距分别为：7 cm×7 cm（A）、14 cm×3.5 cm（B）、24.5cm×2 cm（C）、49 cm×1 cm（D）4种群体分布方式,每种分布方式设4种灌溉处理：整个生育期内不灌溉,灌拔节水,灌拔节和抽穗水,灌拔节、抽穗和灌浆水（每次灌水量相同,均为0.60 m³）,研究在同一群体密度(2.04×10⁶ 株·hm^-2)下不同群体分布和灌溉对冬小麦光能利用状况的影响及其在生产中的利用价值.结果表明：A、B处理的群体分蘖数和叶面积指数（LAI）显著高于C、D处理;随着行距的加大,光合有效辐射（PAR）透射率逐渐增多,而PAR截获率呈下降趋势;增加灌溉可提高冬小麦群体单茎数和LAI,降低PAR透射率,从而明显提高了PAR总截获率.冠层内PAR截获率表现为上强下弱的趋势,相对均匀的群体分布和所有灌溉处理均显著增加了冠层40 cm以上的PAR截获率.冬小麦光能利用率（RUE）随行距增大而逐渐降低,其中,A、B、C、D处理总RUE两年的均值分别为1.24%、1.27%、1.21%和1.06%,B处理较C、D处理分别提高了5.21%和19.56%,差异显著.群体分布相对均匀的A、B处理可显著改善冬小麦群体结构和PAR截获状况,有利于充分利用光能;所有灌溉处理也可影响群体结构,进而明显提高作物的RUE.     

Phenotypic plasticity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chenopodium murale</Emphasis> across contrasting habitat conditions in peri-urban areas in Indian dry tropics: Is it indicative of its invasiveness?

Phenotypic plasticity is an important plant trait associated with invasiveness of alien plants that reflects its ability to occupy a wide range of environments. We investigated the phenotypic response of Chenopodium murale to resource variability and ontogeny. Its plant-level and leaf-level traits were studied at high-resource (HR) and low-resource (LR) sites in peri-urban areas in Indian dry tropics. Plants at LR had significantly higher root length, root/shoot biomass ratio, stem mass and root mass fractions. Plants at HR had higher shoot length, basal diameter, leaf mass fraction and leaf area ratio. Leaf-level traits like leaf area and chlorophyll a were also higher here. Mean plasticity indices for plant- and leaf-level traits were higher at HR. With increasing total plant biomass, there was significant increase in the biomass of leaf, stem, root, and reproductive parts, and root and shoot lengths, whereas root/shoot length ratio, their biomass ratio, and leaf and root mass fractions declined significantly. Allocation to roots and leaves significantly decreased with increasing plant size at both sites. But, at any size, allocation to roots was greater at LR, indicative of optimization of capture of soil nutrients, whereas leaf allocation was higher at HR. Consistently increasing stem allocation equaled leaf allocation at comparatively higher shoot lengths at HR. Reproductive biomass comprised 10–12% of the plant’s total biomass. In conclusion, the success of alien weed C. murale across environmentally diverse habitat conditions in Indian dry tropics can be attributed to its high phenotypic plasticity, resource utilization capability in low-resource habitats and higher reproductive potential. These characteristics suggest that it will continue to be an aggressive invader.     

Effect of growth temperature on biomass production of nearly isonuclear triazine-resistant and -susceptible common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.)

Abstract. The effect of growth temperature on biomass production and photosynthesis of nearly-isonuclear triazine-resistant and -susceptible Senecio vulgaris L. bio-types was investigated. Plants were grown in growth chambers with day/night temperatures of 13/8, 20/15 and 30/25°C, and were harvested 35, 42, 49 and 56d after planting (DAP). The S biotype produced more shoot dry weight than the R × S_BC6 biotype, and the S × R_BC6 biotype produced more shoot dry weight than the R biotype at all DAP and growth temperature combinations. The S and S × R_BC6 biotypes had greater photosynthetic rates than the R X S_BC6 and R biotypes, respectively. Thus, plants containing the susceptible chloroplast genome produced more biomass and had greater photosynthetic rates than those with the resistant chloroplast genome, when in association with the same nuclear genome. There was no differential temperature effect on biomass production of isonuclear plants possessing resistant or susceptible chloroplast genomes. However, there was a large differential temperature effect on the amount of biomass produced by plants containing different nuclear genomes (R or S) in association with the same chloroplast genome. The R nuclear genome appeared to be better adapted to cooler growth temperatures while the S nuclear genome was better adapted to warmer growth conditions.