生物抑菌剂抑制大肠埃希菌效果研究

为研究生物防腐剂壳聚糖、ε-聚赖氨酸、乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)能否代替化学性食品防腐剂,通过敏感性测定、杀菌动力学测定、正交优化实验、应用效果试验,研究了其对指示菌大肠埃希菌的抑制效果。结果表明,壳聚糖、Nisin、ε-聚赖氨酸的最小抑菌浓度分别为10、2.5、0.078mg/mL。当壳聚糖、Nisin、ε-聚赖氨酸的浓度分别为5、0.04、0.01mg/mL时对大肠埃希菌的抑制作用最好,在这一最佳组合条件下对大肠埃希菌杀菌率达88.57%。     

矿物微尘对人体肠道菌群单一代表性菌株的体外作用研究

研究了矿物微尘对人体肠道菌群主要代表性菌株大肠埃希菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的体外作用。矿物微尘对大肠埃希菌生长起抑制作用,微尘浓度达3%时即对大肠埃希菌生长显著抑制,微尘浓度达20%时大肠埃希菌生长即受完全抑制,微尘浓度从3%到20%,大肠埃希菌虽受抑制但能生长,表明大肠埃希菌矿物微尘耐受能力较强。矿物微尘对嗜酸乳杆菌生长影响复杂,低浓度时起促进作用,较高浓度时起抑制作用,微尘浓度达5%时嗜酸乳杆菌生长即受完全抑制,嗜酸乳杆菌矿物微尘耐受能力较弱,远小于大肠埃希菌。确立矿物微尘对人体肠道代表性细菌的抑制浓度及致死浓度为环保监测和城市空气质量监控提供了科学依据。     

亚抑菌浓度头孢他啶对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成的影响与其耐药性相关性研究

目的:探讨亚抑菌浓度头孢他啶对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成的影响与细菌耐药性、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)产生及ESBLs基因分型的相关性,为临床生物膜感染的治疗和抗生素的合理使用提供理论依据。方法:大肠埃希菌最低抑菌浓度(MIC)检测采用琼脂平板倍比稀释法,超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLS)表型确证实验采用双纸片协同法,大肠埃希菌ESBLs基因检测采用PCR扩增,生物膜形成能力检测采用96孔板结晶紫染色法。结果:50株大肠埃希菌临床株对青霉素类、氟喹诺酮类、头孢哌酮及复方新诺明具有较高的耐药性,而对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感性较高。所有菌株均对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感。31株大肠埃希菌为ESBLs阳性菌株。CTX-M、TEM、OXA、SHV和VEB基因阳性率分别为93.5%、83.9%、19.4%、16.1%和3.2%。亚-MIC头孢他啶对9株(18.0%)大肠埃希菌生物膜形成具有抑制作用。亚-MIC头孢他啶对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成的影响与细菌耐药性和ESBLs均无相关性(P0.05)。结论:亚-MIC头孢他啶对大肠埃希菌生物膜形成的调控作用与细菌耐药性、产ESBLs及ESBLs基因分型均无相关性。     

大肠埃希菌高产AmpC酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院高产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌的存在现状及其耐药性。方法采用Tris-ED-TA纸片裂菌法检测148株大肠埃希菌的AmpC酶。用琼脂稀释法测定产酶株对11种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果 148株大肠埃希菌中6株检出AmpC酶,检出率为4.1%。所有产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南敏感,MIC为0.12～0.25μg/ml;对头孢吡肟的MIC值也较低,为0.5～32.0μg/ml,仅1株耐头孢吡肟。所有产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌对头孢西丁耐药,MIC为32～128μg/ml;对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等加酶抑制剂复合物耐药性较强。结论深圳市人民医院大肠埃希菌高产AmpC酶检出率为4.1%。产酶株对多种抗生素耐药性较高。     

住院精神病患者大肠埃希菌感染分布状况、耐药性及其危险因素分析

目的:了解住院精神病患者大肠埃希菌的感染分布情况及对常用抗菌药物的耐药状况,并分析感染大肠埃希菌的危险因素。方法:回顾性收集2016年1月-2019年1月间1100例接受住院治疗的临床资料,收集其临床标本并分离大肠埃希菌,采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK-32系统进行菌种鉴定及药敏试验,采用K-B琼脂扩散法检测细菌的耐药性。单因素和多因素logistic回归分析大肠埃希菌感染的危险因素。结果:1100例精神病患者中共有51例患者检出大肠埃希菌感染,感染率为4.64%(51/1100),共分离出87株大肠埃希菌。各类标本来源分布占比从高到低依次是尿液42.53%(37/87)、痰及呼吸道分泌物36.63%(31/87),粪便14.94%(13/87),伤口引流液4.60%(4/87),血液2.30%(2/87);科室分布占比从高到低依次是老年科66.67%(58/87),精神科25.29%(22/87),心理科8.05%(7/87)。大肠埃希菌主要对氨苄西林、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢唑啉耐药,耐药率分别为93.25%、80.03%、77.30%、72.51%,对亚胺培南不耐药,耐药率为0.00%。单因素分析结果显示年龄、长期使用抗精神药物、住院时间、侵入性操作和频繁使用抗菌药物治疗均与住院精神病患者大肠埃希菌感染相关(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示年龄≥55岁、住院时间≥45 d、侵入性操作、长期使用抗精神病药物和频繁使用抗菌药物治疗是住院精神病患者大肠埃希菌感染的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:大肠埃希菌耐药性日趋严重,临床抗感染治疗上,应根据药敏试验结果、结合实际情况合理选用抗菌药物,有效减少耐药菌株的扩散,降低大肠埃希菌感染。此外,年龄≥55岁、长期使用抗精神病药物和频繁使用抗菌药物治疗、侵入性操作、住院时间≥45d均是大肠埃希菌感染的危险因素,值得重点关注。     

秦皮素对大肠埃希菌作用机制的初步研究

目的以大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922为供试菌,探讨秦皮素的抑菌活性及其作用机制。方法利用TTC法测定秦皮素对大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922的最低抑菌浓度;通过测定加药前后菌体培养液电导率和大分子的变化及观察扫描电镜和透射电镜电镜结果,分析秦皮素对其细胞膜的影响;通过SDS-PAGE测定秦皮素对供试菌株蛋白含量的影响;采用逐个检出法研究秦皮素对大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922质粒合成的抑制作用。结果秦皮素可抑制大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922的生长,其最低抑菌浓度为40μg/mL。秦皮素作用菌体5 h后,培养液中的电导率比对照组增加1.96%,但DNA和RNA大分子增加的不明显。秦皮素作用大肠埃希菌20 h后,菌体可溶性蛋白总量比对照组降低42%。秦皮素对大肠埃希菌的质粒有消除作用,药物作用48 h后,秦皮素对大肠埃希菌的质粒消除率为60.3%。结论秦皮素可抑制大肠埃希菌的生长,其抑菌作用机制与抑制菌体内蛋白质合成和消除菌体内的质粒有关,但对大肠埃希菌细胞膜的影响不大。     

2921株大肠埃希菌的临床分布与耐药分析

目的了解近五年来本院分离的大肠埃希菌(ECO)的临床分布和耐药性变化,为临床合理治疗大肠埃希菌引起的感染提供参考。方法采用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析系统,对2009-2013年分离的大肠埃希菌进行菌株鉴定和药物敏感试验,用WHONET 5.4软件进行耐药统计分析。结果 2009-2013年本院共分离出2 921株ECO,2009-2012年大肠埃希菌主要分离自尿液,平均占29.4%,2013年大肠埃希菌主要分离自血液,占27.6%;2011-2013年产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌平均检出率为70.1%,高于2009-2010年的平均检出率64.1%(P0.05);主要来源于普外科和ICU,分别占22.1%、18.4%;非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢替坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南的耐药率高于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P0.05),对本研究其他药物的耐药率,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌低于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P0.05);产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率均90%,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率70%。结论大肠埃希菌是临床常见致病菌,本市产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的分离率非常高,耐药问题十分严重,应加强合理使用抗菌药物管理,定期监测,控制耐药菌的产生,预防医院感染暴发流行。     

亚抑菌浓度姜黄素对 大肠埃希菌泳动和丛动的影响

目的研究姜黄素对大肠埃希菌运动能力的影响。方法在体外应用微量法测量姜黄素对大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922的药物敏感性,用半固体培养基法测定姜黄素对大肠埃希菌泳动和丛动能力的影响,并测定姜黄素作用下相关基因的表达变化。结果姜黄素对大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922的MIC为100μg/mL,MBC为200μg/mL;亚抑菌浓度的姜黄素可抑制大肠埃希菌泳动和丛动,下调fimB等基因及调控sRNA GcvB的表达。结论亚抑菌浓度姜黄素能抑制大肠埃希菌泳动和丛动能力,并抑制泳动和丛动基因及相关sRNA的表达。     

人乳头瘤病毒18型L1蛋白在大肠埃希菌中的可溶性表达及病毒样颗粒的形成

目的利用大肠埃希菌系统可溶性表达人乳头瘤病毒18型(HPV18)L1蛋白,纯化和重组装获得HPV18病毒样颗粒(VLPs),为进一步研制HPV18基因工程疫苗奠定基础。方法首先按大肠埃希菌密码子偏好进行HPV18L1全基因合成,经PCR扩增出截短的HPV18L1基因,构建重组表达载体PET30a-L1,通过优化表达在大肠埃希菌BL21中可溶性表达L1蛋白,其次采用硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换层析、疏水层析后,获得高纯度的的L1蛋白,再通过解聚和重聚获得VLPs。结果全基因优化并截短的HPV18L1蛋白在大肠埃希菌系统中以可溶形式表达,纯化后的蛋白纯度达到90%以上,电镜下观察到直径为60 nm的VLPs颗粒。结论利用大肠埃希菌系统可溶性表达非融合HPV18L1蛋白,并获得均一的VLPs颗粒,为疫苗的开发奠定基础。     

黑大蒜提取物联合抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和肠埃希菌的体外抗菌作用研究

评价黑大蒜提取物分别与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合应用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌效应。采用液体稀释法分别测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林或庆大霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,并计算部分抑菌浓度（FIC指数）。测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的时间-杀菌曲线。黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为256μg/mL,黑大蒜提取物对大肠埃希菌的MIC为256μg/mL。时间-杀菌曲线结果显示黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抑菌作用呈现较强的浓度依赖性。黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林后对金黄色葡萄球菌的FIC指数为0.75;黑大蒜提取物联合庆大霉素后对大肠埃希菌的FIC指数为0.5。黑大蒜提取物与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合用药,可明显降低抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,表现为相加和协同效应。     

固定化嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌合成低聚半乳糖

利用海藻酸钙、明胶和壳聚糖为固定化载体包埋嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌细胞合成低聚半乳糖 (GOS)。通过比较三种方法的酶活力回收、最适反应条件、GOS的得率和和载体机械强度 ,选择明胶作为固定化细胞的载体。反应体系的温度、pH、乳糖浓度、乳糖的转化率和载体的传质阻力对GOS合成有明显影响。在CSTR反应器中水解 60 %乳糖 ,GOS最大得率为31 2 % ,经过 96h( 8批反应 ) ,产物得率为原来的 88%。在空速 0 0 9h- 1条件下 ,利用填充床反应器连续水解乳糖 ,GOS的得率和反应器生产能力分别为 31 5%和 1 7 4g (L·h) ,连续反应1 40h,GOS得率下降 2 0 %。产物经过活性炭柱层柱分离纯化 ,通过13C NMR鉴定四糖的化学结构为 β D Gal ( 1→ 3) D Gal ( 1→ 6) D G ( 1→ 4) D Glu。     

海藻酸钠包埋法制备固定化菠萝蛋白酶

以海藻酸钠为载体,包埋法固定菠萝蛋白酶,对固定化奈件进行优化,同时探讨固定化菠萝蛋白酶的部分酶学性能。结果表明：固定化菠萝蛋白酶的质量受海藻酸钠质量分数、固定化酶量、固定化时间以及CaCl2质量分数的影响,其最佳固定化条件为：海藻酸钠质量分数1．0％,CaCl2质量分数3％,固定化酶液量与海藻酸钠体积之比1：2,固定化时间60min,在此条件下,制备的固定化菠萝蛋白酶的比活力为211．8U／g（湿质量载体）,由此制得的固定化酶的最适pH为7．6,与游离酶相比,升高了0．8个pH单位,同时显示固定化菠萝蛋白酶能耐受较高的碱性环境,固定化酶最适温度与游离酶相同,均为50℃,固定化酶在较高温度范围内,仍能保持较高的相对活力。     

利用固定化重组大肠杆菌细胞生产D-塔格糖

利用经海藻酸钙包埋的重组大肠杆菌细胞催化D-半乳糖生产D-塔格糖,考察了细胞包埋量、反应条件对固定化细胞催化效率以及对D-塔格糖生产稳定性的影响。确定的最优转化条件为:温度65℃,pH 6.5,添加终浓度为1 mmol/L Mn²⁺,底物(D-半乳糖)浓度100 g/L,重组大肠杆菌细胞用量40 g/L。固定化小球在0.3%戊二醛溶液中交联30 min可以显著提高其在高温下的机械强度。考察了异构化反应体系中硼酸与底物间的摩尔比对产率的影响。研究结果表明,添加适量的硼酸可以改变原有的化学反应平衡,实现D-塔格糖的高产。利用D-半乳糖为底物在最优的反应条件下催化24 h,固定化细胞对D-半乳糖的转化率最高,可达65.8%,连续转化8批次的平均转化率为60.6%,为工业化生产D-塔格糖奠定了基础。     

Production of inulo-oligosaccharides from inulin by recombinant E. coli containing endoinulinase activity

To utilize intracellular endoinulinase for inulo-oligosaccharide (IOS) production from inulin, the endoinulinase gene (inu1) of Pseudomonas sp. was successfully cloned into the plasmid pBR322 by using EcoRI restriction endoinulinase and E. coli HB101 as a host strain. The endoinulinase from E. coli HB101/pKMG50 was constitutively expressed, showing similar reaction modes as compared to those of the original strain. However, some critical differences existed in optimal reaction conditions and oligosaccharide compositions between the two products catalyzed by the native enzyme of original strain and those by intact cells from recombinant cells. The IOS compositions produced by recombinant E. coli were quite different due to the diffusional restriction of the substrate and products within the cell wall. Optimal reaction conditions for batchwise production of IOS were as follow : optimum temperature, 55v°C; pH, 7.5; substrate concentration, 100 g/l inulin; enzyme dosage, 20 units/g substrate. Continuous production of IOS from inulin was also carried out at 50v°C using a bioreactor packed with the recombinant cells immobilized on calcium alginate gel. The optimal feed concentration and the feed flow rate were 100 g/l inulin and 0.6 h^у as a superficial space velocity, respectively. Under the optimum operation conditions, continuous production of IOS was successfully performed with productivity of 166.7 g/l·h for 15 days at 50v°C without significant loss of initial activity.     

Study of phenol biodegradation using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain WJDB-1 immobilized in alginate–chitosan–alginate (ACA) microcapsules by electrochemical method

An aerobic microorganism with an ability to utilize phenol as sole carbon and energy source was isolated from phenol-contaminated wastewater samples. The isolate was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain WJDB-1 based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain WJDB-1 immobilized in alginate–chitosan–alginate (ACA) microcapsules could degrade 200 mg/l phenol completely within 36 h. The concentration of phenol was determined using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a linear relationship between peak current and phenol concentration ranging from 2.0 to 20.0 mg/l. Cells immobilized in ACA microcapsules were found to be superior to the free suspended ones in terms of improving the tolerance to the environmental loadings. The optimal conditions to prepare microcapsules for achieving higher phenol degradation rate were investigated by changing the concentrations of sodium alginate, calcium chloride, and chitosan. Furthermore, the efficiency of phenol degradation was optimized by adjusting various processing parameters, such as the number of microcapsules, pH value, temperature, and the initial concentration of phenol. This microorganism has the potential for the efficient treatment of organic pollutants in wastewater.     

Immobilization of recombinant nanobiofiber CS3 fimbriae onto alginate beads for improvement of cadmium biosorption

A cell surface display system with metalbinding properties was previously developed using CS3 fimbriae, which are hollow tubes 20 nm-thick and 2 nm in diameter. In this study, hybrid CS3 pili were separated from recombinant Escherichia coli and entrapped in calcium alginate gel beads in order to improve their stabilization and also adsorption of heavy metals. The surface morphology of the gel beads containing pili was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Immunofluorescence microscopy was employed to confirm the attachment of nanobiofibers to the alginate beads. The effects of three variables (sodium alginate concentration, protein to alginate mass ratio, and bead size) at two levels each on Cd²⁺ biosorption efficiency were investigated by full factorial experimental design. A second-order polynomial equation modeled the design space for the process response of cadmium removal capacity. The optimal values of the factors were obtained as follows: 1% sodium alginate concentration, 0.25 protein to alginate mass ratio, and a 6 mm bead size. Under these conditions, Cd²⁺ was adsorbed at 45.45 mg/g to the nanobiofiber. The results indicate that the immobilized recombinant hybrid CS3 pili may be an appropriate biosorbent for removal of heavy metals from polluted aquatic environments.     

Operation of packed-bed immobilized cell reactor featuring active β-galactosidase inclusion body-containing recombinant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> cells

In this study, we developed a packed-bed immobilized cell reactor containing active β-gal (β-galactosidase) inclusion body (IB)-containing Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells in alginate beads. This packed-bed reactor was operated using a substrate feed solution 0.72 ∼ 38.4 mM ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside) prepared in Z buffer supplemented with chloroform and 0.1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate). The production rate of ONP (o-nitrophenol) in the reactor containing cells that were incubated with α-MG (α-methyl D-glucospyranoside) or D-fucose after induction was superior to those prepared with cells that were not incubated with α-MG or D-fucose. The ONP production rate was increased proportionally with ONPG concentration in the substrate feed up to a concentration of 38.4 mM. However, as the ONPG concentration was increased in the substrate feed solution, galactose inhibition inside the alginate beads was increased. This most likely occurred due to problems with diffusion. In addition, partial breakage of alginate beads was observed during the later periods of operation. In this study, we demonstrated that active β-gal IB-containing E. coli cells were sustained in the immobilized cell reactor during operation. Particularly, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of using active IBs in an enzymatic reaction without the need for any purification step. In addition, we showed that these IB-containing cells could be directly used in an immobilized reactor.     

Asymmetric reduction of 3-chloropropiophenone to (S)-3-chloro-1-phenylpropanol using immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC 2266 cells

(S)-3-Chloro-1-phenylpropanol is an important chiral precursor for numerous antidepressants such as tomoxetine. A high enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of (S)-3-chloro-1-phenylpropanol can be achieved by asymmetric reduction of 3-chloropropiophenone using Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC 2266 cells immobilized in calcium alginate. Thermal pretreatment of the immobilized cells at 50 °C for 30 min resulted in high enantioselectivity (99% e.e.) and good percent conversion (80%). The effects of various conditions on the reduction reaction were investigated. The optimal conditions were found to be as follows: sodium alginate concentration, 2%; bead diameter, 2 mm; temperature, 30 °C; re-culture time, 24 h; and batch addition of the substrate. After reusing these three times, the immobilized cells retained approximately 60% of their original catalytic activity with their enantioselectivity intact.     

响应面法优化褐藻胶降解菌Cobetia sp.20发酵培养基

为了提高褐藻胶降解菌株Cobetia sp.20产褐藻胶裂解酶的能力,利用响应面法优化其发酵产褐藻胶裂解酶的培养基。首先利用单因素法分别对发酵培养基中的不同碳源、碳源添加量、不同氮源、氮源添加量以及氯化钠添加量、磷酸二氢钾添加量、硫酸镁添加量和pH进行探究,研究各因素对产酶的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,通过Plackett-Burman试验确定Cobetia sp.20发酵培养基中影响产酶的主要因素。通过响应面试验建立回归方程。研究结果表明,Cobetia sp.20最优发酵培养基配方为褐藻胶15.00 g/L、硫酸铵7.50 g/L、氯化钠15.00 g/L、硫酸镁0.50 g/L、磷酸二氢钾5.30 g/L、硫酸亚铁0.01 g/L、pH值7.58。优化后酶活为142.79 U/mL,比优化前提高了26.36%。褐藻胶裂解酶活的提高,为褐藻胶裂解酶的工业化生产提供了参考。     

Cell immobilization technique for the enhanced production of alpha-galactosidase by Streptomyces griseoloalbus

Streptomyces griseoloalbus was immobilized in calcium alginate gel and the optimal immobilization parameters (concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride, initial biomass and curing time) for the enhanced production of alpha-galactosidase were determined. The immobilization was most effective with 3% sodium alginate and 0.1M calcium chloride. The optimal initial biomass for immobilization was approximately 2.2g (wet wt.). The alginate-entrapped cells were advantageous because there was a twofold increase in the enzyme yield (55 U/ml) compared to the highest yield obtained with free cells (23.6 U/ml). Moreover, with immobilized cells the maximum yield was reached after 72 h of incubation in batch fermentation under optimal conditions, whereas in the case of free cells the maximum enzyme yield was obtained only after 96 h of incubation. The alginate beads had good stability and also retained 75% ability of enzyme production even after eight cycles of repeated batch fermentation. It is significant that this is the first report on whole-cell immobilization for alpha-galactosidase production.