叶用芥菜细胞质雄性不育系0912A的胞质效应和杂种优势分析

通过异地多代的育性鉴定及花器形态观察来调查叶用芥菜细胞质雄性不育系0912A的不育性及结籽能力;同时分别以不育系0912A和其保持系0912B为母本,与5个典型叶用芥菜自交系配成10个同核异质的杂交种,以研究hau胞质的胞质效应并测定杂种优势.结果显示:该不育系败育彻底稳定,不育株率和不育度均为100％,有正常的结籽能力;不育系杂种一代与产最相关性状的杂种优势明显,但品质性状无优势;hau胞质在单株重上的负效应较明显,在其他性状上的负效应相对较弱,但hau胞质组合F1的单株重杂种优势依然显著,且胞质效应受杂交父本核影响,通过选择合适的杂交父本配组,细胞质的负效应可以减轻或消除.     

棉属八个种（种系）的细胞质对陆地棉花器性状的影响

以具有草棉、亚洲棉、异常棉、长普棉、哈克尼西棉、海岛棉、陆地棉野生种系莲蓬棉、墨西哥野生棉 细胞质的中棉所7号（陆地棉）同核系为材料，研究了异源细胞质对陆地棉花器性状的影响。结果表明， 除哈克尼西棉饱质系为雄性不育、不形成正常花粉外，其余各系育性正常。在单花花药数上，哈克尼西 棉胞质系比陆地棉胞质系（106枚）增加约20枚， 异常棉和亚洲拓胞质系则分别减少到68枚和75枚， 其余各系均在106枚左右。在花蕾形态性状上，哈克尼西棉胞质系较陆地棉胞质系瘦小，亚洲棉和异常 棉胞质系则较之尖削、瘦长。各可育胞质系与陆地棉胞质系在花粉粒形态、大小上差异不大。     

萝卜地方优良品种高制种潜力雄性不育系转育方法研究

不育系的制种潜力是决定制种产量的重要因素。在前期选育过程中对不育系制种潜力关注不够,往往导致所选育的品种制种产量低甚至无法制种,造成品种无法推广。我国拥有丰富的优良地方品种萝卜资源,但是存在着种质退化、栽培面积缩减、栽培区域小而分散的问题。培育杂交种是提升优良地方品种品质、维持栽培面积和扩大栽培地域的有效途径。本研究将Ogura胞质转育到26份优良地方品种萝卜资源,发现其中16份种质资源在Ogura胞质中的不育率达到或接近100%;建立了一种基于网纱隔离和壁蜂授粉的鉴定方法,用于分析这16份优良地方品种萝卜资源的保持系及其Ogura不育系的制种产量与潜力,发现练丝萝卜和五月红两份资源的不育系和保持系都具有较高的角果产量,有望转育成高制种潜力的不育系亲本,红灯笼、大青皮和心里美3份资源中都分离出具有较高种子产量的胞质雄性不育单株,但是其保持系种子产量很低,需要提高保持系的种子产量;小红袍水萝卜和扶沟萝卜的不育系和保持系的种子产量都处于中等水平,具有优化和应用的潜力;红水萝卜、青皮脆等5份资源不适合Ogura胞质不育系制种;狗头罐、绛县白、象牙白3份资源是自交不亲和材料。本研究发现,Ogura胞质的不同品种以及同一品种不同单株间制种产量差异巨大,说明从转育初代开始逐代监测和筛选制种潜力是非常必要的。本研究介绍一种简易高效鉴定及筛选萝卜胞质不育系制种潜力的方法,并用此方法初步筛选出一批高制种潜力的萝卜地方品种Ogura胞质雄性不育材料。     

巴西、津巴布韦烤烟品种综合评价

2007-2008年度,对检疫后的10份国外引进的烤烟不育系杂交种,开展了农艺性状、主要病害抗性鉴定、烟叶化学成分分析及不育胞质来源CAPS鉴别,结果表明:在这些杂交种中,PVH51、RGH51、PVH19和KRK26品种产量在2138.10～2788.05kg/hm2之间,主要病害抗性及适应性较好,烤后烟叶化学成分含量较适宜,比例协调。这4个品种可直接应用于烟叶生产,也可作为烤烟抗病育种材料加以利用。CAPS分析结果表明,所有不育系杂交种胞质类型均来源于Nicotiana suaveolens。     

红莲型细胞质雄性不育水稻线粒体DNA的AP-PCR分析

为了研究红莲型细胞质雄性不育与线粒体基因组的关系。以水稻红莲型粤泰细胞质雄性不育系A和保持系B及杂种一代F1为材料。应用AP-PCR分析,用10个单引物对其线粒体DNA进行扩增。实验结果表明,不同的引物在3种材料间均有不同程度的差异。为红莲型细胞质雄性不育分子机理的研究提供了线索;此外,在引物6F1的扩增图谱中找到一条在YTA和F1中特异的带TAF6F2,Sounthern分析TAF6F2不育胞质的特异性,可能与红莲型水稻细胞质雄性 不育性状的形成有关。     

高粱七种胞质恢保体系的创新与利用

通过6年10代南北育种,对征集的1000份国内外种质资源、育种试材进行大量测交育性鉴定,建立了A1至A7七种胞质恢保体系,进一步拓展和丰富了高粱杂种优势利用的基因型范围,培育出A1至A7七种胞质雄性不育系30多个系列和新胞质杂交种.通过对A1、A2、A3、A5、A6型五种胞质不育的育性恢复基因的遗传机制的研究,找到了A1、A2、A5、A6胞质不育恢复基因的差异和有许多共同恢复系和保持系的原因.研究并分析了A3胞质不育杂交种F2分离比率和A3不育系育性恢复基因的遗传方式,发现了A3胞质不育系小花不败育,培育出矮秆、穗大粒多、配合力强、育性又非常稳定的一批A3型不育系.找到了优点多、实用价值大、长期科学实践中难恢复的不育系--A3不育系的恢复系,进一步配制出A3杂交种并转育了一大批A3恢复系后代材料.     

棉花光敏雄性核不育突变体PSM4创制及其特性研究

为了创造棉花光敏雄性不育系材料,解决杂交制种中人工去雄成本高的问题,自2006年起进行了大规模组织培养,创造棉花突变体,以期筛选出棉花光敏雄性不育材料。2012年在组织培养再生植株后代中发现新型光敏核不育材料PSM4(photoperiod sensitive male sterility mutant of cotton),并于2012~2017年在海南三亚吉阳镇中寥村中棉所南繁基地和安阳中棉所试验田进行材料选育、生长发育调查及光周期实验。结果表明:(1)PSM4在日照时数大于12h时表现为雄性不育;在日照时数为11.5~12h时表现为有少量花粉,处于育性转变期;在日照时数小于11.5h时表现为正常可育。(2)遮光试验显示,PSM4花药败育关键时期为开花前12~15d;石蜡切片显微观察显示,花药败育原因是在长日照条件下花粉壁外层物质缺失引起的。(3)遗传规律研究显示,PSM4育性受单隐性基因控制,不受阴雨气候条件影响。(4)用6个棉花品系与PSM4进行正反交试验发现F1代均可育,F2代分离出光敏核不育单株,分离比符合3∶1的单隐性分离规律。研究认为,新型棉花光敏核不育材料PSM4农艺性状优良,其光敏不育突变为隐性性状,所有的陆地棉品种(系)均为其恢复系,有利于杂交种的培育和棉花混选混交育种群体的建立,具有广阔的应用前景。     

高粱七种胞质恢保体系的创新与利用

通过6年10代南北育种,对征集的1000份国内外种质资源、育种试材进行大量测交育性鉴定,建立了A1至A7七种胞质恢保体系,进一步拓展和丰富了高粱杂种优势利用的基因型范围,培育出A1至A7七种胞质雄性不育系30多个系列和新胞质杂交种。通过对A1、A2、A3、A5,A6型五种胞质不育的育性恢复基因的遗传机制的研究,找到了A1、A2、A5、A6胞质不育恢复基因的差异和有许多共同恢复系和保持系的原因。研究并分析了A3胞质不育杂交种F2分离比率和A3不育系育性恢复基因的遗传方式,发现了A3胞质不育系小花不败育,培育出矮秆、穗大粒多、配合力强、育性又非常稳定的一批A3型不育系。找到了优点多、实用价值大、长期科学实践中难恢复的不育系——A3不育系的恢复系,进一步配制出A3杂交种并转育了一大批A3恢复系后代材料。     

青花菜两类雄性不育系主要农艺性状的研究

通过对青花菜显性细胞核雄性不育系(DGMS)、改良的萝卜细胞质雄性不育系(Ogura CMS)和由其与相同父本配制的F1杂交种植株的主要农艺性状的生长趋势和花球相关性状的研究,明确两类雄性不育系的应用价值,为青花菜两类雄性不育系的选育和利用及新品种的选育提供理论依据。本研究以结球甘蓝中的显性细胞核雄性不育材料DGMS 79-399-3和改良的细胞质雄性不育材料Ogura CMSR3629为原始不育源,利用优良的青花菜自交系8554和93219为转育父本,通过回交和杂交的方法获得的青花菜高代(n≥9代)两类雄性不育系和由不育系与相同父本配制的F1为试材,采取定期观测整个生长期内植株主要农艺性状和绘制生长曲线相结合的方法,系统地研究了植株的主要农艺性状的生长趋势和花球相关性状。结果表明,相同遗传背景下,保持系、DGMS、Ogura CMS及由不育系与相同父本配制的F1在株幅、株高、外叶长和外叶数方面的生长趋势基本一致,其中株幅、株高、外叶长,总体上表现出前期增长速度较快,之后变慢,最后趋于平缓或略呈下降的趋势;外叶数均表现出先增加后减少的趋势;侧枝数目因年份和遗传背景不同而异。由相同保持系获得的两类不育系的显球时间、采收时间基本相同,由其配制的F1显球和采收时间相同,花球产量因遗传背景的不同而异,花球外观品质性状表现一致。由DGMS和改良的Ogura CMS两类不育源转育的青花菜雄性不育系表现优良,该两类雄性不育源在青花菜杂交育种中具有重要的应用价值。     

青花菜雄性不育系选育研究初报

以具有细胞质雄性不育基因的青花菜不育材料CMS94008为不育源,通过杂交和连续回交的方法选育出不育性稳定、经济性状良好的一批青花菜胞质雄性不育系,并以CMS92100、CMS93-2、CMS9905、CMS95234等不育材料及其转育父本为代表,对不育系的主要特征及农艺性状进行系统的观察鉴定。     

陆地棉品种和骨干品系黄萎病抗性鉴定

选育和推广抗病品种是防治陆地棉黄萎病的主要措施,为了早日实现多类型、多区域大面积抗病品种的应用,本研究选取107份遗传背景差异较大的种质,利用河北省农林科学院棉花研究所小安舍试验站黄萎病病圃进行了3年黄萎病抗性重复鉴定。鉴定得到抗病品系8个,占7.5%;耐病品种(系)20个,占18.7%。本研究表明,当前被作为育种亲本的抗病品系还太少,需要深入开展抗病遗传机制,以及与其他经济性状协同改良的关系,为陆地棉抗病育种提供理论指导;达到抗病或接近抗病水平的大部分品种(系)来自于海陆野远缘后代,具有外源基因血统,证明了远缘杂交是陆地棉黄萎病抗性改良的有效手段。     

植物细胞质雄性不育系育种的反向核置换技术分析

通过不育细胞质为选择背景,在田间事先鉴定出杂种后代的优异完全不育株,用花药培养或诱导孤雌生殖使其纯合,测定其配合力,可以筛选到优良的目标不育系。以下3种方法则可能通过目标不育系而获得其同型保持系：一是通过体细胞变异(花药培养)产生;二是在不育系孕穗期高温或低温处理使其转换成可育,选择仍具有不育保持能力的作为保持系,或作为轮回亲本,将其细胞核换到可育细胞质中;三是用原生质体融合的方式向不育系导入已杀死细胞核的可育细胞质而获得配套保持系。它可以使杂种优势利用变得有预见性,可能提高现有杂种优势水平。在创造雄性不育新质源,排除微效可育基因,进行不育系的定向改造,选育高配合力不育系,以及加速育种进程等方面具有重要价值。     

小麦Ven型胞质雄性不育植株与可育植株花药蛋白质组差异研究

普通小麦具有偏凸山羊草（Ae. ventricosa）细胞质的不育系为Ven型胞质雄性不育系（Ven cytoplasmic male sterility, Ven CMS）,是粘类小麦CMS的一种类型。该研究对小麦Ven型雄性不育系冀5418A及其同型保持系冀5419B的单核期和二核期的花药进行差异蛋白质组学分析,探讨小麦质核互作雄性不育的分子机制。通过双向电泳分离花药蛋白,基质辅助激光解析飞行时间串联质谱（MALDI TOF TOF）对差异表达蛋白进行质谱鉴定,利用生物信息学进行差异表达蛋白鉴定和功能注释分析。结果表明,在分子量19.0～100.0 kD、等电点4～7线性范围内,共检测到约2 000个蛋白点。2个时期共检测到差异蛋白98个,其中两个时期差异表达变化一致的蛋白点56个;数据库搜索获得鉴定的蛋白点41个,其中18个蛋白的表达量在冀5418A 中显著下调,23个在冀5418B 中明显下调。在不育系和可育系中均有参与能量代谢、活性氧代谢、核糖体合成、花粉物质合成的差异蛋白。GO分析预测差异蛋白生物学过程多涉及电子传递和能量代谢、核糖体代谢、活性氧代谢等,细胞组成主要是在膜区域和线粒体,分子功能主要是DNA和RNA结合功能和水解酶等。KEGG分析表明,较多蛋白分布于碳水化合物代谢、活性氧代谢和蛋白组装和折叠途径。推测不育系冀5418A 的雄性不育性除了涉及能量代谢、活性氧清除过程,核糖体蛋白、伴侣蛋白等也有重要作用,雄性不育性可能还与蛋白质加工、物质合成过程的紊乱有关。     

植物细胞质雄性不育系育种的反向核置换技术分析

通过不育细胞质为选择背景,在田间事先鉴定出杂种后代的优异完全不育株,用花药培养或诱导孤雌生殖使其纯合,测定其配合力,可以筛选到优良的目标不育系.以下3种方法则可能通过目标不育系而获得其同型保持系:一是通过体细胞变异(花药培养)产生;二是在不育系孕穗期高温或低温处理使其转换成可育,选择仍具有不育保持能力的作为保持系,或作为轮回亲本,将其细胞核换到可育细胞质中;三是用原生质体融合的方式向不育系导入已杀死细胞核的可育细胞质而获得配套保持系.它可以使杂种优势利用变得有预见性,可能提高现有杂种优势水平.在创造雄性不育新质源,排除微效可育基因,进行不育系的定向改造,选育高配合力不育系,以及加速育种进程等方面具有重要价值.     

广西南部宿生陆地棉的产量构成因素及其通径分析

棉花宿生栽培对于雄性不育系的多年生保持和杂交制种,固定杂种优势、加速杂种优势利用和保存种质资源具有重要意义。探讨陆地棉宿生栽培的产量构成因素及其对产量形成的影响,为陆地棉宿生栽培提供理论依据。采用随机区组设计,对三年生、二年生宿生陆地棉的产量构成因素及其对产量形成的影响进行比较研究。结果表明:与一年生棉比较,宿生棉单位面积总铃数明显增多,多数品种的单铃重无明显变化,衣分变化因品种而异。三年生和二年生各因素对产量影响的趋势一致,总铃数影响最大,衣分影响次之,两者主要是直接影响;单铃重通过总铃数的间接影响较大。一年生各因素对产量影响略有不同。宿生栽培的总铃数明显增多,是增产的主要原因,同时应选择衣分高、受宿生年限影响小的品种。     

A new cytoplasmic male sterility system for hybrid seed production in Indian oilseed mustard Brassica juncea

We report a novel cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system in Brassica juncea (oilseed mustard) which could be used for production of hybrid seed in the crop. A male sterile plant identified in a microspore derived doubled haploid population of re-synthesized B. napus line ISN 706 was found to be a CMS as the trait was inherited from the female parent. This CMS, designated ‘126-1’, was subsequently transferred to ten different B. juncea varieties and lines through inter-specific crosses followed by recurrent backcrossing. The F₁s of inter-specific crosses were invariably partially fertile, but irrespective of the variety/line used, the recipient lines became progressively male sterile over five to seven generations and could be maintained by crossing the male sterile lines with their normal counterparts. The male sterile lines were found to be stable for the trait under both long and short day conditions. CMS lines when crossed with lines other than the respective maintainer line were restored for fertility, implying that any variety could act as a restorer for ‘126-1’ cytoplasm in B. juncea. These unique features in maintenance and restoration of CMS lines coupled with near normal floral morphology of the CMS lines have allowed the use of ‘126-1’ cytoplasm for hybrid seed production. The uniqueness of ‘126-1’ has been further established by Southern hybridization with mitochondrial DNA probes and by a histological study of the development of male sterile anthers.     

Downy mildew incidence of pearl millet hybrids with different male-sterility inducing cytoplasms

The use of different sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in hybrid seed production of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is advocated to avoid possible disease epidemics occurring due to cytoplasmic uniformity. The effects of commercially unexploited, but potentially exploitable, sources of CMS, like A₂, A₃ and A₄, on downy mildew [Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet] incidence were studied by using the disease incidence of isonuclear hybrids with male-sterile and fertile cytoplasm. The mean downy mildew incidence of hybrids carrying different male-sterile cytoplasm was similar to that of hybrids retaining the fertile cytoplasm. The cytoplasm accounted for only 0.6% of the total variation and its effect was non-significant; pollinators could explain most of the variation in determining the disease incidence of hybrids. This suggested that these male-sterile cytoplasms are not linked to downy mildew susceptibility and thus can be exploited commercially to broaden the cytoplasmic base of the male-sterile lines and, ultimately, of hybrids.     

Molecular markers of nuclear restoration gene Rf1 in sunflower using bulked segregant analysis-RAPD

Restoration of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in sunflower was demonstrated to be controlled by polygenes by analysing 982 effective crosses among 109 self-crossed lines and 16 CMS lines. Two self-crossed lines and one CMS line with distinct genotypes were applied to creation of segregating populations for DNA bulks of the target gene Rfl. Bulked DNA was prepared in order to investigate single gene Rfl and its gene marker among polygenic characters at the same genetic background. Using 80 10-mer operon primers, 620 RAPD reactions were carried out between fertile and sterile DNA bulks. In about 800 loci, primary results showed that 8 were related to the restoration genes. Furthermore. 2 were confirmed as RAPD markers for gene Rfl by examining 9 maintenance and 7 restoration lines. This method is the improvement for bulked segregant analysis[1] with which markers of single gene of target can be identified rapidly among polygenic characters.     

Molecular analysis of a new cytoplasmic male sterile genotype in sunflower.

Mitochondrial DNA from 1 fertile and 6 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) sunflower genotypes was studied. The CMS genotypes had been obtained either by specific crosses between different Helianthus species or by mutagenesis. CMS-associated restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were found in the vicinity of the atpA locus, generated by various restriction enzymes. The organization of the mitochondrial genes 26S rRNA, 18S + 5S rRNA and coxII was investigated by Southern blot analysis. These genes have similar structures in fertile and all studied sterile sources. Using the atpA probe, 5 from the 6 investigated CMS genotypes showed identical hybridization patterns to the Petiolaris CMS line, which is used in all commercial sunflower hybrids. Only 1 cytoplasm derived from an open pollination of Helianthus annuus ssp. texanus, known as ANT1, contained a unique mitochondrial DNA fragment, which is distinguishable from the fertile and sterile Petiolaris genotypes and from all investigated CMS genotypes. Male fertility restoration and male sterility maintenance of the ANT1 line are different from the Petiolaris CMS system, which is a confirmation that a novel CMS genotype in sunflower has been identified.     

Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions reduce male fertility in hybrids of Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies

We examined the level of postzygotic reproductive isolation in F(1) and F(2) hybrids of reciprocal crosses between the Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies lyrata (North American) and petraea (European). Our main results are: first, the percentage of fertile pollen was significantly reduced in the F(1) and F(2) compared to the parental populations. Second, mean pollen fertility differed markedly between reciprocal crosses: 84% in the F(2) with ssp. lyrata cytoplasm and 61% in the F(2) with ssp. petraea cytoplasm. Third, 17% of the F(2) with ssp. petraea cytoplasm showed male sterility (produced less than 30 pollen grains in our subsample). The hybrids were female fertile. We used QTL mapping to find the genomic regions that determine pollen fertility and that restore cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). In the F(2) with ssp. lyrata cytoplasm, an epistatic pair of QTLs was detected. In the reciprocal F(2) progeny, four QTLs demonstrated within-population polymorphism for hybrid male sterility. In addition, in the F(2) with ssp. petraea cytoplasm, there was a strong male fertility restorer locus on chromosome 2 where a cluster of CMS restorer gene-related PPR genes have been found in A. lyrata. Our results underline the importance of cytonuclear interactions in understanding genetics of the early stages of speciation.