中国木灵藓科植物的分类研究概况

木灵藓科(Orthotrichaceae)是世界性藓类植物大科,本文综述了该科植物在中国早期和现代的分类研究概况,在此基础上,对中国木灵藓科植物研究意义和研究趋势进行了展望。     

中国唇形科植物的一些新组合和新异名

正唇形科是有花植物的第6大科,具有重要的经济价值(DrewSytsma,2012)。该科植物全球广泛分布,共236属7,200余种(Harley et al,2004),我国有该科植物96属970余种(LiHedge,1994),为唇形科的6个多样性中心之一(Harley et al,2004)。近年来,我们对国内唇形科和一些重要类群进行了分类修订及系统学研究,并随之作了相应的命名处理     

安徽省苔藓植物名录

物种名录是一个地区生物多样性的本底性资料, 及时更新生物物种名录对生物多样性的保护及促进基础数据共享都具有重要意义。为了及时总结安徽省苔藓植物的分类学研究成果, 本文通过对文献的收集和分析, 整理出安徽省苔藓植物名录。结果显示, 安徽省共有苔藓植物95科253属777种, 其中角苔类3科3属3种, 苔类36科62属185种, 藓类56科188属589种。种数多于25的科为青藓科、细鳞苔科、丛藓科、真藓科、灰藓科、提灯藓科、白发藓科、绢藓科和蔓藓科。种数多于15的属为青藓属(Brachythecium)、真藓属(Bryum)、绢藓属(Entodon)、光萼苔属(Porella)、羽苔属(Plagiochila)、灰藓属(Hypnum)、凤尾藓属(Fissidens)、棉藓属(Plagiothecium)和耳叶苔属(Frullania)。区系成分组成上, 安徽苔藓植物以东亚成分占优势, 达到44.40%, 温带成分占31.53% (其中以北温带型最多, 占25.61%), 热带成分占18.92% (其中以热带亚洲成分最多, 达到10.30%)。安徽省共有中国特有苔藓55种, 濒危种1个, 易危种8个。安徽苔藓植物调查呈现出地区不均衡性, 建议在广泛调查的同时加强名录修订和专科专属研究, 对有条件的地区开展时空变化下物种多样性比较研究。     

毛茛科分子系统发育研究进展

毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)在被子植物的系统演化中占有十分重要的地位,其系统位置和科下演化关系一直备受争议。近20多年的分子系统学研究表明,以往基于形态学的分类系统与分子系统学研究结果存在巨大差异。通过形态学性状界定的绝大多数亚科都没有得到分子系统学支持。此外,通过形态学确定的一些属如升麻属(Cimicifuga)、黄三七属(Souliea)、獐耳细辛属(Hepatica)、白头翁属(Pulsatilla)和水毛茛属(Batrachium)等,根据分子系统学研究均应予以归并。而分子系统学研究也确立了一些类群的属级地位,如露蕊乌头属(Gymnaconitum)等。以中国分布的毛茛科植物为例,通过以往分子系统学研究,共有10个属被归并,2个属新被确立。然而,毛茛科分子系统学研究对于科下许多类群之间的关系目前仍然没有得到很好的解决,如毛茛亚科和翠雀族等类群的系统发育关系仍需要进行深入研究后方能确定。该文对近年来国内外有关毛茛科的分子系统学研究进展进行了综述,并对该科尚存的一些问题和未来的研究方向进行了讨论。     

水生植物排水草科的系统学位置

长期以来,小型水生植物类群排水草科（Hydate Uaceae）一直被认为是单子叶植物。最近的分子系统学研究表明,该科应隶属于基部被子植物（Basal Angiosperm）,和睡莲类植物为姐妹群。分类学家对该类群进行了系统修订,合并了该科的2个属,现有1属12种植物。对该科的深入研究正引起生物学家的广泛兴趣：     

基于孢子形态和分子证据探讨鳞盖蕨属(碗蕨科)系统分类

孢粉学是解决植物分类中疑难类群物种微形态分化的重要方法, 随着分子系统学的发展, 结合这两门学科的优势可以更加有效地解决疑难类群的分类学问题。鳞盖蕨属(Microlepia)是一个分类困难的疑难类群, 采用孢粉学与分子系统学一一对应的方法, 以及居群取样方式, 选取280份样本, 联合4个叶绿体片段(rbcL、trnL-F、psbA-trnH和rps4), 采用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建该属的系统发生关系, 在此基础上对凭证标本中100份材料的孢子进行观察和分析。综合分子系统学和孢粉学的研究结果, 得出结论: (1) 在形态学研究中广泛被接受的15个物种得到了单系支持, 并厘清了分类困难的复合群; (2) 发现边缘鳞盖蕨(M. marginata)可能存在隐性种; (3) 建议恢复过去归并处理为异名的瑶山鳞盖蕨(M. yaoshanica)、罗浮鳞盖蕨(M. lofoushanensis)、四川鳞盖蕨(M. szechuanica)以及滇西鳞盖蕨(M. subspeluncae); (4) 提出鳞盖蕨属可能存在杂交现象; (5) 提出鳞盖蕨属完整的属下分类建议。     

丝瓜藓属(Pohlia Hedw.)的系统位置及属内种间关系探讨

丝瓜藓属的系统地位及属内种间关系存在争议。本研究首次利用核糖体DNA内转录间区(ITS)序列数据对丝瓜藓属及相关科属植物进行系统发育分析。最大简约法,最大似然法及贝叶斯推论法构建的系统树均表明,ITS序列数据不支持将丝瓜藓属划归提灯藓科。丝瓜藓属植物与缺齿藓属植物构成一个单系分支。Brotherus(1903),Ochi(1959),Shaw(1984)及Hill等(2006)等学者提出的丝瓜藓属属下分类均不是单系类群。     

刺藓科在贵州的发现

刺藓科 ( Rhachitheciaceae)为 Robinson1 964年从木灵藓科 ( Orthotrichaceae)中分出来的 1个小科。现知全世界有 7属和 1 5种 ,除刺藓 ( Rhachithecium purpusillum)外 ,均为热带 ,亚热带分布狭窄的属种 ,刺藓科在中国仅刺藓属 1种 ,分布于云南和四川。描述了首次采自贵州刺藓科的种类刺藓 ( Rhachithecium purpusillum)以及刺藓科的形态特征。     

新疆木灵藓科植物的初步研究

在研究标本和文献的基础上,报道了新疆产木灵藓科植物３属１４种,即：瓶藓属Ａｍｐｈｉｄｕｉｍ（１种）,木棂藓属Ｏｒｔｈｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍ（１２种）和木衣藓属Ｄｒｕｍｍｏｎｄｉａ,对它们的生境、识别特征和地理分布作了初步讨论,并编制了新疆木灵藓科植物的分属、分种检索表。     

中国粟米草科分类修订

粟米草科(Molluginaceae)隶属于石竹目,是一个分类极为困难的被子植物类群,关于该科的分类学界定在众多不同被子植物分类系统中争议颇大。在最近的分子系统学研究中,粟米草科的范围被准确界定,全球共包含11属。在此基础上对中国粟米草科类群进行了分类修订,最终确认中国产粟米草科植物5属7种,其中线叶漆姑粟草[Hypertelis umbellata (Forssk.)Thulin]为中国分布新记录种。更新了分种检索表,并提供了各属形态描述及相关物种的地理分布图。     

多基因联合分析棒束孢属Isaria（Ascomycota,Cordycipitaceae）系统发育关系

对棒束孢属Isaria及近缘属物种开展5基因（nrSSU、nrLSU、tef-1α、rpb1和 rpb2）测序并联合分析,结合GenBank相关类群序列,探讨棒束孢属系统发育关系,最终获得95个菌株、58个明确分类群的2-5基因序列。利用MEGA和MrBayes软件进行多基因聚类分析,结果表明棒束孢属多系起源于虫草菌科中,分3个不同分支。A支主要由Isaria cicadae、I. teniupes、I. coleopterorum、I. fumosorosea和I. cateniannulata等组成;B支包括I. poprawkii、I. locustica、I. javanica、I. amoenerosea和I. cateniobliqua;C支仅有I. farinosa。分支间被Cordyceps militaris、C. ninchukispora、C. pruinosa等隔开。棒束孢在形态上,主要以瓶梗基部膨大、尖端变细及孢子呈链状等特征与其他类群分开,但同时也发现有棒状分生孢子梗和单孢子类型。基于节点的分歧时间预测分析,推测棒束孢属首次分化于70Mya,但棒束孢属主要物种形成却在60-55Mya,且3个分支的棒束孢物种为快速同时形成,而后大多数类群表现遗传稳定。同时发现,与Isaria Clade A较近一支有粉被玛利亚霉Mariannaea pruinosa（C. pruinosa无性型）和蛹草蚧霉Lecanicillium militaris（C. militaris无性型）;与粉棒束孢距离最近一支有Akanthomyces aculeatus（C. tuberculata无性型）和L. attenuatum（C. confragosa无性型）,是两个不同的属征分类群,且相互间遗传距离较近。根据棒束孢属及其近缘种属形态特征的复杂性推测,棒束孢属在快速物种形成中,其近缘类群存在一定程度的丢失和选择性演化。     

杉科植物花粉形态的研究

杉科(Taxodiaceac)是裸子植物的重要科之一。全科共有10属16种。本文用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了本科7属10种植物花粉,并用透射电镜研究了其中5个属代表种的外壁内部的超微结构。     

中国百合科的系统梗概及对今后研究的一些意见

自A.L.De Jussieu在1789年建立百合科以来,到1930年K.Krause在Engler-Prantl主编的Naturliche Pflanzen-Familien 2auflage Band 15a一书中发表他的系统为止,该科已成为一个十分庞杂的类群(heterogeneous group)。正如我们业师汪发缵教授曾说过:"凡不能确定隶属于何科的单子叶植物,就可放于百合科中"。     

The chemistry of the cystoseiraceae (Fucales: Pheophyceae): Chemotaxonomic relationships

This review presents the chemistry of secondary metabolites isolated from the Cystoseiraceae and its contribution to the identification of species belonging to the major genera of this family. It completes Piattelli's review on the chemistry and taxonomy of Sicilian Cystoseira species which was presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Marine Natural Products, held in Dakar, 1989 [Piatelli, M. (1990) New J. Chem. 14, 777–782]. In particular, the chemical studies of Cystoseira species from Atlantic and some other Mediterranean Coasts are reported with those of other genera from the Cystoseiraceae family, such as Bifurcara, Halidrys and Cystophora. This review is limited to secondary metabolite—diterpenoids essentially—isolated from the lipid extract of studied species (literature up to January 1995).     

我国瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)植物的花粉形态

本文对我国8属22种3变种的瑞香科植物花粉形态进行了观察。本科花粉具散孔,花粉形态属于单类型。根据纹饰特点,本文将瑞香科花粉分为具瘤状纹饰和具网状一巴豆型图案两个类型。另外,还对巴豆型图案和本科在被子植物中的系统位置等问题进行了讨论。     

Chorioactidaceae: a new family in the Pezizales (Ascomycota) with four genera

Molecular phylogenetic and comparative morphological studies provide evidence for the recognition of a new family, Chorioactidaceae, in the Pezizales. Four genera are placed in the family: Chorioactis, Desmazierella, Neournula, and Wolfina. Based on parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of LSU, SSU, and RPB2 sequence data, Chorioactidaceae represents a sister clade to the Sarcosomataceae, to which some of these taxa were previously referred. Morphologically these genera are similar in pigmentation, excipular construction, and asci, which mostly have terminal opercula and rounded, sometimes forked, bases without croziers. Ascospores have cyanophilic walls or cyanophilic surface ornamentation in the form of ridges or warts. So far as is known the ascospores and the cells of the paraphyses of all species are multinucleate. The six species recognized in these four genera all have limited geographical distributions in the northern hemisphere.     

Phylogeny of Orthotrichum s.l. and Ulota s.l. (Orthotrichaceae,Bryophyta): Insights into stomatal evolution

Orthotrichum Hedw. s.l. and Ulota Mohr s.l. are two of the most speciose genera of the xerophytic moss family Orthotrichaceae. We reconstructed the phylogeny of these two genera using three data matrices: (i) organellar genomes and 33 taxa; (ii) six loci from three genomes and 144 taxa; and (iii) two plastid loci and 163 taxa. The present phylogeny, based on the maximum sampling of genes or taxa to date, generally confirms the new classification of Orthotrichum and Ulota, and indicated that all Ulota species, except Ulota phyllantha Brid., form a clade and three lineages comprise the cryptoporous Orthotrichum clade. We provided new morphological characters that support the present division of the two genera. Ancestral state reconstruction of stoma indicates that superficial stomata in Orthotrichum represent a plesiomorphic character and semi-immersed stomata were derived from immersed stomata. The results also suggest that immersed stomata independently arose once in Orthotrichum, whereas semi-immersed stomata probably arose more than once. Molecular dating analysis reveals that the occurrence of immersed stomata is probably related to arid environments during the early Oligocene to late Miocene, whereas the appearance of semi-immersed stomata might be associated with the mesic–xeric or semiarid environments during the middle Miocene to Pliocene. Ancestral state reconstruction of habitat indicates that the saxicolous habitat is apomorphic and independently evolved multiple times in Orthotrichum and Ulota, which supports the former hypothesis. Considering morphological statistics, the development of the cryptopore in Orthotrichum could provide increased resilience to dry habitats, and might promote their habitat shift during evolution.     

The family prosthogonimidae (Trematoda) in Australia

The family Prosthogonimidae (Trematoda) in Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 3: 853–862. The family Prosthogonimidae has previously been known in Australia by three species of Prosthogonimus Lühe, 1899 (from birds) and by Coelomotrema Angel, 1970 (from marsupials). Two new genera are now proposed: Cylindrotrema cygni from Cygnus atratus (Latham) (caecum), and Mawsonotrema eudyptulae from Eudyptula minor (Forster) (liver). Prosthogonimus vitellatus Nicoll, 1914 is recorded from three new hosts, Gymnorhina tibicen leuconota (Latham), Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot) and Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas), and the species is redescribed from 11 specimens from the first of these. The life history, not known for any Australian species, is discussed.

The only plump-bodied genera in the family are Coelomotrema, Cylindrotrema and Mawsonotrema, all of which are confined to Australia.

Mawsonotrema differs from all other members of the family in the position of the genital pore, which is away from the anterior end of the body, lying against the anterior border of the acetabulum.     

蕨类植物孢子囊形态 I. 鳞始蕨科

孢子囊是蕨类植物的繁殖器官, 其形态在蕨类植物的分类和系统发育研究上具有重要意义。用次氯酸钠溶液处理新鲜成熟的孢子囊, 在光学显微镜下获得清晰的孢子囊图像, 系统研究了中国鳞始蕨科4属13种孢子囊的形态特征。结果表明, 鳞始蕨科孢子囊呈椭球形, 孢子囊柄由3列细胞构成, 环带类型为垂直环带。通过分析孢子囊形态数据探讨了中国鳞始蕨科属内及属间差异。结果表明, 乌蕨属(Odontosoria)、香鳞始蕨属(Osmolindsaea)、达边蕨属(Tapeinidium)和鳞始蕨属(Lindsaea)的孢子囊环带细胞数依次减少, 囊蒴体积、唇细胞数和囊壁细胞数的变化由大(多)到小(少)依次为乌蕨属、达边蕨属、香鳞始蕨属和鳞始蕨属。孢子囊属内差异最大的是阔片乌蕨(Odontosoria biflora)与乌蕨(O. chinensis)以及香鳞始蕨(Osmolindsaea odorata)与日本鳞始蕨(O. japonica); 而达边蕨属和鳞始蕨属的属内差异则很小。研究结果为揭示鳞始蕨科系统发育关系提供了形态基础, 特别是提出阔片乌蕨和乌蕨以及香鳞始蕨和日本鳞始蕨在孢子囊形态上的差异值得进一步研究。     

The Phylogeny of the Lophopidae and the Impact of Sexual Selection and Coevolutionary Sexual Conflict

A cladistic analysis of Lophopidae was performed, using 73 observed morphological characters and 41 taxa. This analysis involved 36 genera belonging to the Lophopidae family and 5 outgroups. For a better understanding of the selected characters some illustrations are provided. The most parsimonious cladograms obtained show that the Lophopidae cannot be considered as a monophyletic lineage unless two genera are withdrawn from this family: Hesticus Walker, 1862, and Silvanana Metcalf, 1947. The systematic position of these two genera remains uncertain. They cannot yet be included in another family of Fulgoromorpha. A cladistic analysis of each of the 19 remaining Fulgoromorphan families must be performed first. A new family could be created for these two genera, but not before we are sure that these two genera are in no way members of an existing family. The outgroup problem is discussed. The monophyletic lineage represented by the Lophopidae can be divided into four natural groups: Carriona⁺, Makota⁺, Sarebasa⁺, and Bisma⁺. When a cladistic analysis is completed using a data matrix without characters linked to females, the cladogram obtained presents a disrupted basal resolution. Female characters appear to bring a phylogenetic signal important basally in the evolution of the Lophopidae but also apically, directly between the relationships of some genera. A similar analysis, using a matrix without characters linked to males, provides a phylogeny disrupted between the groups that form the Lophopidae and in the basal resolution in these groups. The respective impacts of the genitalic characters are discussed in relation to sexual selection conflict.