国产爵床科山牵牛属6种、叉柱花属和老鼠簕属各1种植物的花粉形态

报道了国产爵床科Acanthaceae山牵牛属Thunbergia(山牵牛亚科Thunbergioideae)6种、叉柱花属Staurogyne(瘤子草亚科Nelsonioideae)和老鼠簕属Acanthus(老鼠簕亚科Acanthoideae)各1种植物在扫描电镜下的花粉形态。山牵牛属植物的花粉粒为圆球形,均具螺旋状萌发孔,外壁纹饰以光滑或颗粒状为主,偶具棒状突起。具螺旋状萌发孔被认为是该科独特而较原始的花粉特征。叉柱花属的花粉粒为圆球形,具3孔沟,外壁平滑。老鼠簕属的花粉粒为长球形,具3沟,外壁具细网状纹饰或具小穿孔。花粉形态特征支持传统上将上述3属置于3个不同亚科的处理。     

从花粉形态特征试论壳斗科的系统分类及其演化

本文通过采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜对中国壳斗科,包括三个亚科、6属、103种植物的花粉形态,做了较全面的研究,认为壳斗科植物花粉分为四个类型,分别归于三个亚科。根据花粉形态特征笔者支持将Cyclobalanopsis作为 Quercus的亚属处理,并对三棱栎的分类位置及壳斗科各属的亲缘关系及演化进行了讨论。     

中国松科花粉形态研究

本文研究了我国松科(Pinaceae)9属61种的花粉形态, 其中有6种进行扫描电子显微镜观察和照相, 4种进行透射电子显微镜观察和照相, 每属都有代表种的绘图, 对该科花粉形态类型、科下的分类及演化问题进行讨论, 为本科的亚科、属、种的划分提供孢粉学方面的参考依据。     

中国无患子科的花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜对国产无患子科(狭义,Sapindaceae)23属30种1变种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。结果显示,该科花粉粒多为扁球形,部分为长球形,少数为球形或近球形,极面观多为三角形;从花粉萌发孔类型看,大多数种类具三沟孔,有的形成合沟,少数仅具三孔而无沟;从花粉外壁纹饰看,多数花粉外壁具网状或条纹状雕纹,少数花粉的外壁具刺状或颗粒状纹饰。花粉形态特征支持文冠果亚科(Xanthoceroideae)以及广义鳞花木属(Lepisanthes)概念,并支持仍将茶条木属(Delavaya)置于车桑子亚科(Dodonaeoideae)。观察发现黄梨木(Boniodendron minus)与栾树属(Koelreuteria),龙眼属(Dimocarpus)、荔枝属(Litchi)与韶子属(Nephelium)从花粉形态上表现出较近的亲缘关系。基于花粉形态特征编制了国产无患子科分属检索表。     

小檗科的花粉演化

以APG III定义的基部真双子叶分支（Basal Eudicots）中毛茛目（Ranunculales）小檗科（Berberidaceae）为研究对象,选取4个DNA片段（rbcL、matK、trnLF和26S rDNA）,利用最大似然法构建分子系统树,结合已报道的花粉形态数据,分析了该科16个属的花粉形态。选择花粉分散单位、极性、形状、大小、萌发孔数目、萌发孔位置、外萌发孔形状、覆盖层上元素、覆盖层纹饰和外壁厚度共10个关键性状,采用简约法推断了该科花粉的祖征、共衍征和演化式样。研究表明：单粒、等极、近球形、中等大小是小檗科花粉的祖征。无极、多萌发孔和周面孔是小檗亚科（Berberidoideae）的共衍征,支持其为一个单系。三萌发孔分别为鬼臼亚科（Podophylloideae）、南天竹亚科（Nandinoideae）各自的共衍征;覆盖层上元素不存在是小檗亚科和南天竹亚科的共衍征,将它们与鬼臼亚科区分开来,同时也支持了小檗亚科和南天竹亚科之间的姐妹关系。此外,对一些属花粉形态的演化意义进行了讨论,提出一些特殊的花粉性状可以用来定义某些属,如Bongardia和兰山草属（Ranzania）。     

马来西亚部分豆科植物的花粉形态及其研究意义

豆科(Leguminosae)植物是东南亚热带雨林中重要的乔木成分之一,其花粉形态分类对于精确重建植物群落具有重要的古生态学意义。本研究使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对广布于马来西亚26种豆科植物花粉(隶属21属)进行了形态观察与描述。结果表明：花粉形态包括三孔、三孔合沟、三孔沟、九孔沟和多合体(16合)花粉等类型,其中,三孔沟型最为常见,占比65%;花粉形状以近球形居多,还有长球形和扁球形;花粉最大的为Albizzia(89.8μm×98.7μm),最小的为Ormosia bancana(18.1μm×19.2μm),花粉极轴长度在25～50μm占比77%;外壁纹饰以网状为主(53.8%),另外也有瘤状和光滑类型;根据SEM观察结果和已发表的豆科花粉形态资料,通过三孔沟型花粉不同体积、纹饰、孔的形状等特征可以比较好地将豆科花粉鉴定到属一级水平;各亚科[云实亚科(Caesalpinioideae)、含羞草亚科(Mimosoideae)、蝶形花亚科(Papilionoideae)]花粉有明显的形态差异。通过对花粉类型的母体植物生长环境的归纳,讨论了其对于不同植被群落的指示意义,...     

安徽牯牛降植物的花粉形态及生态意义

应用光学显微镜对安徽省牯牛降8月份开花的26科44属44种2变种植物的花粉形态进行了观察和研究,提供各种花粉的鉴定特征。对这些植物的生态因子,包括海拔高度、年降水量、年积温和生境进行归纳总结。通过对这些花粉类型植物母体生态环境的归纳总结,讨论了它们的生态环境指示意义。研究结果为皖南山区沉积花粉的准确鉴定提供鉴别指南和标准对照图谱。     

中国柽柳科植物花粉形态特征聚类分析

在观察了中国柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)4属27种植物花粉形态的基础上,对其进行了聚类分析。观察结果表明:该科植物花粉为三沟类型,无三拟孔沟类型,形态及外壁雕纹属间差异明显。花粉特征聚类分析结果表明,中国柽柳科植物花粉大致划分为明显的三组,所包含的种(某些种除外)分别隶属于柽柳科的4属:琵琶柴属(ReaumuriaLinn.)、水柏枝属(MyricariaDesv.)、山柽柳属(MyrtamaOvcz&Kinz.)和柽柳属(TamarixLinn.),而有争议的山柽柳属虽同柽柳属聚在一起,但也较早地分出成为独立的一支,结合种子形态及分子生物学证据,支持将秀丽山柽柳从水柏枝属中分出而另立新属,为传统分类学将该科划分为4属提供了依据。聚类分析进一步将水柏枝属植物花粉和柽柳属植物花粉分别分为2种类型,而琵琶柴属植物花粉类除个别种体积存在差异外,其纹饰类型较为单一,仅划分为1种类型。柽柳属植物花粉聚类分析结果与该属植物花盘类型的划分结果基本一致,融生花盘类型植物的花粉则在两组中均有出现,可能是间生花盘和假顶生花盘类型间的过渡类型。     

杜鹃花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对5个亚属20种杜鹃花属植物的花粉形态进行了观察和比较研究,其中大部分(16种)为首次报道。杜鹃花属花粉均为四合花粉,呈正四面体排列。四合体为圆角三角形,连接紧密。单粒花粉为球形或近球形,具三沟孔。在扫描电镜下,除了杜鹃亚属的百合杜鹃、羊踯躅亚属的羊踯躅以及马银花亚属的马银花组具有明显的纹饰特征之外,其它类群的形态特征相互重叠,不足以作为现有亚属的分类依据。花粉粒具不同的外壁纹饰,可为分类研究提供孢粉学方面的证据,但应慎重应用花粉形态对杜鹃花属植物特定种进行分类鉴定。     

中国锦葵科15属26个分类群植物花粉形态及其系统学意义

该研究对中国锦葵科15属22种、2变种、2变型及外类群椴树科华椴的花粉形态特征进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察与比较分析,其中7属9种、2变种、2变型植物的花粉为首次光学显微镜观察报道,8属10种、1变种、2变型植物的花粉为首次扫描电镜观察报道,为该科植物的科下分类阶元(族、亚族、属)的划分及其演化关系的探讨提供花粉形态学依据。结果显示：（1）中国锦葵科15属植物的花粉粒均较大,圆球形,直径约54.4~211.5 μm,表面具刺状纹饰,具散孔或孔沟;其演化趋势为从中等大小、3孔沟、具基部膨大的短尖刺的花粉向体积增大、多散孔、具基部平的长刺（有时具二型刺）的花粉演化。（2）锦葵科花粉的形态特征在科、族、亚族和属的划分上有较大的分类学意义,从花粉形态特征角度支持将锦葵科植物划分为4个族。翅果麻属和木槿族成员曾被放入木棉科中,但本研究表明翅果麻属和木槿族的花粉形态符合锦葵科的特征而与木棉科存在明显差异,因此认为宜将这2类群归于锦葵科,并将翅果麻属放到木槿族中。（3）花粉学证据支持棉族和锦葵族具较紧密的亲缘关系,锦葵族中的苘麻亚族可能是该科最原始的类群,梵天花族可能比木槿族更进化。     

Pollen morphology of the Acalyphoideae and Euphorbioideae (Euphorbiaceae) of the Caatinga ecoregion in Brazil

This study dealt with six species of Acalyphoideae and 18 species of Euphorbioideae occurring in the Caatinga ecoregion, with emphasis on endemic species. Pollen samples were obtained from herbarium specimens and were acetolysed and analysed via light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen of three genera of Acalyphoideae was medium to large, 3-colporate or 3-colpate, with an echinate-perforate exine that was reticulate, bireticulate, and microreticulate. The six genera of Euphorbioideae studied exhibited pollen grains that were small, medium and large; 3-colporate with margines; and an exine with microreticulate, microreticulate-rugulate, microreticulate-caveate, and reticulate ornamentation. The pollen characteristics were more variable in the Acalyphoideae compared to the relatively homogeneous Euphorbioideae. This study provides new data and interpretations of the pollen morphology of two subfamilies of the Euphorbiaceae of the Caatinga ecoregion in Brazil.     

Comparison of different treatments for LM and SEM studies and systematic value of pollen grains in Cyperaceae

The pollen grain morphology of 30 species of 27 genera from the four subfamilies of the Cyperaceae have been studied with LM and SEM. Several methods were tested in order to find the optimal treatment for the delicate Cyperaceae pollen grains. For LM, treatment with wetting agent Agepon and KOH yielded the best results, while critical point drying (CPD) after fixation with alcohol proved to be the best method for studying pollen grains of Cyperaceae with SEM. Our results show that the Mapanioideae have a pollen grain type (only one distal ulcus) clearly different from the other Cyperaceae. Representatives of the examined Sclerioideae and Caricoideae show a similar pollen grain type (mostly one distal ulcus and three lateral pores) while in the Cyperoideae different pollen grain types are found.     

Caractères ultrastructuraux du pollen de quelques Podostémales. Affinités avec les Rosidae évoluées

The order Podostemales are two pantropical families of aquatic plants living in running water: Tristichaceae (five genera, ten species) and Podostemaceae (35 genera, 200 species). Pollen of the 26 genera and 62 species studied is characterized by: a granular infratectum in which the granules are sometimes organized as columellae like units, and a lamellar and/or granular endexine in all pollen types, single or in dyads. Most of the apertural characters and the ornamentation of the exine allow us to distinguish the previously established taxonomic groups: Weddellinoideae have tricolporate rugulo-areolate, pollen with a smooth apertural membrane; in Tristichoideae, pollen is periporate and the microspines of the tectum and of the apertural membrane are massive; in Podostemaceae, the tectal spines with their broad bulbous base are formed from numerous masses of sporopollenin, the endexine is microfibrillar at the base, the apertural membrane is constituted of structured ectexinous masses, and the endexine is granular at the aperture. Presence of the tricolporate pollen type associates the Podostemales with the higher eudicotyledons. Most of the pollen characters of Podostemales and their variations are found among advanced Rosidae (Hamamelidales, Polygalales, Santalales, Violales, Euphorbiaceae).     

东南亚兰科植物的物种多样性、生活习性及其传粉系统（附表）

兰科(Orchidaceae)植物广布于除两极和极端沙漠地区外的各种陆地生态系统,包括5个亚科800多属28 000多种。东南亚地区兰科植物种数约占世界的1/3,是兰科植物生物多样性热点区域之一。通过查阅文献及书籍等资料,该文系统整理了东南亚兰科植物物种种类及其扩散演化历史,并对其生活习性和传粉系统进行了归类。结果表明:(1)东南亚兰科植物8 855种,分属5亚科17族26亚族240属;(2)主要生活型为附生的有127属6 000种以上,地生97属2 000种以上,腐生13属约100种,藤本4属40余种;(3)根据整理出的东南亚79个属的兰科植物传粉系统发现,有44个属含有自动自交的物种,具报酬物的传粉系统有花粉(仅见于拟兰亚科)、芳香类物质(仅见于香荚兰亚科)和花蜜(5个亚科均有)等报酬物类型。欺骗性传粉系统广泛存在于各个亚科,包括食源性欺骗、性拟态、繁殖地拟态和信息素拟态等类型。东南亚兰科植物在物种、生活习性及传粉系统都展现出极高的多样性,对这些生物学特点的总结将为兰科植物的保育提供一定的理论基础和本底资料。     

Pollen morphology of certain species of the family Lamiaceae in Saudi Arabia

The intention of the present wok is to provide an account on the pollen morphological features of Lamiaceae in Saudi Arabia as a basis for future studies of Lamiaceae pollens in the region. Pollen morphology of 20 species belong to 16 genera of the Lamiaceae has been investigated using Light Microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The study revealed that the pollen grains were characterized by 3-zonocolpate or 6-zonocolpate. Size of the pollen is variable between the genera but not among the species of the same genus. The surface pattern of the exine varies from fine reticulate, rough reticulate, mega-reticulate, reticulate-perforate, bireticulate-perforate or granulate, leading to 6 types of pollen grains. These variations revealed by this study implies that pollen Morphology may be of significant value sharing in solving problems in the classification of Lamiaceae members. A Key to the species, based on the morphological features of pollen grains, is also provided.     

Pollen Characters of Old World Gesneriaceae (Cyrtandroideae)

Pollen of 108 species out of 18 genera (from all tribes of the Old World Gesneriaceae [subf. Cyrtandroideae]) was examined using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen grains are small sized, isopolar and 3-colpate or 3-colporate. In equatorial view they are mostly spheroidal (rarely suboblate or oblate), in polar view circular or subangular. The most variable character is the exine structure and -sculpture. The tectum is perforate, microreticulate, coarsely reticulate or rugulate. Further important characters of the tectum are (a) the presence or absence of conical supratectate sculptural elements, and (b) the width of lumina being either equal or exhibiting different at the apo- and mesocolpium. Ten exine types are distinguished. Some genera and species can be well referred to a special exine type, e.g., Aeschynanthus, Epithema, Stauranthera grandiflora; in other genera several exine types occur, e.g., in the large and heterogeneous genus Didymocarpus. The pollen morphology of the two large subfamilies Cyrtandroideae and Gesnerioideae is compared.     

Radiation of pollination systems in the Iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa

BACKGROUND: Seventeen distinct pollination systems are known for genera of sub-Saharan African Iridaceae and recurrent shifts in pollination system have evolved in those with ten or more species. Pollination by long-tongued anthophorine bees foraging for nectar and coincidentally acquiring pollen on some part of their bodies is the inferred ancestral pollination strategy for most genera of the large subfamilies Iridoideae and Crocoideae and may be ancestral for the latter. Derived strategies include pollination by long-proboscid flies, large butterflies, night-flying hovering and settling moths, hopliine beetles and sunbirds. Bee pollination is diverse, with active pollen collection by female bees occurring in several genera, vibratile systems in a few and non-volatile oil as a reward in one species. Long-proboscid fly pollination, which is apparently restricted to southern Africa, includes four separate syndromes using different sets of flies and plant species in different parts of the subcontinent. Small numbers of species use bibionid flies, short-proboscid flies or wasps for their pollination; only about 2 % of species use multiple pollinators and can be described as generalists. SCOPE: Using pollination observations for 375 species and based on repeated patterns of floral attractants and rewards, we infer pollination mechanisms for an additional 610 species. Matching pollination system to phylogeny or what is known about species relationships based on shared derived features, we infer repeated shifts in pollination system in some genera, as frequently as one shift for every five or six species of southern African Babiana or Gladiolus. Specialized systems using pollinators of one pollination group, or even a single pollinator species are the rule in the family. Shifts in pollination system are more frequent in genera of Crocoideae that have bilaterally symmetric flowers and a perianth tube, features that promote adaptive radiation by facilitating precise shifts in pollen placement, in conjunction with changes in flower colour, scent and tube length. CONCLUSIONS: Diversity of pollination systems explains in part the huge species diversity of Iridaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, and permits species packing locally. Pollination shifts are, however, seen as playing a secondary role in speciation by promoting reproductive isolation in peripheral, ecologically distinct populations in areas of diverse topography, climate and soils. Pollination of Iridaceae in Eurasia and the New World, where the family is also well represented, is poorly studied but appears less diverse, although pollination by both pollen- and oil-collecting bees is frequent and bird pollination rare.     

Morphological and ultrastructural diversity of orbicules in relation to evolutionary tendencies in apocynaceae s.L

Minute granules of sporopollenin, called orbicules, can be observed on the innermost tangential and/or radial walls of secretory tapetum cells. Orbicules were investigated in 62 species (50 genera) of Apocynaceae s.l. using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Orbicules were found in 43 species (34 genera) distributed amongst the subfamilies Rauvolfioideae, Apocynoideae, Periplocoideae, and in the genus Riocreuxia (Asclepiadoideae). Absence of orbicules is apparent in Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae (except Riocreuxia). The orbicule types described are based on observed morphological and ultrastructural variation. Of the six orbicule types previously described, Type I and Type II orbicules are lacking. In the majority of species, Type III orbicules were recorded in addition to Types IV, V and VI. In this study we suggest that embedded Type VI orbicules are more derived. A correlation between orbicule typology and evolutionary tendencies in Apocynaceae s.l. palynology was found. A trend was observed from the presence of Type III orbicules in the majority of species belonging to the basal group of genera characterized by colporate to porate single pollen grains, or 3-6-porate tetrads, towards the more derived embedded Type VI orbicules in the more advanced Periplocoideae genera with multiporate tetrads or pollinia. Orbicule data have proven not to be useful for evaluating tribal delimitation within the Apocynaceae s.l. contrary to the Rubiaceae and Loganiaceae s.l.