植物核型雄性不育在我国的研究现状及其应用展望

利用植物雄性不育性生产杂交种子,使多种作物获得杂种优势,以达到增产的目的,是现代农业科学最主要的成就之一。早在50年代末和60年代初,中国科学院遗传研究所就从美国引进了高粱三系(3197A,3197B,恢复系五号),并在我国率先进行了植物雄性不育遗传理论的研究和运用这种制种技术获得杂种优势,为国家增产粮食的示范推广工作,使全国广大育种工作者从实践中认识到这一有别于传统的杂交育种工作的优越性,从而掀起了全国性的利用植物雄性不育获得杂种优势的育种高潮。     

辣椒胞质雄性不育及其育性恢复研究进展

利用植物胞质雄性不育系生产杂交种子,不仅无需人工去雄,还能降低制种成本、确保杂交种子纯度,是植物杂种优势利用的重要途径。简要综述了辣椒雄性的败育时期、能量代谢、物质差异、激素变化,并分别从遗传分析、QTL定位和分子生物学等方面综述了辣椒胞质雄性不育及其育性恢复的机理。     

水稻的雄性不育性及其在杂种优势中的利用

雄性不育性是植物界存在的普遍现象,雄性不育系在水稻杂种优势利用中起着重要作用.我国水稻杂种优势的利用经历了"三系法""两系法"和"第三代"杂交水稻的发展历程,该历程的实质就是水稻雄性不育系种子生产技术体系的发展.本文综述了细胞质雄性不育系、两用核不育系和隐性核不育系在我国水稻杂种优势利用中的研究进展,展望了水稻雄性不育...     

大白菜“127”雄性不育两用系的选育与利用

大白菜(Brassica pekinensis Rupr.)是我国的主要蔬菜,在北京地区占秋菜总产量的65％以上。大白菜属于异花授粉植物,杂种优势明显。但由于其花期较长,加之花朵小,每朵花结籽数又少,若采用人工去雄杂交的方法生产一代杂种种子,费工多,成本高,无实际利用价值。因此解决大白菜杂种种子的制种方法,是大白菜杂种优势利用工作中急需     

染色体倍数与杂种优势之关系初探

杂种优势是植物界的一个普遍现象,也是提高栽培作物产量的一个十分重要的途径。目前,除少数栽培作物外,大部分作物都已成功地利用了杂种优势。杂种优势的利用基本上集中在二倍体,在生产上大面积利用的以收获种子为目的的多倍体并不多,如小麦（异源六倍体）、大豆（异源四倍体）、花生（异源四倍体）等。其原因除制种较困难外,关键是杂种优势多不及二倍体,但到目前为止,尚未有一个完整的理论对此进行系统解释,本文将就这一问题进行讨论,以供同行参考。１　内源优势与外源优势笔者认为,多倍体作物杂种优势不强与其染色体组成有关。…     

在杂交作物分子育种中利用普通核雄性不育的几个可能途径

由一对隐性基因控制的普通核雄性不育性遗传方式能够满足对植物最佳雄性不育系选育的要求,是水稻等作物杂种优势利用的极好遗传工具。如果能解决其不育系繁殖问题,将优于现有的其他杂种优势利用方式。克隆出普通核雄性不育性的可育基因,通过叶绿体转化,将核雄性不育性可育基因向普通核雄性不育株细胞质转移,创造普通核雄性不育株的保持系;通过种子成熟后表达的启动子;和以位点特异性重组技术为基础的基因开关以及化学诱导启动子的利用,都可能繁殖出100%不育株率的普通核雄性不育系,创造普通核雄性不育性利用的新途径,对植物杂种优势利用产业有十分重要的意义。     

萝卜地方优良品种高制种潜力雄性不育系转育方法研究

不育系的制种潜力是决定制种产量的重要因素。在前期选育过程中对不育系制种潜力关注不够,往往导致所选育的品种制种产量低甚至无法制种,造成品种无法推广。我国拥有丰富的优良地方品种萝卜资源,但是存在着种质退化、栽培面积缩减、栽培区域小而分散的问题。培育杂交种是提升优良地方品种品质、维持栽培面积和扩大栽培地域的有效途径。本研究将Ogura胞质转育到26份优良地方品种萝卜资源,发现其中16份种质资源在Ogura胞质中的不育率达到或接近100%;建立了一种基于网纱隔离和壁蜂授粉的鉴定方法,用于分析这16份优良地方品种萝卜资源的保持系及其Ogura不育系的制种产量与潜力,发现练丝萝卜和五月红两份资源的不育系和保持系都具有较高的角果产量,有望转育成高制种潜力的不育系亲本,红灯笼、大青皮和心里美3份资源中都分离出具有较高种子产量的胞质雄性不育单株,但是其保持系种子产量很低,需要提高保持系的种子产量;小红袍水萝卜和扶沟萝卜的不育系和保持系的种子产量都处于中等水平,具有优化和应用的潜力;红水萝卜、青皮脆等5份资源不适合Ogura胞质不育系制种;狗头罐、绛县白、象牙白3份资源是自交不亲和材料。本研究发现,Ogura胞质的不同品种以及同一品种不同单株间制种产量差异巨大,说明从转育初代开始逐代监测和筛选制种潜力是非常必要的。本研究介绍一种简易高效鉴定及筛选萝卜胞质不育系制种潜力的方法,并用此方法初步筛选出一批高制种潜力的萝卜地方品种Ogura胞质雄性不育材料。     

在杂交作物分子育种中利用普通核雄性不育的几个可能途径

由一对隐性基因控制的普通核雄性不育性遗传方式能够满足对植物最佳雄性不育系选育的要求,是水稻等作物杂种优势利用的极好遗传工具。如果能解决其不育系繁殖问题,将优于现有的其他杂种优势利用方式。克隆出普通核雄性不育性的可育基因,通过叶绿体转化,将核雄性不育性可育基因向普通核雄性不育株细胞质转移,创造普通核雄性不育株的保持系;通过种子成熟后表达的启动子;和以位点特异性重组技术为基础的基因开关以及化学诱导启动子的利用,都可能繁殖出100％不育株率的普通核雄性不育系,创造普通核雄性不育性利用的新途径,对植物杂种优势利用产业有十分重要的意义。     

孤雌生殖法选系培育杂交油菜的研究

利用杂种优势是农业增产的主要途径之 一。在油菜方面从四十年代以来,国内外就有 人从事油菜杂种优势的研究,到现在已研制出 雄性不育系杂交油菜、自交不亲和杂交油菜、自 交系杂交油菜等。这些方法均已初步用于生 产,并有一定的增产效果。根据现有资料［[1l,自 交系杂交油菜具有明显的杂种优势,并具有亲 本来源广泛,较易筛选出强优势杂交组合的优 点。但是,自交系杂交油菜在实际应用上还有 一些问题,如培育纯合的油菜自交系约需6-7 代的较长时间,人工去雄制种需要大量的劳动 力和费用。为了解决上述问题,四川大学、成都 市农科所和有关参试单位进行了孤雌生殖法选 系培育杂交油菜的研究。     

大白菜细胞质雄性不育的分子生物学研究

细胞质雄性不育(cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS)是作物杂种优势利用的一 条重要途径。对其机制的研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,而且具有重要的应用价值。对大白菜而言,利用CMS最关键的环节是要育成不育系和其相应的保持系。利用不育系和其它材料杂交产生F1代种子;用不育系和保持系杂交来繁殖不育系;保持系自交繁殖种子。但采用常规的方法来选 育不育系和其相应的保持系周期长、见效慢,远不能满足生产发展的需要。现代生物技术为创造新的不育系和保持系提供了便利。本论文对大白菜细胞质雄性不育的分子机理和 RAPD分析的有关问题进行了研究。     

杂交小麦制种研究现状及展望

利用杂种优势对提高小麦单产具有重要作用,杂交小麦制种是小麦种业未来发展的重要方向之一。目前,小麦在强优势杂交组合选配方面取得较大进步。由于缺乏优异高异交结实率的制种亲本资源和高产高效杂交制种体系,导致大面积制种效率低。因此,探究杂交制种技术体系进展、亲本种质资源改良和生产流程标准化等方面的研究现状,将有利于对杂交制种发展瓶颈和未来发展方向等问题的整体把握。综述杂交小麦制种技术的影响因素,并通过商业化大田杂交作物与新型杂交小麦比较,对杂交小麦快速商业化等方面提出建议,对其发展趋势进行展望。     

Sexual reproduction of cordgrass hybrids (Spartina foliosa x alterniflora) invading tidal marshes in San Francisco Bay

We genetically analysed cordgrass plants and seedlings throughout the San Francisco, California, USA, estuary and found that hybrids between exotic Spartina alterniflora and native Spartina foliosa are the principal cordgrass invaders and colonizers. We hypothesized that this was due to higher seed set and siring ability by hybrids relative to the native species; too few alien parents remained in San Francisco Bay for our comparative studies. Hybrid seed comprised 91% to 98% of that set in the marsh study plants over the 2 years of the study. Total viable pollen production by hybrid plants was 400 times that of the native plants. Seed and pollen production were highly skewed towards a few hybrid genotypes. In addition to seed produced by hybrid plants, hybrid seed was produced by S. foliosa due to hybrid backcrossing. While the greatest advantage for hybrids was in pollen and seed production, hybrid seeds germinated, and seedlings survived and grew as well or better than the native species. As native S. foliosa becomes increasingly rare, hybrid seed floating on the tides will predominate, overwhelming recruitment sites and resulting in further colonization by hybrids. In an evolutionary context, hybrids with exceptional pollen and seed production will be initially favoured by natural selection, leading to the evolution of even more fertile hybrid genotypes.     

Development of new cytoplasmic-genetic male-sterile lines in pigeonpea from crosses betweenCajanus cajan (L. Millsp. andC. scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars

Exploitation of hybrid vigour is quite possible in cross-pollinated crops. However, pigeonpea is a grain legume crop with a moderate level of cross-pollination (20-70%), which is mainly aided by insect pollinators. As a first step, hybrids based on genetic male sterility (GMS) were developed in pigeonpea, but the hybrid seed production technique is not farmer-friendly, because in the hybrid seed production plot 50% of the population, which are male-fertile in the female rows, have to be eliminated in time before contamination. This requires skilled labour and is a time-consuming process, which increases the cost of hybrid seed production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop cytoplasmic-genetic male-sterile (CGMS) lines in pigeonpea through wide hybridization, which would be very suitable for hybrid seed production. Two CGMS lines, viz. CORG 990052 A and CORG 990047, were developed by interspecific hybridization of Cajanus cajan and C. scarabaeoides. Restorers were identified and three CGMS-based pigeonpea hybrids were developed. The hybrid COPH 3 is found to be promising in Tamil Nadu State, India.     

A Seed Treatment for Eliminating Non-hybrid Plants when using Atrazine Resistance as a Genetic Marker for Hybrid Seed Production

Brassica plants, with a combination of chloroplasts encodingtriazine resistance and mitochondria encoding cytoplasmic malesterility, offer new opportunities for hybrid seed production.Such plants can be grown as a random mixture with a male parent,thereby allowing more effective pollen transfer for greaterefficiency of hybrid seed production. Harvested seed consistsof hybrid seed from the ‘female’ parent, which istriazine-resistant, and non-hybrid, triazine-sensitive seedresulting from self pollination of the ‘male’ parent. This study demonstrates that triazine-sensitive broccoli (BrassicaoleraceaL. var.italica) progeny can easily be eliminated byallowing the seed to imbibe a solution of 10 g l^-1atrazine overnightthen drying-back the seed for subsequent germination. Such atreatment prevents triazine-sensitive broccoli from developingbeyond the cotyledon stage following germination, and remainseffective for at least 3.5 years after seed treatment. The growthof triazine-resistant broccoli plants is unaffected by thisseed treatment. Atrazine; Brassica oleracea; broccoli; hybrid seed; triazine resistance; seed treatment     

Seed size variation and predation of seeds produced by wild and crop-wild sunflowers

The movement of pollen between crop and wild sunflowers (both Helianthus annuus) has led to concerns about the possible introduction of crop transgenes into wild populations. The persistence of crop traits in wild populations will depend in part on the relative fitness of crop-wild hybrid vs. wild plants. Using seeds from two large experimental field plots, we found that seeds produced by crop-wild plants were twice the size of wild seeds and differed in coloration. Head diameter, date of flowering, identity of mother plant, and levels of predispersal predation explained some variation in mean seed size. We hypothesized that postdispersal vertebrate seed predation would be affected by seed size, with hybrid seeds preferentially eaten. In each of three field trials, significantly more hybrid seeds were eaten (62% of hybrid seed; 42% of wild seed). Within the category of wild seeds, larger seeds were preferentially eaten; however among hybrid seeds, predation was not significantly related to seed size. In this study, differential predation thus reduces hybrid fitness and would presumably slow the spread of transgenes into wild populations.     

玉米雄性不育资源的发掘与利用

植物雄性不育是指植物雄性生殖器官不能产生正常有功能花粉的现象.玉米(Zea mays L.)是重要的粮食作物之一,也是较早利用杂种优势的作物之一.当前,生产上广泛种植的玉米品种类型主要是单交种.我国玉米杂交种的播种面积常年稳定在6.2亿亩左右,年用种量10亿公斤以上,常年制种面积高达250多万亩.利用传统的人工去雄或机...     

主要作物光温敏核雄性不育基因的研究进展与应用*

光温敏核雄性不育系在不同的生态环境条件下可以实现一系两用,简化制种程序,是农作物杂交种子生产的一种重要资源。简要介绍了主要作物杂交种子生产方式,综述了水稻、小麦、玉米、谷子等作物光温敏核雄性不育系的研究进展以及在两系杂交种子生产上的应用,并探讨了光温敏核雄性不育系的应用前景。     

Genetic variation and self-incompatibility within and outside a Rorippa hybrid zone (Brassicaceae)

Rorippa amphibia and R. sylvestris are both self-incompatible, perennial species. In northern Germany they show a geographic pattern of interspecific gene flow: R. amphibia and R. sylvestris form a hybrid zone at the river Elbe but do not hybridise elsewhere in northern Germany. In the present paper we analyse the relationship between molecular diversity, seed set and seed germination within and outside the hybrid zone. In both species we observed high genetic variation and high seed set in the hybrid zone, and low genetic variation and low seed set outside the hybrid zone. In R. amphibia, high genetic variation is correlated with high seed set, but with low germination rates of the seeds. The results of an isolation experiment show that self-incompatibility is maintained in the parental species and their hybrids. The impact of genetic self-incompatibility on hybrid zone formation and hybrid fitness is discussed.     

DNA分子标记技术在玉米种子纯度鉴定中的应用

从常规鉴定、生化鉴定及分子标记技术鉴定等方面,阐述了玉米种子纯度鉴定的重要性。进一步对RAPD、RFLP、SSR和AFLP等分子标记技术在种子纯度鉴定和品种真实性分析中的应用潜力及存在问题进行比较,得出SSR分子标记技术是目前种子纯度和品种真实性鉴定中最适宜的技术。     

A straight-forward seed production technology system for foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

For autogamous crops, a precondition for using heterosis is to produce sufficient pure male-sterile female parents that can be used to produce hybrid seeds. To date, cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)and environment-sensitive genic male sterility(EGMS) have been used commercially to exploit heterosis for autogamous species. However, neither CMS nor EGMS has been established for foxtail millet(Setaria italica). Here, we report on the establishment and application of a seed production technology(SPT)...